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Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from theMuslim era of the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492. The influence results mainly from the large number ofArabicloanwords and derivations inSpanish, plus a few other less obvious effects.

TheSpanish language, also calledCastilian, is aRomance language that evolved from the dialects of RomanVulgar Latin spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. The first examples of language with some features specific of modern Spanish are ascribed to documents from various monasteries in the area ofBurgos andLa Rioja^[1] in what is now northern Spain. HoweverToledo, in central Spain, which became the capital of the earlyKingdom of Castile during its southward expansion, is where Spanish began to appear in a written form recognizable today. The preexistingMozarabic dialect of this region (i.e. the Romance present during Muslim rule) is therefore likely to have also had an influence on modern Spanish.

The lexical influence ofArabic reached its greatest level during the ChristianReconquista, when the emergingKingdom of Castile conquered large territories fromMoorish rulers, particularly in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. These territories, which included the formerTaifa of Toledo, had large numbers of Arabic speakers as well as many who spoke local Romance dialects (Mozarabic) heavily influenced by Arabic, both influencing Castilian. It is possible that Arabic words and their derivatives had also already been brought into Castilian byMozarab Christians who emigrated northwards fromAl Andalus in times ofsectarian violence, particularly during the times ofAlmohad andAlmoravid rule in the 12th and 13th centuries. As such, Arabic can be considered to have had a formative influence on the Spanish language.

The degree to which the Arabic language percolated through theIberian Peninsula varied enormously from one period and area to another and is the subject of academic debate. However it is generally agreed that in much of the peninsula Arabic was used among the local elites, both Muslims and Christians, and that the prevalent vernacular in many areas was Mozarabic, a continuum of Arabic-influenced local Romance dialects. Only the southern third of the peninsula became totally Arabized as both Mozarabic and Christianity were extinguished following the Almoravid and Almohad periods.^[2]

Much of the Arabic influence upon Spanish came through the variousArabized Romance dialects spoken in areas under Moorish rule, known today by scholars as Mozarabic. This resulted in Spanish often having both Arabic- and Latin-derived words with the same meaning. For example,aceituna andoliva (olive),alacrán andescorpión (scorpion),jaqueca andmigraña (migraine),alcancía andhucha (piggy bank),ajonjolí andsésamo (sesame) etc.

The influence of the Arabized Mozarabic and of Arabic itself is more noticeable in the Spanish dialects from regions with a longer history of Moorish domination than in those where it was shorter-lived. For this reason the dialects of the southern half of the country, known collectively ascastellano meridional or Southern Castilian, seem collectively to show a higher degree of preference for Arabisms. Northern Spanish dialects tend to prefer Romance synonyms to terms of Arabic origin, such as the Romancecalendario v. Arabicalmanaque,hucha v.alcancía,espliego v.alhucema etc. Because Canarian and all Hispanic Americandialects are mainly derived from Southern Castilian, Spanish words of Arabic origin are common in mostvarieties of Modern Spanish.

A number of words were more recently borrowed fromMoroccan Arabic, principally as a result of Spain's protectorate overSpanish Morocco in the 19th and 20th centuries, although these are of minor significance.

The Spanish spoken in theCanary Islands has also adopted a small number of words fromHassaniya Arabic, principally from Canarian sailors who fish in proximity to the Saharan coast as well as by those Canarians who returned from Western Sahara after theGreen March of 1975.

The influence ofArabic on the Spanish language is fundamentallylexical but its other influences are also briefly examined in this article. It is estimated that there are about one thousand Arabicroots^[3][4] and approximately three thousandderived words, making a total of around four thousand words^[3][5][6] or 8% of the Spanish dictionary.^[7][8] SeeInfluences on the Spanish language for more on how the number of Arabisms in Spanish has been estimated. The exact number of words of Arabic origin and their derivatives in Spanish is not known, and many words not included on this list areregionalisms: words that are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Hispanic America but are generally unknown elsewhere.

The high point of Arabic word use in Spanish was in late medieval times and has declined since then but hundreds are still used in normal conversation. The large majority of these words are nouns, with a number ofverbs andadjectives derived direct from these nouns, e.g.alquilar (to rent) andalquilado (rented) fromalquiler (rent), most of which are excluded from this list. There is also onepreposition:hasta (until), and oneadverb:he. There has been little influence on the basic grammatical structure of the language.^[9]

Many Arabic loanwords in Spanish start witha- oral-, where these sounds come from the Arabicarticleal- (giving justa- when the Arabic word begins with asolar letter). This initiala(l)- is an integral part of the word in Spanish; that is, it is not amorpheme.

This is an open list of Spanish words acquireddirectly fromClassical andAndalusi Arabic, listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabicetymology. No fixed standard ofArabic transliteration is used.

Rationale for inclusion

Due to the large influence of Arabic on Spanish vocabulary, this list is relatively restrictive:

• This list has been edited to include only words considered to appertain to the Spanish language and theHispanic culture and society. Arabic words that may be understood by Spanish speakers but remain foreign to the Hispanic civilisation such asAyatolá,Yihad andChiita are excluded from this list.
• Only words that have passed direct from Arabic are included. Arabic words that entered the Spanish language through other, non-Iberian,Indo-European languages (such asAyatolá,Beduino,Sofá andsorbete) are not included. Included as exceptions to this rule areálcali andálgebra, words of Arabic origin thought to have entered Spanish through "Low Latin"^[10]—as suggested by their initial stress (theArabic definite articleal- is not normally borrowed as a stressed syllable).
• Generally, only Spanish root words are listed, derivations (including nouns, verbs or adjectives) not being included. For example,aceite (fromaz-zeit, oil) is included but notaceitería,aceitero,aceitón oraceitoso. On the other hand,aceituna (olive) is included since it derives not fromaz-zeit but fromaz-zeituna in Arabic, even though the root of theArabic word is the same.Aceituno (olive tree), on the other hand, would not be included, since it shares the same root asaceituna. For this reason a significant number of verbs and adjectives are excluded from this list. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than theroot word, when the meaning of the derivative has no evident connection with the root word or when it is not clear that one is derived from the other (e.g. horro and ahorrar).
• Words derived from Mozarabic are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally aRomance language) unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical or Andalusi Arabic.
• Words acquired fromBerber orHebrew (or otherAfro-Asiatic languages) are not included.

The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of theReal Academia de la Lengua Española, although a small minority are available only in other sources or past editions of this dictionary.

Many of these words will be unfamiliar to many Spanish speakers because their use is restricted to certain regions of Spain or Spanish-speaking countries or they are no longer in regular use. For example the Arabic-derived word for ‘jewel’,alhaja, is very common in Mexico whereas in Spain it is restricted to rural areas of the southern half of the country, the alternative Spanish termjoya being much more common. On the other hand the Arabic derived term for fruit juicezumo is the standard term in Spain whereas in Hispanic America the Latin-derivedjugo oragua are generally used. The Arabic termalberca in Spain refers to agricultural water deposits whereas in Mexico it is the common term used for swimming pool as opposed topiscina elsewhere orpileta in Argentina.

