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Architecture of Chicago

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Willis Tower, the tallest building in Chicago. From 1974 to 1998, it was the world's tallest building.

Thebuildings and architecture of Chicago reflect the city's history and multicultural heritage, featuring prominent buildings in a variety of styles. Most structures downtown were destroyed by theGreat Chicago Fire in 1871 (an exception being theWater Tower).[1]

Chicago's architectural styles include theChicago School primarily inskyscraper design,Chicago Bungalows, Two-Flats, andGreystones. TheLoop is home toskyscrapers as well assacred architecture including "Polish Cathedrals". Chicago is home to one of the largest and most diverse collections of skyscrapers in the world.

Skyscrapers

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Main article:List of tallest buildings in Chicago
The 2010 Chicago skyline as seen from theAdler Planetarium(use cursor to identify buildings)
TheChicago Building is an example of Chicago School architecture.

Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of theChicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s, the use of large areas of plate glass. These were among the first modernskyscrapers.William LeBaron Jenney'sHome Insurance Building was completed in 1885 and is considered to be the first to use steel in its structural frame instead ofcast iron. However, this building was still clad in heavy brick and stone. TheMontauk Building,[2] designed byJohn Wellborn Root Sr. andDaniel Burnham, was built from 1882 to 1883 using structural steel. Daniel Burnham and his partners, John Welborn Root andCharles B. Atwood, designed technically advanced steel frames with glass and terra cotta skins in the mid-1890s, in particular theReliance Building;[3] these were made possible by professional engineers, in particular E. C. Shankland, and modern contractors, in particularGeorge A. Fuller.

Louis Sullivan discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This new form of architecture, by Jenney, Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became known as the "Commercial Style," but was called the "Chicago School" by later historians.

In 1892, theMasonic Temple surpassed theNew York World Building, breaking its two-year reign as the tallest skyscraper, only to be surpassed itself two years later by another New York building.

Since 1963, a "Second Chicago School" has emerged from the work ofLudwig Mies van der Rohe at theIllinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The ideas of structural engineerFazlur Khan were also influential in this movement.[4] He introducedcomposite construction to tall tubular buildings, which in turn paved the way for the creation of supertall composite buildings such asPetronas Towers and theJin Mao Building since the 1960s.[5]

Landmarks, monuments and public places

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Chicago Avenue Pumping Station andWater Tower in theOld Chicago Water Tower District
St. John Cantius, one of Chicago's 'Polish Cathedrals'
Further information:List of Chicago Landmarks

Numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago. Among them are the so-called "Chicago seven":James Ingo Freed,Tom Beeby,Larry Booth,Stuart Cohen,James Nagle,Stanley Tigerman, andBen Weese.Daniel Burnham led the design of the "White City" of the 1893World's Columbian Exposition which some historians claim led to a revival ofNeo-Classical architecture throughout Chicago and the entire United States. Burnham developed the 1909 "Plan for Chicago" in a Neo-Classical style, although many skyscrapers were built after the Exposition closed, between 1894 and 1899.Louis Sullivan said that the fair set the course of American architecture back by two decades, but his work theSchlesinger and Meyer (laterCarson, Pirie, Scott) store was built in 1899[6]—five years after the "White City" and ten years before Burnham's Plan.

Erik Larson's history of the Columbian Exposition,The Devil in the White City, says that the building techniques developed during the construction of the many buildings of the fair were entirely modern, even if they were adorned in a way Sullivan found aesthetically distasteful.[7][full citation needed]

Chicago'spublic art includes outdoor works byChagall,Picasso,Miró andAbakanowicz.

City sculptures additionally honor people and topics from thehistory of Chicago. There are monuments to:

There are also plans to erect a 1:1-scale replica ofWacław Szymanowski'sstatue ofFrédéric Chopin along Chicago's lakefront.[8] in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist inChopin Park.

In the 21st century, Chicago has become an urban focus forlandscape architecture and the architecture of public places. 19th-20th century Chicago architects included Burnham,Frederick Olmsted,Jens Jensen andAlfred Caldwell, modern projects includeMillennium Park,Northerly Island, the606, theChicago Riverwalk,Maggie Daley Park, and proposals inJackson Park.[9]

Residential architecture

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In the late 1800s, a wave of European immigrants arrived to Chicago fromGermany,Poland, and theCzech Republic. Many of them lived in "worker's cottages," narrow, one-story wooden buildings.[10] As industry in the city grew, demand for housing grew, and more and more buildings with two or four units were built, known colloquially as "two-flats." A two-flat includes two apartments, each of which occupies a full floor, usually with a large bay window and with a grey stone or red brick facade. The apartments typically have a layout with a large living and dining room area at the front, the kitchen at the back and the bedrooms running down one side of the unit. Many such buildings were built by architects originating fromBohemia in the 19th and early 20th century.

In the early half of the 20th century, popular residential neighborhoods were developed withChicago Bungalow style houses, many of which still exist. Buildings with two to four units make up 23.2% of Chicago's housing stock as of 2024.[11] Partly due to a large number of conversions tosingle-family homes, the stock of such buildings decreased significantly in the 2010s, with over 4,800 two-flats leaving the market between 2012 and 2019.[12]

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe'sIllinois Institute of Technology[13] campus in Chicago influenced the laterModern or International style. Van der Rohe's work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School.Frank Lloyd Wright'sPrairie School influenced both building design and the design of furnishings.

Preservation

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Many organizations, includingPreservation Chicago andLandmarks Illinois, promote thepreservation of historic neighborhoods and buildings in Chicago. Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values andurban decline as other major cities. Many historic structures have been threatened with demolition.

Timeline of notable buildings

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1836–1900

1900–1939:

1940 to the present:

Styles and schools

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Chicago architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools. Below is a list of those styles and schools.

Buildings - a "Top Forty" List

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In 2010,Chicago Magazine selected 40 still existing properties for their historical and architectural importance,[19] opening an on-line forum for debate. The top ten chosen were:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Bach 1980, pp. 106–107.
  2. ^Bach (1980), pp. 15.
  3. ^Bach (1980), pp. 27–28.
  4. ^Billington 1985, p. 234–235.
  5. ^Ali, Mir M. (2001)."Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao".Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering.1 (1):2–14.doi:10.56748/ejse.1111.S2CID 251690475.Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. RetrievedNovember 30, 2008.
  6. ^Bach (1980), pp. 34–37.
  7. ^Devil in the White City.
  8. ^"Chopin Monument in Chicago".Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. RetrievedJune 29, 2009.
  9. ^Kamin, Blair (July 19, 2015). "Landscape Design Takes Center Stage: Chicago leads way in architecture trend focus on public spaces". p. 7.
  10. ^Bentley, Chris (August 20, 2014)."The Tale of the Two-Flat".WBEZ. RetrievedAugust 18, 2025.
  11. ^University, Institute for Housing Studies-DePaul."Housing Market Indicators Data Portal".Institute for Housing Studies - DePaul University. Archived fromthe original on June 12, 2025. RetrievedAugust 18, 2025.
  12. ^Saleh, Reema (August 8, 2024)."The Twin Fates of Two-Flats".South Side Weekly. RetrievedAugust 18, 2025.
  13. ^Bach (1980), pp. 182–183.
  14. ^"Eighth Church of Christ, Scientist". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived fromthe original on June 7, 2007. RetrievedJune 26, 2007.
  15. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy"Chicago Landmarks - Style Guide". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development. Archived fromthe original on May 25, 2009. RetrievedMay 9, 2009.
  16. ^Whitmore, Janet L. (June 2013).Chicago as an Art Nouveau City - Strand 1: Art Nouveau Cities: between cosmopolitanism and local tradition(PDF). CDf International Congress. Barcelona.Archived(PDF) from the original on January 12, 2014. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2014.
  17. ^"Chicago Landmarks - Craftsman". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development. Archived fromthe original on May 24, 2009. RetrievedMay 9, 2009.
  18. ^"15 Buildings That Embody Chicago's Postmodern Moment".Metropolis. October 6, 2015.Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2018.
  19. ^Johnson, Geoffrey (September 10, 2010)."Top 40 Buildings in Chicago".Chicago Magazine.Archived from the original on September 21, 2010.

References

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Further reading

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  • Pridmore, Jay; Larson, George A. (2005).Chicago Architecture and Design (Revised and expanded ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams.ISBN 0-8109-5892-9.

External links

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