TheArctic hare[2] (Lepus arcticus) is a species ofhare highly adapted to living in theArctic tundra and other icy biomes. The Arctic hare survives with shortened ears and limbs, a small nose, fat that makes up close to 20% of its body, and a thick coat offur. It usually digs holes in the ground or under the snow to keep warm and to sleep. Arctic hares look like rabbits but have shorter ears, are taller when standing, and, unlike rabbits, can thrive in extreme cold. They can travel together with many other hares, sometimes huddling with dozens or more, but are usually found alone, sometimes taking more than one partner. The Arctic hare can run up to 60 kilometres per hour (40 mph).[3]
Etymology
The Arctic hare is named for the region in which it was first discovered, the Arctic tundra. Itsgeneric name,Lepus, is borrowed fromLatin and refers to hares, rabbits (as inferred from the earlierHellenistic Greekλεβηρίς (levirís), rabbit), and theconstellation of the same name.[4] Thespecific name,arcticus, is also borrowed from Latin, and is more directly derived from theGreekἀρκτικός (arktikos), "near the Bear, northern".[5][6]
In theCree language, the Arctic hare is namedmeestapoos, coming from the words for "large",meesta, and "rabbit",wâpos.[7]
Arctic explorerJohn Ross described the Arctic hare in 1819.[1]
Description
The Arctic hare is one of the largest livinglagomorphs. Typically, this species measures from 43 to 70 cm (17 to 28 in) long, not counting a tail length of 4.5 to 10 cm (1.8 to 3.9 in). The body mass of this species is typically between 2.5–5.5 kg (6–12 lb), though large individuals can weigh up to 7 kg (15 lb).[8]
InNewfoundland and SouthernLabrador, the Arctic harechanges its coat color, moulting and growing new fur, from brown or grey in the summer to white in the winter. This seasonal moulting also enables other Arctic animals, includingermine andptarmigan, to remaincamouflaged as the environment changes.[12] However, the Arctic hares in the far north ofCanada, where summer is very short, remain white all year round.[12]
Fossil record and history
Arctic hare fossils are rare prior to theHolocene epoch, with fossils from theLast Glacial Period found in North America (Wisconsin glaciation) and Europe (Würm glaciation) and no fossils from before the Holocene found in Russia.[13] The Arctic hare persevered inrefugia during periods of glaciation, which led to its differentiation from theAlaskan hare (L. othus) in as each species was separated in different parts of North America. Evidence of the Arctic hare has been found inGreenland from 7,960 years ago, and it has colonized regions across theBering Strait at least twice.[14]
Feeding
The Arctic hare is aherbivore, specifically afolivore.[15] Arctic hares feed primarily onwoody plants, witharctic willow constituting 95% of their diet year-round.[15] Arctic hares predominantly consumesaxifrage,crowberry, anddwarf willow, but can also eat a variety of other foods, includinglichens andmosses, blooms, other species' leaves, twigs, and roots,mountain sorrel andmacroalgae (seaweed).[15][16] Arctic hare diets are more diverse in summer.[17] Although previously believed to still be primarily willow,dryas, andgrasses, recent studies show that their diet becomes dominated by legumes, constituting 70% of their diet in the summer.[15][17] Arctic hares have been reported to occasionally eat meat, including fish and the stomach contents of evisceratedcaribou.[15] They eat snow to get water.[15]
Physiology
The Arctic hare has many physiological features that are adaptive to its extreme environment. Despite a 17% - 38% lower than expectedbasal metabolic rate, the Arctic hare is able to maintain a body temperature comparable to other lagomorphs (38.9 degrees C) because of its low surface area to volume ratio and high insulation.[18][16][19] The lowered metabolic rate also allows the Arctic hare to save energy, making it adaptive for its cold and barren habitat.[18][16][19] In addition, the Arctic hare has high locomotive efficiency combined with long periods of resting and shorter bouts of foraging which enables it to conserve energy and survive on its low diet intake.[20]
Arctic hare footprints on the snow
The white fur of Arctic hares, in addition to their camouflage benefits in the winter, have a highreflectance which may prevent excessive heat gain during the day.[16][19] Behaviorally, the Arctic hare keeps warm in winter using body orientation, posture, and seeking or digging shelter.[21] When resting, Arctic hares maintain a nearly spherical shape and typically stay in groups, but do not huddle.[21] If the rabbits are solitary, they often rest in the shelter of large rocks protecting them from the wind and staying out of sight of predators.[21][16][20][19] In addition to rocks, Arctic hares also find shelter in other natural shelters such as snowdrifts, man-made structures, and even digging their own burrows in snowdrifts up to 188 cm in length.[21]
The body size of Arctic hares is often significantly less in the winter compared to the summer, likely caused by decreased food quality and availability in addition to a decreased metabolic rate.[16][19] Arctic hare body mass might also be affected by ambient temperature. At lower latitudes it was found that Arctic hares inGreenland exhibited larger body size with increased temperature, possibly caused by increased energy availability to contribute to body size and increased food plant availability.[22] The opposite is true at higher latitudes in which Arctic hares had smaller body sizes with increased temperature.[22] This trend is again linked to food plant availability.[22] In this case, decreased precipitation and increased temperatures in the higher latitudes of Greenland result in a lower food plant availability to contribute to body mass.[22]
Reproduction and lifespan
Summer coat
Breeding season occurs around April or May.[16][23]Gestation period of the Arctic hare is 53 days, so the babies are born around May, June, or July.[16][23] Hares can have up to eight babies (average litter size 5.4), called leverets.[16][23] The leverets stay within the mother's home range until they can survive on their own.[24] Young Arctic hares are almost full size by late July (some weeks after birth) and breed for the first time after a year of age.[23]
There is little information on the lifespan of Arctic hares. Some anecdotal evidence suggests they live three to five years in the wild.[15] Arctic hares do not fare well in captivity, living only a year and a half at most.[15]
Predators
Known predators of the Arctic hare are theArctic fox (Vulpes lagopus),Red fox (Vulpes vulpes),Wolf (Canis lupus),Lynx (Lynx canadensis),Ermine (Mustela erminea),Snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus),Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus),Rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) – and occasionally humans.[10]
The Arctic wolf is probably the most successful predator of the Arctic hare, and even youngwolves in their first autumn can catch adult hares.[25] Arctic foxes and ermines, which are smaller, typically prey on young hares.[25] Gyrfalcon carry hares to their nests, cutting them in half first; gyrfalcons use hare bones and feet in the structure of their nests onEllesmere Island,Nunavut.[25]Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) also prey on Arctic hares in the southern end of the hares' range.[25] Thesnowy owls mainly target young hares; the French common name of the species derives fromAnglo-Saxonharfang ("hare-catcher").[25]
Four groups ofparasites have been known to use Arctic hares as a host:protozoans (Eimeria exigua,Eimeria magna,Eimeria perforans, andEimeria sculpta);nematodes (includingFilaria andOxyuris ambigua);lice (includingHaemodipsus lyriocephalus andHaemodipsus setoni) andfleas (includingEuhoplopsyllus glacialis andMegabothris groenlandicus).[10] Fleas are more common thanparasitic worms.[10][25]
^Small, R., L. Keith, R. Barta. (1991). Dispersion of introduced Arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) on islands off Newfoundland's south coast.Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(10):2618-2623.
^abcdeHacklaender, Klaus (2018). "Lepus arcticus Ross, 1819, Arctic hare".Lagomorphs:165–168.
^abKlein, David R. (1999). "Comparative social learning among Arctic herbivores: the caribou, muskox, and Arctic hare".Symposia of the Zoological Society of London.72:126–140.
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