1. ababol:poppy, inAragon,Navarre,Albacete andMurcia. From Andalusian ArabicHappapáwr, a fusion from the Arabic pluralal-ḥabūb (الْحُبُوب)[ʔlħubuːb] (listen^ⓘ), the generic term for "seeds, beans or grains", and the Latinpapāver.
2. abacero: owner of anabacería, small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic*ṣaḥb uz-zād (صاحب الزاد) "owner of supplies."[sˤaːħibuʔlzːaːd] (listen^ⓘ)
3. abadí: descendant/lineage ofMohammed ben Abad, founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic 'abbādī (عبّادي)[ʕbaːdj] (listen^ⓘ).
4. abalorio: cheap jewellery or jewellery beads. From Andalusi Arabic and Arabical-ballūriy[u] (بَلْورَة)[balwra] (listen^ⓘ) "[made of/ like] glass or clear as crystal". Ultimately from Greekβήρυλλος, "beryl"[ʔlblwr] (listen^ⓘ)
5. abarraz: stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), a medicinal plant. From Andalusian Arabicḥább arrás (حب الرأس) "head seeds"[ħbʔlraːs] (listen^ⓘ).
6. abasí: pertaining to theAbbasid dynasty from Arabic عَبَّاسِيّ[ʕbaːsj] (listen^ⓘ), which overthrew theUmayyads in the 8th century.
7. abelmosco:musk seeds, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabicḥabb al musk (حب المسك) literally "musk seeds." Classical Arabicḥabbu 'l musk[ħbʔlmsk] (listen^ⓘ).
8. abencerraje: used in expression: "Zegríes y abencerrajes", "partisans of opposite interests". TheAbencerrajes (in Arabicaban as-sarráǧ) was an Arabic family of theKingdom of Granada, rivals of the Zegríes in the 15th century[bnwsraːdʒ] (listen^ⓘ).
9. abenuz:ebony. From Arabicabanūs (أَبَنُوس) of the same meaning but in Arabic referring to the "black wood" of the tropical tree.^[11][ʔbnws] (listen^ⓘ)
10. abismal: screw in head of a spear. From Arabical-mismar (الْمِسْمَر) "nail."^[12][ʔlmsmaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
11. abitaque: a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabicaṭ-ṭabaqah (الطَّبَقَة) "layer" or "intermediate chamber" or "group, standard, type".^[13][ʔltˤːtˤbaqa] (listen^ⓘ).
12. acebibe: raisin. From Arabicaz-zabīb (الزَّبِيب) of the same meaning but also "dried grape" or "currant" [=Ribes, genus of berry plants, e.g. blackcurrant, redcurrant and white currant].^[14][ʔlzːabjb] (listen^ⓘ).
13. acebuche: wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabicazzabbúǧ.
14. aceche:copper,iron orzinc sulphate. From Andalusi (Hispanic) Arabic*azzáj, < az-zāj, < . From Classical Arabicaz-zāj (الزَّاج), meaningvitriol -sulphuric acid or a sulphate زاج[zːaːdʒ] (listen^ⓘ).
15. aceifa: Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabicaṣ-ṣayf (الصَّيْف), "summer"[ʔlsˤːajf] (listen^ⓘ).
16. aceite: oil. From Arabicaz-zayt (الزَّيْت) "oil"[ʔlzːajt] (listen^ⓘ).
17. aceituna: olive. From Arabicaz-zaytūn (الزَّيْتُون)[ʔlzjtwn] (listen^ⓘ) "olive"[ʔlzːajtwn] (listen^ⓘ).
18. aceituní: precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabicaz-zaytuni, a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Tsö-Thung^{[citation needed]}.
19. acelga:Chard. From Arabicas-salq (السَّلْق) of the same meaning[ʔlsːslq] (listen^ⓘ).
20. acémila:beast of burden; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabicaz-zamilah "beast of burden", most likely stemming the Arabic scientific term for "pack-animal", "aḍ-ḍābatu 'l-ḥaml (الذَّابَةُ الْحَمْل)"[ʔlzːaːmila] (listen^ⓘ)
21. acemite: wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabicsemolina,as-samid (السَّمِيد)[ʔlsːsmjd] (listen^ⓘ).
22. acenefa: seecenefa.
23. aceña:watermill. From Arabicas-saniyah (السانية) "the lifter."
24. acequia: irrigation canal. From Arabicas-saqiyah (الساقية) "the irrigator"[ʔlsaːqj] (listen^ⓘ).
25. acerola: fruit of the treesMalpighiaemarginata orM. glabra, generally found in the Americas, of theMalpighiaceae family. This should be differentiated from the European Service Rowan Tree (Sorbus domestica), familyRosaceae. From Arabiczu 'rūrah (زعرورة). Originally from Syriacza‘rārā.
26. acetre: bucket or cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to sprayholy water inChristian liturgy. From Arabicas-saṭl (السطل)[stˤl] (listen^ⓘ), from the latin word sitŭla.
27. aciar: (oracial): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabicaz-ziyār (الزِيَار) with the same meaning[ʔlzːajaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
28. acíbar:aloe (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabicaṣ-ṣabir (الصَّبِر)[ʔlsˤːsˤbir] (listen^ⓘ).
29. acicalar: to clean or polish (Acicalarse in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabicaṣ-ṣaql (الصَّقْل), an instrument used for polishing things[ʔlsˤːsˤql] (listen^ⓘ).
30. acicate: spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic(Muzil) as-siqaT "what takes away weaknesses."
31. acidaque: Muslim dowry. From Arabicaṣ-ṣadāq (الصّداق),dowry inIslamic law.^[15][ʔlsˤːadaːq] (listen^ⓘ)
32. acimut: azimuth, an astronomical concept - the angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabicas-sumut (السُّمُوت) plural ofsamtسَمْت.
33. ación: handle on the stirrup. From Arabicas-suyūr (السُّيُور), plural ofsayr (سَيْر) "strap" or "belt"[ʔlsːiːwr] (listen^ⓘ).
34. acirate: line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabicaṣ-ṣirāṭ (الصِّرَاط)[ʔlsˤːiraːtˤ] (listen^ⓘ)[ʔlsˤːiraːtˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
35. acitara orcitara: thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabicas-sitārah (السِّتَارَة), wall to avoid falls - possibly from the Arabic for curtain, drapes or "hangings"[ʔlstaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
36. achacar: to blame. From Arabictashakkà (اشتكى): to complain or to blame[ʔʃtka] (listen^ⓘ).
37. adafina: pot used by Jews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic:dafina (دفينة) "buried", alternative meaning "hidden treasure"[ʔldfjn] (listen^ⓘ).
38. adalid: leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabicdalil (دليل).[ʔldːljl] (listen^ⓘ).
39. adaraja: each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizontally unfinished wall. Fromdaraja (درجة)[ʔldrdʒ] (listen^ⓘ).
40. adarga: leather shield. From Arabicdaraqa(t) (درقة) "shield."[drq] (listen^ⓘ).
41. adárgama: flour, rarely used today. From Arabicdarmaka دَرْمَك[darmaku] (listen^ⓘ).
42. adarme: small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabicdirham (درهم)[drhm] (listen^ⓘ).
43. adarvar: to shock. From Arabicdharb (ضرب) "blow." Replaced bypasmar andaturdir in current speech[dˤrb] (listen^ⓘ).
44. adarve: wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabicdharb (ضرب)
45. adefera: a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabicadd-ddafeera[ʔldˤfjr] (listen^ⓘ).
46. adehala: that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a property. From Mozarabicad ihala and originally from Arabicihala "offering credit.".^[16]
47. adelfa:oleander. From Arabicad-difla (الدِّفْلَى) of the same meaning[ʔldːdflaː] (listen^ⓘ).
48. ademán: gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabicadh-dhamān (الضَّمَان), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a plea[ʔldˤmaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
49. ademe: wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabicda'm (دَعم), meaning "buttress, support, fortify, pillar, hold up".[dʕm] (listen^ⓘ)
50. adiafa: present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From ArabicDiyafa (adh-dhiyāfahالضِّيَافَة) "present of hospitality", the word for "accommodation, hospitality, housing" or "hospitable reception"[ʔldˤːdˤjaːfa] (listen^ⓘ)
51. adivas: a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From ArabicaD-Dibbah "wolverine", which is the old Arabic name for this disease. Most likely the diseaselupus,aḍ-ḍa'ab (الذَّأَب)[ʔlðːðʔab] (listen^ⓘ).
52. adive: a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic aḍ-ḍi'b (الذِّئْب)[ʔlðʔjb] (listen^ⓘ).
53. adobe: brick made from clay. From Arabicaṭ-ṭūbah (الطُّوبَة, from Coptictôbe) of the same meaning, and fromad-dabba.
54. adoquín: paving-stone, cobble; block. From ArabicDukkan bench of rock or wood[ʔldːukːaːn] (listen^ⓘ) .
55. ador: in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabicdawr[ʔldwr] .
56. aduana: customs house; customs. From Arabicdiwaan (ديوان)[djwaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
57. aduar: semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, Bedouins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic دُوَّارduwwar[dwːaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
58. adúcar: type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi ArabicHaduqa[ʔldkaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
59. adufe: tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. Originally from Arabicad-duff (الدُّفّ), the generic word for tambourine[ʔldːdfː] (listen^ⓘ).
60. adul: in Morocco,assessor of theCadí (see under letter C, another Arabic loanword). From Arabic ‘adl (عَدْل), "honorable, trustworthy person" or "fair, impartial"[ʕadl] (listen^ⓘ).
61. adula: seedula.
62. adunia: (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabicaddunya, originally from classical Arabicad-dunyā (الدُّنْيَا) "the (whole) world", "the material world"[ʔldːdnjaː] (listen^ⓘ)
63. adutaque: same meaning asadárgama. From Arabicad-duqāq (الدُّقَاق) "fine flour" or "flour meal"[ʔldːdqaːq] (listen^ⓘ).
64. afán: effort; desire; zeal. Fromafanar.
65. afanar: to steal; to work with passion. From Arabical-fanā‘ (فناء) "extinction, extinction, destruction, vanishing", the notion, emotion of "annihilation through passion", used in poetry or to describe a type of madness[fnaːʔ] (listen^ⓘ)
66. aguajaque: the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabicaw-washaq "contaminated with water"[ʔlwʃq] (listen^ⓘ).
67. agüela: Income from interest on loans assigned in public documents; Renta de los derechos sobre préstamos consignados en documento público. From ArabicHawalah[ħwaːl] (listen^ⓘ).
68. ahorro: from Arabic حُرّ (ḥurr, “free, noble, virtuous”). Same origin ofhorro.
69. ajabeba: Moorish flute. From Classical Arabicash-shabbābah (الشَّبَّابَة), the generic word for "flute, clarinet"[ʔlʃːʃbːbaːba] (listen^ⓘ).
70. ajaquefa: Roof. Same origin asAzaquefa (see the word).
71. ajaraca: Ornamental loop in Andalusian and Arabic architecture. From Andalusi ArabicAsh-sharakah "loop".
72. ajarafe: terrace. From Classical Arabicsaraf "commanding height[ʔlʃrf] (listen^ⓘ)
73. ajebe:Alum;Para rubber tree. From Arabicash-Shabb[ʔlʃabː] (listen^ⓘ).
74. ajedrea: plant in the genusSatureja (familyLamiaceae), about 30 cm in height, with many branches and dark, narrow leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental in gardens. From Arabicassariyya orassiriyya[ʔlʃːitˤrijːa] (listen^ⓘ), ultimately from Latinsatureia.

    

75. ajedrez:chess. From Arabicash shatranj (الشطرنج) which is from PersianShatranj from theSanskritChaturang (four armed) as was the shape of the original chess board in India[ʔlʃtˤrndʒ] (listen^ⓘ)
76. ajenuz: nutmeg flower or Roman Coriander (Nigella sativa). From Andalusi ArabicShanuz and ultimately Classical ArabicShuniz[ʔlʃːuːniːz] (listen^ⓘ).
77. ajimez:bifora (twin arched window); woodensalient balcony with lattice windows. From Arabicshamis[ʃms] (listen^ⓘ).
78. ajomate: pluricellularalga formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabicgumam, pl. ofgumma, "luxurious hair".
79. ajonjolí:sesame; herbaceous,annual plant of the family of thePedaliaceae, a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabicgulgulān[dʒuldʒulaːn] (listen^ⓘ)"sesame."[ʔldʒuldʒulaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
80. ajorca: bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabicshuruk الشَرَكة[ʔlʃarak] (listen^ⓘ), ultimately from the wordshirāk "strap."
81. ajorrar: To drag, to tow. SeeJorro.
82. ajuagas: equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabicshuqaq[ʃuqaːq] (listen^ⓘ).
83. ajuar: dowry, a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabicshawār, "household utensils".
84. alacena: cupboard. From Classical Arabicẖizānah (خزانة)[xzaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
85. alacet: foundation of a building. From Classical Arabicasas (أساس).

    

    [ʔsaːs] (listen^ⓘ)
86. alacrán:scorpion. From Classical Arabicaqrab (عقرب) of same meaning[ʕqrb](listen^ⓘ).
87. aladar: Tuft of hair which falls on either side of the head. From Arabicidar[ʔldːaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
88. aladroque: Anchovy. From Andalusi ArabicAl Hatruk[ʔlraqruːq] (listen^ⓘ), "big mouthed".
89. alafa: wage; pay. From Classical Arabicalafah[ʔlʕifːa] (listen^ⓘ) "subsistence allowance." The word was replaced bysueldo in modern Spanish.
90. alafia: grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabical afya ultimately from Classical Arabicafiyah (عافية) "health"[ʔlʕaːfj] (listen^ⓘ).
91. alahílca: tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps ofalailaca from Andalusian Arabicilaqa, and this of Classical Arabicilāqah (علاقة) perhaps meaning "hanger"[ʕlaːq] (listen^ⓘ).
92. alajor: Tax which was paid to owners of land where buildings were built. From ArabicAshur, period of ten days before Easter when debts were paid and alms were given.
93. alajú: Andalusian cake made of almonds, nuts,pine nuts, bread, spices and cooked honey. Fromal Hashu "filling".
94. alamar: A type of decorative attachment which is buttoned on clothing. From Andalusi ArabicAlam, decoration (in clothes).
95. alambique:alembic, alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distilling chemicals. From Arabical-anbiq "the cup/container holding water", in turn from Greek.
96. alambor: Two meanings in Spanish with two different etymologies. 1) Embankment, from Andalusi ArabicHarabul "rim", from classical Arabic verbHawwala, "to alter". 2) Type of orange tree. From Catalanl'ambor, singular ofels zambors, derived from Andalusi ArabicAzzambu.
97. alamín: Village judge who decided on irrigation distribution or official who measured weights. From Arabical-amin[ʔlʔaːmjn] (listen^ⓘ).
98. alamud: Steel bar used to close windows. From Arabicamud[ʕmwd] (listen^ⓘ).
99. alaqueca: A type of blood-coloured quartz. From Arabic 'aqiq. Currently replaced by the wordcornalina[ʕqjq] (listen^ⓘ).
100. alárabe: Arab. From Andalusi Arabic, maintaining the definite articleal arabi.العربي[ʔlʕrbj] (listen^ⓘ).
101. alarde/alardear: To boast/to show off. From Arabic "show" (ala?ard العرض)[ʔlʕrdˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
102. alarife: 1) Architect 2) Builder (in mining) 3) Astute or quick-witted person (in Argentina and Uruguay). From Arabical 'arif: The expert[ʔlʕrːrjf] (listen^ⓘ).
103. alarije (uva): A type of grape. From Arabical'aris.
104. alaroz: Crossbar which divides a window or a door. From Arabical'arud: Obstacle placed to block entry.
105. alaroza: Fiancée or newly wed wife. From Arabic Andalusi Arabical-arusa (العروسة),[ʔlʕarwsa] (listen^ⓘ).
106. alatar: Drug, spice or perfume dealer. From Arabical attar(العطّار),[ʔlʕtˤːaːr] (listen^ⓘ). .
107. alatrón: Nitrate foam. From Arabican-nattrun.
108. alazán/alazano: Reddish cinnamon coloured, used commonly to describe sorrel-coloured horses. From Arabical-as·hab. From Andalusian Arabic الاسهاب, from Arabic اَصْهَب (aṣ·hab,[ʔasˤhab] (listen^ⓘ) "reddish, reddish-brown").
109. alazor:safflower. From Arabical-usfur.
110. albacara: Wall around a fortress, within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabicbab al-baqqara "The cattle gate/door".baqara (بقرة) means "cow" in Arabic.
111. albacea: Executor (of a will). From Andalusi ArabicSahb al Wassiya (صاحب الوصية); "The owner of the will".
112. albacora: Albacore. From Arabical-bakura "premature" oral-bakrah "young camel."
113. albadena: Type of tunic or silk dress. From Arabicbadan: Type of shirt which covers the torso.
114. albahaca:Basil. From Arabical-habaqah[ʔlħbq] (listen^ⓘ).
115. albahío: Pale yellowish colour, used commonly for cattle. From Arabicbahi: "Shining"[ʔlbhjː] (الباهية) (listen^ⓘ).
116. albalá: Official document. From Arabical-bara'ah.
117. albaida: Anthyllis cystoides (Flowering plant). From Arabical-baida: "The white one" (البيضاء)[ʔlbjdˤaːʔ] (listen^ⓘ)..
118. albanega: 1) Net used for hair. 2) Rabbit trap. From Arabical-baniqa.
119. albañal: Sewer. From Andalusi Arabical-ballá: "swallower".
120. albañil: Construction worker. From Andalusi Arabical-banni. Originally from classical Arabicbanna[ʔlbnːaːʔ] (listen^ⓘ).
121. albaquía: The remainder. From Arabical-baqi (الباقي) of the same meaning[ʔlbqj] (listen^ⓘ).
122. albarán: Invoice. From Arabical-bara'ah[ʔlbraːʔ] (listen^ⓘ).
123. albarazo:Vitiligo. From Andalusi ArabicAl-Barash[ʔlbrsˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
124. albarda: Packsaddle. From Arabical-barda'ah[ʔlbrdʕ] (listen^ⓘ).
125. albardán: Clown or fool. From Andalusi Arabicalbardán: "insolent". Originally from Classical Arabicbardan: "Idiot (cold headed)"[ʔlbrdaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
126. albardín: Plant endemic to the Spanish steppes, similar in nature and use toEsparto. From Arabic "al-bardi": "papyrus"[ʔlbrdj] (listen^ⓘ).
127. albaricoque: Apricot. From Arabical-barqouq (البرقوق) "plum" or "early-ripe."
128. albarrada: 1) Clay vase, seealcarraza. 2) Stone wall. From Arabical-barradah: "the cooler".
129. albarrán: 1) Farm boy 2) Shepherd 3) Person with no fixed residence. From Andalusi Arabical-barrani: "Outsider".
130. albatoza: Small, covered boat. From Arabical-gattosha:grebe. Due to the Arabic custom of giving names of birds to vessels.
131. albayalde:Cerrusite. From Arabical-bayad[ʔlbjaːdˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
132. albéitar: Vet. From Arabical-baytar[ʔlbjtˤaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
133. albenda: Decorated white linen. From Arabical-band.
134. alberca: Water deposit for irrigation. InMexico andHonduras it is also the term of choice forswimming pool. From Arabical-birka (البِركة) "pond"[ʔlbrk] (listen^ⓘ).
135. albérchigo: Apricot tree. From Andalusi Arabical-bershiq.
136. albihar:Mayweed. From Arabical-bahar.
137. albitana: 1) Fence to protect plants in gardening. 2) Prolongation of the keel or stern post of a ship. From Arabical-bitana.
138. alboaire: The craft of decorating churches and domes with "azulejos". From Andalusi Arabical-buhaira: lagoon.
139. albogue: Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabical-bûq (البوق): The horn or the trumpet[ʔlbwq] (listen^ⓘ).
140. alboheza:Malva, from Andalusi Arabical-hubayza[ʔlxbjz] (listen^ⓘ).
141. albohol:Morning glory, from Andalusi Arabical-hubuul: "rope".
142. albollón: Drainage or sewage. From MozarabicBallaón and ultimately from Classical Arabicballa'ah.
143. albóndiga: Meatball; ball. From Arabical-bunduqa (البندقة) "the ball," from Greek (κάρυον) ποντικόν(káryon) pontikón, "Pontic [nut]"[ʔlbndq] (listen^ⓘ).
144. albórbola: Joy, celebratory noise. From Arabicwalwalah.
145. alborga: Matweed sandal. From Arabicalbúlḡa[ʔlbrɣ] (listen^ⓘ).
146. albornía: A type of large vase. From Arabicbarniya[brnj] (listen^ⓘ).
147. albornoz: Bathrobe. Fromal-burnos (البرنس); "(bath)robe"[ʔlbrnws] (listen^ⓘ).
148. alboronía: A type of Andalusian vegetable stew. From Arabical buranniya "Buran's (stew)." Buran was the wife of Caliph Ma'moun.
149. alboroque: 1) A present or gratuity given in exchange for a service. 2) The kind treatment and lavish attention offered and received in anticipation of a commercial transaction. From Andalusi Arabical-borok, possibly ultimately from Classical Arabicarbun.
150. alboroto: Riot, joy. Comes from arabismalborozo (joy), from andalusí Arabical-burúz derived fromClassical Arabical-burūz, "military parade previous to a campaign"; or related to Latinvolutāre.
151. alborozo: Extreme chaos or happiness. From Andalusi Arabical-buruz: "Military parade prior to an expedition".
152. albotín:Turpentine Tree. From Arabicbutm of the same meaning[ʔlbutˤm] (listen^ⓘ).
153. albricias: 1) Term used to congratulate someone. 2) Present or gift provided to a bringer of good news. From Arabicbushra[ʔlbʃaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
154. albudeca: A badwatermelon. From Andalusi Arabical batiha[ʔlbtˤjx] (listen^ⓘ).
155. albufera: Lagoon. From Arabical buhaira(البُحيرَة)[ʔlbuħjra] (listen^ⓘ)..
156. albur: This term has a wide range of meanings: 1)Flathead mullet (Spain and Cuba), 2) A card combination in a card game known as Banca, 3) A chance occurrence on which an enterprise hedges its bets, 4) An expression which has a double or hidden meaning (Mexico and Dominican Republic) 4) An amorous affair (Nicaragua), 5) A lie, slander or rumour (Puerto Rico and Honduras). From Arabical-boori[ʔlbwrj] (listen^ⓘ).
157. alcabala: 1) A tax on commercial transactions. 2) Police checkpoint outside cities and on main roads (Colombia and Venezuela). From Andalusi Arabical qabala[ʔlqbaːl] (listen^ⓘ).
158. alcabor: Hollow interior of a chimney or oven. From Arabical qabw[ʔlqbw] (listen^ⓘ).
159. alcabtea: A type of linen. From Arabical qubtiya, meaning "Egyptian" or "Coptic"[ʔlqbtˤj] (listen^ⓘ).
160. alcacel oralcacer: 1) Green barley 2) A barley field. From Arabical qasil[ʔlqsˤjl] (listen^ⓘ).
161. alcachofa: Artichoke. From Arabical-ẖarshoof of the same meaning.
162. alcaduz: Water pipe. From ArabicQâdûs (قادوس) meaning "water-wheel scoop"[ʔlqaːdws] (listen^ⓘ).
163. alcafar: Limbs of a cuadruped (normally a horse). From Arabical kafal[ʔlkfl] (listen^ⓘ).
164. alcahaz: Birdcage. From Arabicqafaṣ (قفص)[ʔlqafasˤ] (listen^ⓘ) of the same meaning.
165. alcahuete: Accomplice, pimp, a person who helps another in a love affair, specially an illicit one; gossipy person. Alcahuete comes from Hispanic Arabicalqawwad (the messenger), and this fromClassical Arabicqawwad (القوَّاد)[ʔlqwːaːd] (listen^ⓘ). This "messenger" carried messages to a married woman's lover. By extension it became commonly known as any person who sets up a love affair, generally illicit.
166. alcaicería: an establishment where silk farmers presented their produce, under the rights reserved to the Muslim rulers inGranada and other towns of theNasrid Kingdom. From Andalusi ArabicAl-Qaysariya, originally from the LatinCaesarea[qjsaːrj] (listen^ⓘ).
167. alcaide: a term historically referred to various positions of government authority. In modern Spanish commonly refers to a prison warden. From Arabical qa'id(القائد)[ʔlqaːʔjid] (listen^ⓘ), "military commander".
168. alcalde: Mayor. From Arabical-qadi (the judge).Qadi comes from the verbqada (to judge)[ʔlqaːdˤj] (listen^ⓘ).
169. álcali: Alkali. From Arabicqalawi (قلوي) of the same meaning thru Medieval Latin.
170. alcaller: Clay artisan or his helper. From Andalusi Arabical qallal[ʔlqlaːl] (listen^ⓘ).
171. alcamiz: An obsolete term referring to a list of soldiers. Its etymology is an erroneous transmission ofat-taymiz, "Military inspection" in Andalusi Arabic and "Distinction" in Classical Arabic.
172. alcamonías: Seeds used in spice mixes such as anisseed or cumin. It is also a now obsolete expression referring to the act of hiding things. From Arabickammuniya(الكَمّون)[ʔlkamːwn] (listen^ⓘ), a cumin-based concoction.
173. alcana: Henna or Henna tree. From Arabic,hinna[ʔlħinːaːʔ] (listen^ⓘ).
174. alcaná: Commercial street or neighbourhood. From Arabic القناةqanaah: "Drains or water pipes"[ʔlqnaː] (listen^ⓘ).
175. alcancía: Clay money box, penny orpiggy bank. From Andalusi Arabicalkanzíyya, derived from classical Arabickanz: "treasure"[ʔlknzjːa] (listen^ⓘ).
176. alcándara: Hook used to hang clothes or fowl. From ArabicKandarah.
177. alcandía:Sorghum. From Andalusi Arabicqatniyya.
178. alcandora: A type of shirt. From Arabicqandura.
179. alcanería: A rural term for a type of artichoke. From Andalusi Arabical-qannariya, an Arabic rendering of the Latincannaria.
180. alcanfor:Camphor. From Andalusi ArabicAl-Kafur.
181. alcántara/alcantarilla: Drain. From Arabical-qantarah meaning "bridge"[ʔlqntˤr] (listen^ⓘ).
182. alcaparra: Caper. From Andalusian Arabical-kaparra. Via Latin and Greek.
183. alcaraván:Stone-Curlew. From Andalusian Arabical-karawan.
184. alcaravea:Caraway. From Andalusi Arabical-Karawiya.
185. alcarceña: Name given to theErvil and theCarob. From Andalusi Arabical-kershana, meaning "the big bellied", due to the plants causing a swelled stomach when consumed in large quantities.
186. alcarraza: A type of clay container similar to a SpanishBotijo. From Andalusi Arabical-karraza. Ultimately from PersianKoraz.
187. alcarria: Of uncertain Arabic etymology. Refers to a flat highland with little vegetation.
188. alcatenes: A type of medicine which is mixed with copper sulfate to treat ulcers. From Arabical-qutn.
189. alcatara (or alquitara):Alembic. From Arabic root for the verb "to distill"qattara[ʔlqtˤːaːr] (listen^ⓘ).
190. alcatifa: An obsolete term for a thin carpet or underlay for carpet. From Arabical-qatifa[ʔlqtˤjf] (listen^ⓘ).
191. alcatraz:Cormorant. From Arabicالقطرس al-qaṭrās, meaning "sea eagle".
192. alcaucil: Artichoke. From Spanish Andalusi Arabicalqabsíl[a], that comes from Mozarab diminutivekapićéḻa, and this from Spanish Latincapĭtia, "head". Standard Latin,caput-itis.
193. alcaudon:Shrike. From Andalusi Arabical-kaptan.
194. alcavela/alcavera: Mob, herd, family, tribe. From Arabical-qabila.
195. alcayata: Metallic hanger or hook. From Andalusi Arabical-kayata, originally from LatinCaia
196. alcazaba: Palace. From Arabical-qasbah, (قصبة), "the quarter"[ʔlqsˤb] (listen^ⓘ).
197. alcázar: Citadel; palace. From Arabical-qasr (القصر) "the citadel," from Latincastrum, "castle," same etymology with Spanish termcastro[ʔlqsˤr] (listen^ⓘ).
198. alcazuz(or orozuz):Liquorice. From Arabic‘urúq sús or‘írq sús, and from classic Arabicirqu [s]sús.^[17]
199. alcoba: Alcove. From Arabical-qubba (القُبَّة)[ʔlqubːa] (listen^ⓘ) "the vault" or "the arch".
200. alcohela:Endive. From theAndalusi Arabicalkuḥáyla, and this one from the Arabickuḥaylā'.^[18]
201. alcohol: From Arabical-kuhul (الكحول), fine powder ofantimony sulfide used as eye makeup. Derivate word:alcoholar.
202. alcolla: Large glass bulb or aDecanter. From Hispanic Arabicalqúlla, and this one from the Arabicqullah.^[19]
203. alcor:Hill. From Hispanic Arabicalqúll, and this one from theLatincollis.^[20]
204. alcora^{[citation needed]}
205. alcorcí
206. alcorque
207. alcorza
208. alcotán
209. alcotana
210. alcrebite
211. alcuacil^{[citation needed]}
212. alcubilla
213. alcuña
214. alcuza
215. alcuzcuz
216. alchub^{[citation needed]}
217. aldaba
218. aldea/aldeano: Village / Villager.
219. aldiza
220. alefriz
221. aleja
222. alejija
223. alema
224. alerce
225. aletría
226. aleve/alevoso/alevosía: from Hispanic Arabical'áyb and the latter from Classical Arabicáyb, "defect, blemish, or smudge of infamy"[ʕajb] (listen^ⓘ)
227. aleya
228. alfaba
229. alfábega
230. alfadía
231. alfaguara: Geyser. From Arabicfawwâra (فوارة): "spout, fountain, water jet"[ʔlfawːwaːra] (listen^ⓘ).
232. alfahar/alfaharería
233. alfaida
234. alfajeme
235. alfajor: Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabicfašúr, and this from Persianafšor (juice).
236. alfalfa: alfalfa hay. From Hispanic Arabic alfáṣfaṣ[a], from Classical Arabic fiṣfiṣah, and this from Pelvi aspast.^[21]
237. alfaneque: 1) A type of bird, from Arabical-fanak[fanak] (listen^ⓘ) 2) A tent, from Berberafarag.
238. alfanje: A type of sword. From Arabical-janyar "dagger".
239. alfaque
240. alfaqueque
241. alfaquí
242. alfaquín
243. alfaraz
244. alfarda: Two meanings; from Arabical-farda and from Arabical-fardda.
245. alfarero: potter.
246. alfardón
247. alfareme
248. alfarje
249. alfarrazar
250. alfaya
251. alfayate
252. alfazaque
253. alféizar: Window ledge. From Arabical-hayzar, "The one which takes possession".
254. alfeñique: 1) Weakling. 2) A type of sweet consumed in Spain and Mexico. From Andalusi ArabicAl-Fanid. Ultimately from Persian and Sanskrit.
255. alferecía
256. alferez
257. alferraz
258. alferza: Piece, known as Vizir in other languages, corresponding to the modern chess "queen" (though far weaker), from which modernchess developed in medieval Spain. From Andalusi ArabicAl Farza, ultimately from PersianFarzan, "the guardian".
259. alficoz
260. alfil: Bishop, in chess. From Arabical-fiyl (الفيل)[ʔlfiːl] (listen^ⓘ) "The elephant."
261. alfilel/alfiler
262. alfinge
263. alfitete
264. alfiz
265. alfolí
266. alfombra: Carpet. Two meanings; from Arabical-jumra and from Arabical-humra.
267. alfóncigo: Pistachio. From Arabical-fustuq[ʔlfustuq] (listen^ⓘ).
268. alfóndiga
269. alforfón
270. alforja: Saddlebag. From Arabical-khurj ( الخرج ) "saddle-bag", portmanteau[ʔlxurdʒ] (listen^ⓘ).
271. alforre
272. alforrocho
273. alforza
274. alfóstiga
275. alfoz: Neighborhood, district. From Arabichauz (حوز) meaning "Precinct" or "City limits"[ħawz] (listen^ⓘ).
276. algaba
277. algadara
278. algaida
279. algalaba^{[citation needed]}
280. algalia
281. algalife^{[citation needed]}
282. algar
283. algara
284. algarada
285. algarabía: Incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabical-'arabiya: "Arabic"[ʔlʕrbj] (listen^ⓘ).
286. algarivo
287. algarazo: Short rainstorm. From Arabical 'ard: "cloud".
288. algarrada
289. algarrobo: Carob. From Arabical-kharouba "the carob"[ʔlxrːrwb] (listen^ⓘ).
290. algavaro
291. algazafán^{[citation needed]}
292. algazara
293. algazul
294. álgebra: Algebra. From Latinalgebræ from Arabical-jabr, meaning "completion, rejoining", from the name ofal-Khwarizmi's bookHisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala "The Calculus of Completion and Equality."
295. algodón: Cotton. From Arabic "al-qúţun (قطن)", meaning "The cotton", "Egyptian", "Coptic".
296. algorfa
297. algoritmo:algorithm, comes from the Latin wordalgobarismus, influenced by the Greek wordarithmos "number". The persian name ofMuhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician, through its Latinized prounuciationAlgorithmi.
298. algorza:
299. alguacil: Sheriff. From Arabic "al-wazîr (الوزير)", meaning "Minister".
300. alguaquida: fuel for a fire. From Arabicwaqîda (وقيدة) meaning "Fuel"[ʔlwqjd] (listen^ⓘ)
301. alguaza: Window or door hinge.From Arabicwasl "juncture".
302. alhadida: From Arabic "al-hadida" (الحديدة)[ʔlħadiːda] (listen^ⓘ), meaningCopper sulfate.^[22]
303. alhaite: Jewel. From Arabical hayt "string". الخيط[ʔlxajtˤ] (listen^ⓘ)
304. alhaja: Jewel. From Arabical-hajah "the valuable thing." الحاجة[ʔlħaːdʒa] (listen^ⓘ)
305. alhamar: Red mattress or bed cover. From Arabichanbal, "fur bedcover". Also from ArabicAlhamar[ʔlʔaħmar] (listen^ⓘ)/ Al-Ahmar "red".
306. alhamel: Beast of burden or human porter, in Andalusian Spanish. From Arabichammal. الحامل، حمّال[ʔlħaːml] (listen^ⓘ)
307. alhamí: Stone bench normally covered withazulejos. Refers to the Grenadine town of Alhama.
308. alhandal:Colocynth. From ArabicAlhandhal. الحنظل[ʔlħanðˤal] (listen^ⓘ)
309. alhanía: 1) Bedroom 2) Cupboard 3) A type of small mattress. From Andalusi Arabical haniyya, "alcove".
310. alhaquín: Weaver. From Arabic pluralAl Hayikeen, "weavers". الحيّاكين[ʔlħjaːkjn] (listen^ⓘ)
311. alharaca: Violent reaction to a small issue. From Arabicharaka. حركة[ʔlħaraka] (listen^ⓘ)
312. alhavara: Flour. From Arabichuwara.
313. alhelí:Aegean Wallflower. From Arabichiri.
314. alheña: Spanish word forHenna and the plant from which it is derived.
315. alholva:Fenugreek. From Arabichulbah.[ʔlħilba] (listen^ⓘ)
316. alhorí: Same meaning and etymology as more commonly used termalfolí.
317. alhorre: 1) Feaces of a newborn child. From Arabichur, "feaces". 2) Common skin rash in babies, nappy rash. Commonly used in expression "Yo te curaré el alhorre!" when threatening to beat a child. From Arabicshakatuel hurr, "skin infection".
318. alhorría: (orahorría): Expression used for when a slave is freed. From Arabical-hurriya, "freedom".
319. alhucema:Lavender. From Arabichuzama[ʔlxuzaːmaː] (listen^ⓘ).
320. alhuceña:Woodruff. From Arabicuhshina.
321. aliara: Drinking horn. From Andalusian Arabical fiyara.
322. alicante: Vernacular name of two different types of poisonous snakes present in Spain and Northern Mexico respectively. From Arabical aqrab, "scorpion".
323. alicatar: To till. From Arabicqat, "to cut".
324. alicate: Pliers. From Arabiclaqaat, "tongs".
325. alidada:Alidade. From Andalusian Arabical'idada[ʔlʕidˤaːda] (listen^ⓘ).
326. alifa: Sugar cane, two years old, in Andalusian and Mexican Spanish. From Arabichalifa[xaliːfa] (listen^ⓘ) "successor".
327. alifafe: 1) Light indisposition. 2) Type of tumor which develops on the legs of horses from excessive work. From Arabicifash "sowing bag".
328. alifara
329. alijar
330. alimara
331. alioj
332. alirón
333. alizace
334. alizar
335. aljaba
336. aljabibe
337. aljama
338. aljamía/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script.
339. aljaraz
340. aljarfa
341. aljébana
342. aljerife from arabic شريف[ʃariːf] (listen^ⓘ)
343. aljez
344. aljibe from Andalusian Arabicاَلْجُبّ (al-júbb), from Classical Arabic جُبّ (jubb, “cistern, well”)
345. aljófar/aljofarar from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), via Andalusian Arabic, from Persian گوهر (gowhar, “pearl”). The same origin ofJohor,Malaysian state.
346. aljofifa
347. aljor (oraljez)
348. aljuba
349. aljuma
350. añagaza
351. almacabra
352. almacén: Deposit, dry goods store. From Arabical-majzan ofmakhzan (المخزن)[ʔlmaxzan] (listen^ⓘ) "the storage" or "the depot."
353. almacería
354. almáciga
355. almadén
356. almádena:sledgehammer. From Andalusian Arabical-māṭana (الْمَاطَنَة) "sledgehammer."
357. almadía
358. almadraba: Tuna fishing in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province. From Andalusi ArabicAl-madraba[ʔlmadˤraba] (listen^ⓘ), "place where to hit", in reference to the fishing technique.
359. almadraque
360. almagazén
361. almagra
362. almahala
363. almaizar
364. almaja
365. almajaneque
366. almajar
367. almajara
368. almalafa
369. almanaque:almanac (see etymology section in the article for further discussion). From Andalusian Arabicalmanáẖ "calendar", from Arabicmunāẖ "caravan stop", or from Greekalmenichiakon "calendar."
370. almancebe: type of river fishing net, from Spanish Arabical-manṣába, bank.
371. almarada
372. almarbate
373. almarcha
374. almarjo
375. almarrá
376. almarraja or almarraza
377. almártaga: two meanings, fromal-marta'a andal martak.
378. almástica
379. almatroque
380. almazara: Olive press. From Arabic "al-ma'sarah" (المعصرة)[ʔlmaʕsˤara] (listen^ⓘ), "juicer".
381. almazarrón
382. almea: two meanings, fromalmay'a عالمية[ʕaːlmj] (listen^ⓘ) andalima. الميعة[ʔlmjʕ] (listen^ⓘ)
383. almejía
384. almenara: two meanings, fromal-manara[ʔlmanaːra] (listen^ⓘ) andal-minhara.
385. almez
386. almíbar: sugar syrup, juice concentrate.
387. almicantarat
388. almijar
389. almijara
390. almijarra
391. almimbar
392. alminar
393. almiraj/almiraje/almiral^{[citation needed]}
394. almirez
395. almirón:Dandelion. From Andalusian Arabical mirun.
396. almizate
397. almizcle/almizque
398. almocadén
399. almocafre
400. almocárabe
401. almocela
402. almocrebe
403. almocrí
404. almodón
405. almófar
406. almofariz
407. almofía
408. almofrej/almofrez
409. almogama
410. almogávar
411. almohada: Pillow, from Arabical-makhada (المخده)[ʔlmixadːa] with the same meaning.
412. almoharrefa
413. almohaza
414. almojábana
415. almojama: seemojama
416. almojarife
417. almojaya
418. almona
419. almoneda: Sale or auction. From Arabicmunadah[ʔlmunaːdaː] (listen^ⓘ).
420. almoraduj/almoradux
421. almorávide
422. almorí
423. almoronía: seealboronía.
424. almotacén
425. almotalafe
426. almotazaf/almotazán
427. almozala/almozalla
428. almud
429. almuédano
430. almuerzo: Lunch. Arabical- + Latinmorsus (bite).
431. almunia: an agricultural settlement, fromالمُنية[ʔlmunja] (listen^ⓘ) meaning desire. (seeArticle in Spanish).
432. alpargata
433. alpechín
434. alpiste
435. alquería: Farmhouse. From Arabic القرية [al-qaria]listen^ⓘ) "the village."
436. aloque
437. aloquín
438. alpargata
439. alquequenje
440. alquermes
441. alquerque: Two meanings, fromal-qirq andal-qariq. القرق[ʔlqrq] (listen^ⓘ)
442. alquez
443. alquezar
444. alquibla
445. alquicel
446. alquiler: Rent. From Arabic Al kira' (الكراء)[ʔlkiraːʔ] (listen^ⓘ)
447. alquimia: alchemy, from Arabical-kīmiyā' (الكيمياء orالخيمياء) via Medieval Latinalchemia, from theLate Greek termkhēmeía (χημεία), also spelledkhumeia (χυμεία) andkhēmía (χημία), meaning 'the process oftransmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'.
448. alquinal
449. alquitira
450. alquitrán: tar, from Arabic اَلْقِطْرَانal-qitran.[ʔlqatˤraːn] (listen^ⓘ)
451. alrota
452. altabaca
453. altamía
454. altramuz:Lupin bean. From Arabicat-turmus[turmus] (listen^ⓘ).
455. alubia: Pea, bean. From Arabiclubiya[luːbjaːʔ] (listen^ⓘ).
456. aludel
457. aluquete/luquete
458. alloza
459. amán
460. ámbar: amber, from Arabicʿanbarعنبر, meaning "anything that floats in the sea", viaMiddle Latinambar.
461. ámel
462. amín
463. amirí
464. anacalo
465. anacora
466. anafaga
467. anafalla/anafaya
468. anafe
469. anaquel
470. andorra
471. andrajo
472. anea
473. anejir
474. anúteba
475. añacal
476. añacea/añacear
477. añafea
478. añafil
479. añagaza
480. añascar
481. añazme
482. añil: Ultimately from Sanskritnilah, "dark blue".
483. arabí
484. arancel
485. arbellón/arbollón
486. archí
487. argadillo
488. argamandel
489. argamula
490. argán
491. argel
492. argolla
493. arguello/arguellarse
494. arije
495. arimez
496. arjorán
497. arnadí
498. arrabá
499. arrabal
500. arracada
501. arráez
502. arrayán
503. arrecife
504. arrejaque/arrejacar
505. arrelde
506. arrequife
507. arrequive
508. arriate
509. arricés
510. arroba
511. arrobda^{[citation needed]}
512. arrocabe
513. arrope
514. arroz: Rice[ʔaruzː] (listen^ⓘ).
515. áscar/áscari
516. asequi^{[citation needed]}
517. asesino: Assassin. From Arabichashshashin "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Originally used to refer to the followers of the PersianHassan-i-Sabah (حسن صباح), theHashshashin.
518. atabaca
519. atabal
520. atabe
521. atacar: To tie, to button up. From Andalusi Arabictákka, originally from classical Arabictikkah[tikːa] (listen^ⓘ), ribbon used to fasten clothes.
522. atacir
523. atafarra/ataharre
524. atafea
525. atahona
526. atahorma
527. ataifor
528. ataire
529. atalaya
530. atalvina
531. atambor
532. atanor
533. atanquía
534. ataracea
535. atarazana
536. atarfe
537. atarjea
538. atarraga
539. atarraya
540. ataúd: Coffin.
541. ataujía
542. ataurique
543. atifle
544. atijara
545. atíncar
546. atoba
547. atocha
548. atracar: To assault, to burgle, to dock a boat, to get stuck, to gorge oneself with food, to cheat, to get stuck. From ArabicTaraqa, "To rise".
549. atríaca/atriaca: Obsolete word.
550. atún: Tuna fish. From the Arabic wordal-tuna (التونه).
551. atutía
552. auge: surge, rise, boom.
553. aulaga
554. avería
555. azabache
556. azabara
557. azacán
558. azacaya
559. azache
560. azafate/azafata
561. azafrán:Saffron. From Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَانaz-za`farān[zaʕfaraːn] (listen^ⓘ), from Persian زعفرانzaferān or زرپرانzarparān gold strung.
562. azahar: White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabicazzahár, and this from Classic Arabiczahr[sumːmaːq] (listen^ⓘ), flowers.
563. azalá
564. azamboa
565. azándar
566. azaque: Alms-giving or religious tax in Islam. From Arabiczakāt (Arabic: زكاة[zkaː] (listen^ⓘ), "that which purifies"[1]). See articlezakat.
567. azaquefa: Covered portico or patio. From Andalusi Arabicassaqifa, "portico", originally from Arabicas-saqf (السَّقْف),[ʔlsːaqf] (listen^ⓘ) meaning "roof" or "upper covering of a building".
568. azar: Luck; chance. From Arabicaz-zahr "the dice" or North African Arabicaz-zhar[sumːmaːq] (listen^ⓘ) "luck".
569. azarbe
570. azarcón
571. azarja
572. azarnefe
573. azarote^{[citation needed]}
574. azófar
575. azofra/azofrar
576. azogue: Two meanings, fromaz-za'uq[ziʔjbaq] (listen^ⓘ) and fromas-suq.
577. azolvar
578. azorafa
579. azote: Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabicsawṭ[sˤawt] (listen^ⓘ).
580. azotea: Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabicassutáyha, diminutive ofsath, "terrace" in Classical Arabic.السطيحة[ʔlstˤjħ] (listen^ⓘ)
581. azoya^{[citation needed]}
582. azúcar: Sugar. From Arabic (سكر)sukkar of the same meaning[sukːar] (listen^ⓘ), from Persianshekar.
583. azucarí
584. azucena
585. azuche
586. azud
587. azufaifa/azufaifo
588. azul: Blue. From Arabiclāzaward, ultimately fromSanskrit.
589. azulaque (or zulaque)
590. azulejo: Handpainted glazed floor and wall tiles, from Arabicaz-zellīj (الزليج), a style of mosaictilework made from individually hand-chiseled tile pieces set into aplaster base, fromzalaja (زَلَجَ) meaning "to slide". See alsoalboaire andalhamí.
591. azúmbar
592. azumbre: Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two litres. FromDel Andalusi Arabic aTTúmn, and this from Classical Arabic:Tum[u]n, "an eighth"[θumn] (listen^ⓘ).

1. babucha: Slippers. From Frenchbabouche, derived from Persian "papoosh" (پاپوش) literally meaning "foot covering" via Arabicbaboush (بابوش). The transition from Persian "p" to Arabic "b" occurs due to lack of the letter p in the Arabic alphabet. "Pa-" in Persian means foot and "poosh" means covering. Persian "pa" or foot shares the same root with other Indo-European languages, i.e. Latinpede[m], French "pied", Spanish "pie" and "pata", etc[baːbwʃ] (listen^ⓘ).
2. badal: Cut of meat from the back and ribs of cattle, close to the neck. From Andalusi Arabicbad'a "Calf muscle" derived from classical Arabicbad'ah[baːdila] (listen^ⓘ) "piece".
3. badán: Trunk of an animal. From Arabicbadan, (بدن)[badan] (listen^ⓘ).
4. badana: 1) Sheepskin, 2) Hat lining, 3) Lazy person. From Arabicbitana, "lining", (بِطانة)[bitˤaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
5. badea: 1) Watermelon or melon of bad quality. 2) Insipid cucumber, 3) Weak person, 4) Unimportant thing. From Arabicbattiha "bad melon".
6. badén: Dip in land, road, sidewalk or ford. From Arabicbāṭin (بطين) "sunken" (land)[batˤjn] (listen^ⓘ).
7. bagarino: Free or hired sailor, as opposed to a press-ganged or enslaven one. Same origin asbaharí[bħrj] (listen^ⓘ).
8. bagre: a freshwater fish that has no scales and has a chin. From Arabicbaghir orbaghar.
9. baharí:Bird of prey. From Arabicbahri: "from the sea".
10. baja: Pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabicbasha (باشا)[baːʃaː] (listen^ⓘ). Ultimately from Turkishpasha of the same meaning.
11. baladí: 1) Unimportant thing or matter. 2) Something of the land our country. From Arabicbaladiy "From the country"[bldj] (listen^ⓘ).
12. balaj/balaje: Purple ruby. From ArabicBalahshi: From Balahshan (region in central Asia where these stones are found).
13. balate
14. balda (and baldío)
15. baldar
16. balde: 1) Free. 2) Without cause. 3) In vain. From Arabicbatil "false" or "useless"[baːtˤl] (listen^ⓘ).
17. bancal
18. baño
19. baraka: Heavenly providence or unusual luck. From Moroccan Arabic. Recently introduced word. (بركة)[baraka] (listen^ⓘ).
20. barbacana
21. barcino
22. bardaje
23. bardoma/bardomera
24. barragán
25. barrio/barriada: Area, district or neighbourhood in a town. From Arabicbarri "outside"[barjː] (listen^ⓘ).
26. bata: either from Arabicbatt or Frenchouate.
27. batán
28. batea
29. baurac
30. bayal
31. belez
32. bellota: Acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabicball-luta (بلوط) of the same meaning[blwtˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
33. ben
34. benimerín
35. benjui
36. berberí
37. berberís
38. bereber
39. berenjena/berenjenal: eggplant, aubergine, from Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏenjān), from Persian بادنجان (bâdenjân) of the same meaning.
40. bezaar/bezoar
41. biznaga
42. bocací
43. bodoque/bodocal
44. bófeta
45. bórax:Borax, from Arabic wordbawraq (بورق), from Persianbure of the same meaning.
46. borní
47. boronía
48. botor
49. bujía
50. bulbul
51. burche
52. buz
53. buzaque

1. cabila: Tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabicqabila (قبيلة)[qbjl] (listen^ⓘ) "tribe."
2. cachera
3. cadí: From Arabicqādiy /qādī (قَاضِي), a "judge", type of public officer appointed to hear and try causes in a court of justice; same etymology withalcalde[qaːdˤiː] (listen^ⓘ).
4. cadira
5. café: Coffee. From Italiancaffe, from Turkishkahve via Arabicqahwa (قهوة) of the same meaning, from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia.
6. cáfila
7. cafiz (or cahiz)
8. cafre
9. caftán
10. cáid (same origin as alcaide)
11. caimacán
12. calabaza: Pumpkin or squash. From Arabicqerabat (قربات), plural ofqerbah (قربة), meaning wineskin[qirbaːt] (listen^ⓘ).
13. calafate/calafatear
14. calahorra
15. calí: same root asálcali.
16. cálibo/calibre
17. cambuj
18. camocán
19. canana: Cartridge belt.
20. cáncana/cancanilla
21. cáncano
22. cande: inazúcar cande.
23. canfor
24. caraba
25. cárabe
26. cárabo: Owl; dog. Taken from Arabicqaraab andkalb "dog" (kalaab "dogs"), respectively[klb] (listen^ⓘ).
27. caracoa
28. caramida
29. caramuzal
30. caravasar
31. carcax
32. carmen/carme: From Spanish Arabickárm, and this from Classical Arabickarm, vine[karm] (listen^ⓘ).
33. carmesí: Crimson, bluish deep red. From Arabicquirmizi.
34. carrafa
35. cártama/cártamo
36. catán
37. catifa
38. cazurro
39. cebiche
40. cebtí
41. ceca
42. cedoaria
43. cegatero
44. cegrí
45. ceje
46. celemí/celemín/celeminero
47. cenacho
48. cendolilla
49. cenefa
50. ceneque
51. cení
52. cenia
53. cenit: zenith, from Arabicsamtسَمْت, same etymology withacimut.
54. cequí
55. cerbatana
56. cero: Zero. From Arabicsifr of the same meaning.
57. cetís
58. ceutí
59. chafariz
60. chafarote
61. chaleco
62. charrán
63. chifla
64. chilabai: From Moroccan Arabic.
65. chirivía
66. chivo
67. choz
68. chupa
69. chuzo
70. cianí
71. cibica
72. cica
73. cicalar
74. cicatear
75. cicatero: different root to cicatear.
76. ciclán
77. ciclar
78. ciclatón
79. cid
80. cifaque
81. cifra/cifrar
82. címbara
83. cimboga
84. cimitarra
85. circón
86. citara
87. civeta/civeto
88. coba/cobista
89. cofa
90. coima
91. coime
92. colcótar
93. cora
94. corán: fromqur'aan (قرآن), the Muslim Holy Book.
95. corbacho
96. corma
97. cotonía
98. cubeba
99. cúrcuma
100. curdo
101. cuscuta

1. dado: Dice, cube or stamp. From Classical Arabica'dad "numbers"[ʔʕdaːd] (listen^ⓘ).
2. daga - dagger
3. dahír
4. daifa
5. dante
6. darga (adarga): Shield.
7. dársena: Dock / basin.
8. daza
9. descafilar
10. destartalado
11. dey
12. dirham
13. diván: Divan / couch. From Arabic from Persian دیوانdēvān (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian دیپیdipi (="writing, document") + واهانمvahanam (="house"). This is a recent loanword and directly entered Spanish via Persian, as [v] sound in دیوانdēvān is a modern Persian pronunciation.^{[citation needed]}[djwaːn] (listen^ⓘ)
14. druso
15. dula/dular
16. edrisí
17. ejarbe
18. elche
19. elemí
20. elixir: fromal-ʾiksīr (الإكسير) through Medieval Latin, which in turn is theArabization ofGreekxērion (ξήριον) "powder for drying wounds" (from ξηρόςxēros "dry")[ʔlʔiksjr] (listen^ⓘ).
21. embelecar/embeleco
22. emir (or amir)
23. encaramar
24. enchufar/enchufe: 1) To plug in/plug; 2) To connect, 3) To offer an unmerited job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi ArabicJuf derived from Classical Arabicjawf "stomach; internal cavity"[dʒawf] (listen^ⓘ).
25. engarzar: To set/thread.
26. enjalma
27. enjarje
28. enjeco
29. escabeche: Pickle or marinade. From Arabicas-sukbaj. Originally from PersianSekba[alsːskːkbaːdʒ@] (listen^ⓘ).
30. escafilar (see descafilar)
31. escaque/escaquear
32. espinaca: Spinach.
33. exarico

