| Aranese | |
|---|---|
| aranés | |
| Native to | Spain |
| Region | Val d'Aran (Catalonia) |
Native speakers | ca. 2,600 + ca. 2,100 non-native (2001)[1] |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Spain |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | aran1260 |
| IETF | oc-aranes |
 Aranese area in the traditionally Occitan-speaking territory | |
Aranese (Occitan:aranés) is a standardized form of the PyreneanGascon variety of theOccitan language spoken in theVal d'Aran, in northwesternCatalonia close to theSpanish border with France, where it is one of the threeofficiallanguages besideCatalan andSpanish.[2] In 2010, it was declared the third official language in Catalonia by theParliament of Catalonia.[3]
The official names of towns in Val d'Aran are in Occitan; for example, the municipality ofVielha is known by its Occitan name on maps and road signs, rather than its Catalan/Spanish name,Viella.
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The Aran Valley is the only territory in the language domain ofOccitania where Occitan has official recognition and institutional protection. According to Law 35/2010 passed by the Parliament of Catalonia, Occitan is considered an official language not only in Val d'Aran, but in all of Catalonia, and is given precedence in the territory where it is spoken (Val d'Aran).
Article 3.4 of Catalonia's1979 Statute of Autonomy establishes that the "Aranese language will be the object of education and of special respect and protection." Subsequently, Law 7/1983, on linguistic normalization, declares Aranese the language of Aran, proclaims certain linguistic rights of the Aranese and directs public service to guarantee its usage and teaching. Aranese is taught on all levels of compulsory education and has been the medium of instruction in the Aran Valley since 1984.
A certain degree of autonomy was granted to the Aran Valley in 1990. Law 16/1990, concerning the special regime of the Val d'Aran, grants to the Valley an administrative autonomy. This law affirms the official status of Aranese, further guarantees its use and teaching, and affirms the general mandate to promote its normalization in Aran.
Law 1/1998, on linguistic policy, includes specific provisions related to place names,anthroponymy, and the media. Although the localities of Catalonia have their official names in Catalan, the localities of the Aran Valley have their official names in Occitan. Thus, the indicators of the towns and the names of their streets are written in this language. Since May 2001, there is an official regulation of the General Council of Aran that promulgates the certification system of the different levels of knowledge of Occitan.
In 2006, anew Statute of Autonomy was promulgated in Catalonia. Concerning Aranese, article 6.5 of the organic law establishes that "the Occitan language, called Aranese in Aran, is the language of this territory and is official in Catalonia, in accordance with the provisions of this Statute and the laws of linguistic normalization." In 2010, Law 35/2010 was subsequently passed, with specific provisions concerning Occitan in Catalonia reflecting the new constitutional framework.
In 2011, the Spanish Government, specifically that of thePeople’s Party andCitizens, opposed the preference given to Aranese by the 2010 law, questioning the constitutionality of articles 2.3, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.5. In 2018, the constitutional court ruled that while article 2.3 was found to be constitutional, the "preferential" status given found in the other concerned articles are unconstitutional.[4][5][6]
According to a 2001 linguistic census by the Aranese government, about 90% of the inhabitants of Val d'Aran can understand the language, with those between 25 and 34 years old having the lowest rate, at around 80% (excluding those under the age of 4). Between 60 and 65% of the population can speak it; however, only 26% reported being able to write in Aranese.[1]
| Knowledge of Aranese in the Val d'Aran among People 2+ Years Old | 1996 | 2001 | 2008 | 2013 | 2018 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Percentage | Total | Percentage | Total | Percentage | Total | Percentage | Total | Percentage | |
| Can understand | 6,295 | 90.05% | 6,712 | 88.88% | 6,600 | 78.2% | 6,840 | 80.7% | 7,060 | 83.3% |
| Can speak | 4,534 | 64.85% | 4,700 | 62.24% | 4,800 | 56.8% | 4,710 | 55.6% | 5,087 | 60% |
| Can read | 4,145 | 59.29% | 4,413 | 58.44% | 5.000 | 59.3% | 5,020 | 59.3% | 6,234 | 73.5% |
| Can write | 1,746 | 24.97% | 2,016 | 26.69% | 2,900 | 34.9% | 2,950 | 34.9% | 3,880 | 45.8% |
| Source : IDESCAT, Cens lingüístic de l'aranès de 2001[1] and Enquesta d’usos lingüístics de la població - Aran 2008/2018.[7] | ||||||||||
In 2008, theGeneralitat of Catalonia surveyed the population (15 years old or older) in the Val d'Aran. The survey reported that 78.2% of the population could understand Aranese, 56.8% could speak it, 59.4% could read it, and 34.8% could write the language.[8] The number of people that can speak Aranese grew to the 61% of the population in 2020, according to a survey of the Public Office for the Occitan Language.[9]
Once considered to be an endangered language[10] spoken mainly by older people, it is now experiencing a renaissance; it enjoys co-official status with Catalan and Spanish within Val d'Aran, and since 1984 has been taught bilingually alongside Spanish in schools.[11] Students in the Val d'Aran are required to have two hours each of Spanish, Catalan, and Aranese per week. At some levels of education, a foreign language is added to the three official languages —usually French due to proximity— and sometimes even two additional hours of English.
