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Archaeophyte

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plant species

*Rhododendron ponticum* is an example of a species which recolonised central and northern Europe following the Ice Ages.^[1]

Anarchaeophyte is aplant species which is non-native to a geographical region, but which was anintroduced species in "ancient" times, rather than being a modern introduction. Those arriving after are calledneophytes.^[2]

The cut-off date is usually the beginning of theearly modern period (turn of the 15th or 16th century). In Britain, archaeophytes are considered to be those species first introduced prior to the year 1492, whenChristopher Columbus arrived in theNew World and theColumbian Exchange began.

Background

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Archaeophytes include numerousweed species the seeds of which have been found in archaeological excavations – to which they had been brought by people (anthropochory), animals (zoochory) or the wind (anemochory).

In some cases, introduced species, whether archaeophytes or neophytes, may have been native species before theice ages, which extirpated vast numbers of plant species.^[3]^[4] Central European archaeophytes almost all come from theMediterranean region and the neighboring areas ofWestern Asia, as they were introduced intoCentral Europe with the beginning of agriculture and increasingly since Roman times. They therefore include many familiar plants such as cultivated apples, pears, plums,cereals such aswheat andbarley as well as flowers and medicinal plants such aspoppy, cornflower, realchamomile and corn.

Australia's collision with theEurasian Plate led to additionalSouth-east Asian plants entering theAustralian flora like theLepidium andChenopodioideae.^[5] Moreover,Aboriginal Australian andNew Guinean contact prior to rising sea levels that isolated Australia fromNew Guinea in theearly Holocene may explain the presence of New Guinea domesticates such as taro (Colocasia esculenta) and bananas (Musa acuminata) in northern Australia.Assisted migrations may also be the reason why some rainforest plants from New Guinea entered northern Australia more than 10,000 years ago.^[6]

Examples

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Archaeophytes are often cultivated species, transported deliberately by humans, but are also often weeds of cultivation, spread accidentally with grain. Archaeophytes in the United Kingdom includesweet chestnut,wheat,field poppy,flixweed,red valerian,ground elders,soapwort,small toadflax,good king henry andcornflower.^[7]

Other examples include:

References

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^Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum -Rhododendron ponticum L. var.sebinense (SORDELLI) SORDELLI in the Late Pleistocene flora of Hötting, Northern Calcareous Alps: witness of a climate warmer than today?
^Preston, Christopher D.; Pearman, David A.; Hall, Allan R. (1 July 2004)."Archaeophytes in Britain".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.145 (3):257–294.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00284.x.ISSN 0024-4074.
^The Impact of History
^WLGF - What is the relative value for wildlife of native and non-native plants in our gardens?
^Crisp, M.; et al. (2004)."Radiation of the Australian flora: what can comparisons of molecular phylogenies across multiple taxa tell us about the evolution of diversity in present-day communities?".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences.359 (1450):1551–1571.doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1528.PMC 1693438.PMID 15519972.
^Jones, R., and B. Meehan. 1989. Plant Foods of the Gidjingali: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives from Northern Australia on Tuber and Seed Exploitation. In Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation , edited by G. R. Harris and G. C. Hillman, pp. 120–135. Unwin Hyman, London.
^Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Archaeophytes in Britain

Look uparchaeophyte in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Publications	Historia Plantarum andCauses of Plants of Theophrastus c. 300 BC De Plantis of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC De Materia Medica of Dioscorides c. 60 AD Naturalis Historia 77–79 AD De Vegetabilibus of Albertus Magnus c. 1256 Herbarum Vivae Icones 1530 Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus 1538 Kreütterbuch of Hieronymus Bock 1539 De plantis libri XVI of Caesalpino 1583 Stirpium Historiae 1583 Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes 1597 Prodromus Theatrici Botanici 1620 Pinax theatri botanici 1623 Anatome Plantarum 1675 Anatomy of Plants 1682 Historia Plantarum of John Ray 1686–1704 De Sexu Plantarum Epistola 1694 Éléments de botanique 1694 Vegetable Staticks 1727 Systema Naturae 1735 Genera Plantarum 1737 Philosophia Botanica 1751 Species Plantarum 1753 Systema Naturae, 10th ed. 1758–59 Familles des Plantes 1763–64 Experiments Upon Vegetables 1779 Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen 1790 Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale 1802 Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation 1804 Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen 1812 Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1824–1873 Nepenthaceae Die Vegetabilische Zelle 1851 Vergleichende Untersuchungen 1851 On the Origin of Species 1859 Experiments on Plant Hybridization 1865 Die Vegetation der Erde 1872 Plantesamfund 1895 Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage 1898 Variation and Evolution in Plants 1950 Ontogeny and Phylogeny 1977 An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants 1981
Theories and concepts	Alternation of generations Cell theory Center of diversity Phylogenetic nomenclature Spontaneous generation Taxonomy Ultrastructure
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Botany

Subdisciplines

Plant groups

Plant anatomy

Plant morphology
(glossary)

Plant cells	Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole
Tissues	Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Wood
Vegetative	Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem
Reproductive (incl. Flower)	Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte
Surface structures	Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome