The concept of anarchetype (/ˈɑːrkɪtaɪp/AR-ki-type) appears in areas relating tobehavior,historical psychology,philosophy andliterary analysis.
An archetype can be any of the following:
Archetypes are also very close analogies toinstincts, in that, long before any consciousness develops, it is the impersonal and inherited traits of human beings that present and motivate human behavior.[1] They also continue to influence feelings and behavior even after some degree of consciousness developed later on.[1]
The wordarchetype, "original pattern from which copies are made," first entered into English usage in the 1540s.[2] It derives from theLatinnounarchetypum,latinization of theGreek nounἀρχέτυπον (archétypon), whoseadjective form isἀρχέτυπος (archétypos), which means "first-molded",[3] which is a compound ofἀρχήarchḗ, "beginning, origin",[4] andτύποςtýpos, which can mean, among other things, "pattern", "model", or "type".[5] It, thus, referred to the beginning or origin of the pattern, model or type.[6]
Usage of archetypes in specific pieces of writing is aholistic approach, which can help the writing win universal acceptance. This is because readers can relate to and identify with the characters and the situation, both socially and culturally. By deploying common archetypes contextually, a writer aims to impart realism to their work.[7] According to many literary critics, archetypes have a standard and recurring depiction in a particular human culture or the whole human race that ultimately lays concrete pillars and can shape the whole structure in a literary work.[8]
Christopher Booker, author ofThe Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories, argues that the following basic archetypes underlie all stories:[9]
These themes coincide with the characters of Jung's archetypes.
Archetypal literary criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works and that atext's meaning is shaped bycultural andpsychological myths. Cultural archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or made concrete by recurringimages,symbols, orpatterns (which may include motifs such as the "quest" or the "heavenly ascent"; recognizable character types such as the "trickster", "saint", "martyr" or the "hero"; symbols such as the apple or the snake; and imagery) and that have all been laden with meaning prior to their inclusion in any particular work.[citation needed]
The archetypes reveal shared roles universal among societies, such as the role of the mother in her natural relations with all members of the family. These archetypes create a shared imagery which is defined by many stereotypes that have not separated themselves from the traditional, biological, religious, and mythical framework.[10]
The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date as far back asPlato. Plato'seidos, orideas, were pure mental forms that were said to be imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. Some philosophers also translate the archetype as "essence" in order to avoid confusion with respect to Plato's conceptualization of Forms.[11] While it is tempting to think of Forms as mental entities (ideas) that exist only in our mind, the philosopher insisted that they are independent of any minds (real).[11] Eidos were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities. In the seventeenth century, SirThomas Browne andFrancis Bacon both employ the wordarchetype in their writings; Browne inThe Garden of Cyrus (1658) attempted to depict archetypes in his usage of symbolic proper-names.[citation needed]
The concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by theSwiss psychiatristCarl Jung, c. 1919. Jung has acknowledged that his conceptualization of archetype is influenced by Plato'seidos, which he described as "the formulated meaning of a primordial image by which it was represented symbolically."[12] According to Jung, the termarchetype is an explanatory paraphrase of thePlatoniceidos, also believed to represent the wordform.[12] He maintained thatPlatonic archetypes are metaphysical ideas, paradigms, or models, and that real things are held to be only copies of these model ideas.[12] However, archetypes are not easily recognizable in Plato's works in the way in which Jung meant them.[13]
In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate,libidinally collectiveschemas, universal prototypes for idea-sensory impression images and may be used to interpret observations.[14][6] A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is acomplex (e.g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype). Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose throughevolution.[15] At the same time, it has also been observed that evolution can itself be considered an archetypal construct.[16]
Jung states in part one ofMan And His Symbols that:
My views about the 'archaic remnants', which I call 'archetypes' or 'primordial images,' have been constantly criticized by people who lack sufficient knowledge of the psychology of dreams and of mythology. The term 'archetype' is often misunderstood as meaning certain definite mythological images or motifs, but these are nothing more than conscious representations. Such variable representations cannot be inherited. The archetypeis a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic pattern.
While there are a variety of categorizations of archetypes, Jung's configuration is perhaps the most well known and serves as the foundation for many other models. The four major archetypes to emerge from his work, which Jung originally termsprimordial images, include the anima/animus, the self, the shadow, and the persona. Additionally, Jung referred to images of the wise old man, the child, the mother, and the maiden.[17] He believed that each human mind retains these basic unconscious understandings of the human condition and the collective knowledge of our species in the construct of thecollective unconscious.
Other authors, such asCarol Pearson and Margaret Mark, have attributed 12 different archetypes to Jung, organized in three overarching categories, based on a fundamental driving force. These include:[18]
Other authors, such as Margaret Hartwell and Joshua Chen, go further to give these 12 archetypes families 5 archetypes each.They are as follows:[19]
There is also the position that the use of archetypes in different ways is possible because every archetype has multiple manifestations, with each one featuring different attributes.[20] For instance, there is the position that the function of the archetype must be approached according to the context of biological sciences and is accomplished through the concept of the ultimate function.[21] This pertains to the organism's response to those pressures in terms of biological trait.[21]
Later in the 1900s, a Viennese psychologist named Dr.Ernest Dichter took these psychological constructs and applied them to marketing. Dichter moved to New York around 1939 and sent every ad agency on Madison Avenue a letter boasting of his new discovery. He found that applying these universal themes to products promoted easier discovery and stronger loyalty for brands.[22]
'The archetypes are sources of energy [...] collective ideas [...] records of reactions to subjective sense-images' (Jung[).]
In 1939 he wrote to six big American companies, introducing himself as 'a young psychologist ...
The dictionary definition ofarchetype at Wiktionary