GeneralGascon characteristics:
Specific Aranese characteristics:
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ)4 | ||||||
| Stop | p | b1 | t | d1 | k | ɡ1 | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | (h)2 | ||||
| Affricate | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
| Tap | ɾ3 | |||||||||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||||
Notes:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |
| Close-Mid | e | (o) | |
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
|
|
Notes:
Aranese orthography denotes where two consecutive vowels do not diphthongize, but rather form a hiatus.[vague]
| Latin | Aranese | Spanish | Catalan | Portuguese | French | Italian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fēsta /ˈfeːsta/ | hèsta /ˈ(h)ɛsta/ | fiesta /ˈfjesta/ | festa /ˈfɛsta/ | festa /ˈfɛʃtɐ/ | fête /fɛt/ | festa /ˈfɛsta/ | feast |
| lūna /ˈluːna/ | lua /ˈly.a/ | luna /ˈluna/ | lluna /ˈʎuna/ | lua /ˈlu.ɐ/ | lune /lyn/ | luna /ˈluna/ | moon |
| mel /mel/ | mèu /mɛw/ | miel /mjel/ | mel /mɛɫ/ | mel /mɛɫ/,/mɛw/ | miel /mjɛl/ | miele /ˈmjɛle/ | honey |
| castellum /kasˈtelːum/ | castèth /kasˈtɛt(ʃ)/ | castillo /kasˈtiʎo/ | castell /kasˈteʎ/ | castelo /kɐʃˈtɛlu/ | château /ʃɑto/ | castello /kasˈtɛlːo/ | castle |
| illa /ˈilːa/ | era /ˈeɾa/ | ella /ˈeʎa/ | ella /ˈeʎa/ | ela /ˈɛlɐ/ | elle /ɛl/ | ella ~ lei /ˈelːa/ ~/lɛːi/ | she |
| rīdēre /riːˈdeːre/ | arrir /aˈri(ɾ)/ | reír /reˈiɾ/ | riure /ˈriwɾe/ | rir /ʁiɾ/ | rire /ʁiʁ/ | ridere /ˈridere/ | to laugh |
| capra /ˈkapra/ | craba /ˈkraba/ | cabra /ˈkabɾa/ | cabra /ˈkabɾa/ | cabra /ˈkabɾɐ/ | chèvre /ʃɛvʁ/ | capra /ˈkapra/ | goat |
| Grapheme | Pronunciation | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ch | [tʃ] | chut | |
| lh | [ʎ] | hilh | pronounced[l] befores:hilhs[ils] |
| ll | [l] | collaborar | |
| nh | [ɲ] | nhèu | n·h, withinterpunct, is pronounced[n(h)]: en·hornar |
| rr | [r] | terrassa | |
| sh ish | [ʃ] | shada caisha | * following a vowel,sh must be writtenish *s·h, with interpunct, is pronounced[s(h)]: des·hèir |
| tj tg | [dʒ] | hotjar hormatge | * beforea,o,u * beforee,i |
| th | [t] [tʃ] | vedèth, eth còth, poth | the[tʃ] pronunciation only occurs in Bausen and Canejan |
| tl | [lː] | catla | |
| ts | [ts] | dits | word-finalts is only used for plurals of words ending in-t, otherwise it becomes writtentz |
| tz | [dz] [ts] | dotze prètz | * between vowels * word-final |
| Vowel | Pronunciation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a, à | stressed | [a] | |
| unstressed | [ɑ~ɔ] | phrase-final | |
| e, é | [e] | ||
| è | [ɛ] | ||
| i, í | [i] | ||
| o, ó | [u] | ||
| ò | [ɔ] | sometimes pronounced[o] | |
| u, ú | [y] | ||
Since the Val d'Aran is located within Spanish and Catalan territory, Aranese is subject to certain influences from Spanish and Catalan. As such, Aranese has adopted several neologisms from them:
Spanish and Catalan have also created deformations of words such asabans >abantes ordempús >despuès. Some Hispanicisms are directly adopted into Aranese:hasta.
Aranese is regulated under classic unifying standards of Occitan, defined initially byLoís Alibèrt. These standards of theConselh de la Lenga Occitana (Occitan Language Council) have officially been recognized by theConselh Generau d'Aran (General Council of Aran) since 1999.
In practice, several details standards diverge due to the popular or preferred usage of Aranese, in relation to otherGascon varieties. For instance:
The Institut d'Estudis Aranesi is the recognized language academy by the Conselh Generau d'Aran.[13]
A reference on usage and conjugation of Aranese verbs entitledEs Vèrbs conjugadi : morfologia verbau aranesa was written by Verònica Barés Moga and published in 2003. A descriptive and normative reference grammar book, written in Aranese byAitor Carrera, was published in March 2007. It includes a detailed breakdown of phonological and grammatical differences between varieties of Aranese in different villages in the valley.
A dictionary of Aranese was written by the Catalan linguistJoan Coromines as his doctoral thesis.
A simple four-language Spanish–Aranese–Catalan–French dictionary exists, written by Frederic Vergés Bartau (see Bibliography).
An Aranese-English and English–Aranese dictionary was published in 2006. It was written by Ryan Furness, a young man fromMinnesota, after he became curious about the language when he traveled to Val d'Aran.[14][15]
A detailed one-volume Catalan–Occitan and Occitan–Catalan dictionary was published under the auspices of the governments of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya) and Val d'Aran (Conselh Generau d'Aran). Although it calls the language "Occitan", it uses Aranese spelling and its preface says that special attention is given to the Aranese variety.
A local monthly magazineToti and local newspapers are published partly in the language. The online newspaperJornalet also publishes a fair deal of articles and opinions in Aranese.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