1. faca
2. falagar
3. falca
4. falleba
5. faltriquer: Pocket.
6. falúa/faluca
7. fanega/hanega
8. fanfarrón
9. faranga (orharagán): Lazy, idler, loafer[@ʔifrndʒ] (listen^ⓘ).
10. farda
11. fardacho
12. farfán
13. fárfara
14. farnaca
15. farota
16. farruco: Insolent or "cocky". From Andalusian ArabicFarrouj, "Cock"[farːuːdʒ] (listen^ⓘ).
17. felús
18. fetua
19. fez
20. fideo
21. filelí
22. foceifiza
23. fondolí
24. fondac/fonda
25. fulano: "any one" without naming, X of people. From ArabicFulan[fulaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
26. fustal
27. fustete
28. gabán
29. gabela
30. gacel/gacela
31. gafetí
32. galacho
33. galanga
34. galbana
35. gálibo
36. galima
37. gandula/gandula
38. gañan
39. garbi:Sirocco wind.
40. garama
41. garbino
42. gardacho
43. garfa
44. gárgol
45. garra
46. garrafa
47. garrama
48. garroba
49. gazpacho
50. gilí
51. gomer
52. granadí
53. grisgrís
54. guadamací
55. guájara
56. guájete
57. guala
58. guarismo: figure, character. From the name ofMuhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician, through its Latinized prounuciationAlgorithmi, same etymology withalgoritmo[ʔlxwaːrzmj] (listen^ⓘ).
59. guifa
60. guilla
61. gumía
62. gurapas

1. habiz: Donation of real estate under certain conditions to muslim religious institutions. From Classical Arabic:ḥabīs: amortized.
2. habús: Same meaning ashabiz has in Morocco. From Arabicḥubūs, "property belonging to the deceased used for charity".
3. hachís: Hashish. From Classical ArabicHashish[ħʃjʃ] (listen^ⓘ), "grass". This is a recent loanword influenced by written form, whereinhachís is pronounced [xaˈt͡ʃis], since <h> is always silent in the beginning of Spanish, and [x] (voiceless velar fricative) which is closer to [h] did not exist yet in Old Spanish; the [ʃ] sound in Arabic like in the word hashish existed in Old Spanish, that evolved to [x] in Modern Spanish ([h] in other dialects of Modern Spanish) and [ʃ] in loanwords in Spanish is pronounced either [t͡ʃ] or [s].
4. hacino: Miser or from Andalusian Arabicḥazīn[ħzjn] (listen^ⓘ).
5. hadruba: Hump (on someone's back): From Andalusian Arabicḥadúbba.
6. hafiz: Guard or minder. From Andalusian Arabicḥāfiẓ[ħfjðˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
7. hálara: Same meaning and etymology asfárfara. 1) Interior lining of egg. 2) Coldsfoot. From Andalusian Arabicfalḡalála.
8. hallulla: 1)A type of bread or bun consumed in Spain and parts of Hispanic America. 2) Nausea (Eastern Andalusia only)^[23] From Andalusian Arabicḥallún.
9. hamudí: Descendants of Ali Ben Hamud, founders of the Málaga and Algeciras Taifas during the 11th century.
10. haragán: 1) Someone who refuses to work. 2) In Cuba and Venezuela, a type of mop. From Andalusian Arabic:khra kan: "Was shit".
11. harambel: See "arambel".
12. harbar
13. harén
14. harma
15. harón
16. Hasaní
17. hasta: "Until". From Arabichatta (same meaning). Influenced by Latin phrase 'ad ista'^[24][ħtːta] (listen^ⓘ)
18. hataca
19. hazaña
20. he: Adverb used in following manner:"he aquí/ahí/allí": Here it is/there it is. From Arabichaa.^[25]
21. hégira
22. hobacho/hobacha
23. holgazán: Lazy person. From ArabicKaslan. Influenced byHolgar[kslaːn] (listen^ⓘ).
24. holgar
25. hoque/oque
26. horro, from Arabic حُرّ (ḥurr, “free, noble, virtuous”).
27. imam, imán
28. imela
29. islam

1. jabalí : Wild Boar. From Arabicjebeli: From the mountains. Perhaps originally fromKhanzeer Jebelí: Mountain Pig[dʒblj] (listen^ⓘ).
2. jabalón
3. jábega
4. jabeca
5. jabeque
6. jabí : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabicsha‘bí, a type of apple.
7. jácara
8. jácena
9. jacerino
10. jadraque
11. jaez
12. jaguarzo
13. jaharí
14. jaharral
15. jaharrar
16. jaima
17. jaique
18. jalear
19. jalma (or enjalma)
20. jaloque
21. jamacuco
22. jametería
23. jámila
24. japuta
25. jaque
26. jaqueca: Migraine. From ArabicShaqiqa, with same meaning[ʃqjq] (listen^ⓘ).
27. jáquima
28. jara
29. jarabe: Syrup. From ArabicSharab. Usually in the context of cough syrup or linctus.
30. jaraíz
31. jarcha
32. jareta
33. jaricar
34. jarifo/jarifa
35. jarquía
36. jarra: Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). Fromǧarrah, same as Englishjar.
37. jatib
38. jazarino/jazarina
39. jazmín: jasmine. From Arabicyasmin (يسمين) then from the Persian word (same word).
40. jebe
41. jeliz
42. jemesía
43. jeque: From Arabicshaikh orsheikh, older
44. jerife: From Arabicsharif, noble, respected.
45. jeta: Snout, face, cheek (in both literal and figurative sense). From Arabickhatm: "snout"[xatˤm] (listen^ⓘ).
46. jifa
47. jinete
48. jirafa: giraffe. Fromziraffa of the same meaning (زرافة)[zraːf] (listen^ⓘ)..
49. jirel
50. jofaina: a wide and shallow basin for domestic use. Fromǧufaynah.
51. jofor
52. jorfe
53. joroba
54. jorro
55. juba/aljuba/jubón
56. julepe
57. jurdía
58. jurel
59. kermes

1. laca: resinous substance tapped from thelacquer tree. From Arabiclak, taken from Persianlak, ultimately from Sanskritlaksha literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees.
2. lacre
3. lapislázuli:lapis lazuli, a deep blue mineral. From Arabiclazaward (لازورد) from Persianlagvard orlazward, ultimately from Sanskritrajavarta literally meaning "ringlet of the king."
4. latón: brass. From Arabiclatun from Turkishaltın "gold."
5. laúd: lute. From Arabical 'ud (العود) "the lute."
6. lebeche: Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi ArabicLabash.
7. lebení: a Moorish beverage prepared fromsoured milk. From Arabiclabani (لباني) "dairy"[lbnjː] (listen^ⓘ).
8. leila: from Arabiclayla (ليلة) "night"[ljl] (listen^ⓘ).
9. lelilí: Shouts and noise made by moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From Arabiclā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh (لا إله إلا الله): There is no god but Allah;Ya leilí (ياليلي) : Night of mine;ya ʿayouni (يا عيوني) : My eyes.
10. lima: lime. From Arabiclimah of the same meaning[liːm] (listen^ⓘ).
11. limón: lemon. Fromlaymoon (ليمون), derived from the Chinese wordlimung.
12. loco: crazy. From Arabiclawqa "fool."
13. macabro
14. macsura
15. madraza
16. magacén
17. magarza/magarzuela
18. maglaca
19. maharon/maharona
20. maharrana/marrana/marrano
21. mahozmedín
22. maimón
23. majareta
24. majzén
25. mamarracho
26. mameluco
27. mamola
28. mandeísmo
29. mandil
30. maquila
31. marabú
32. maravedí
33. marcasita
34. marchamo
35. márfega
36. marfil
37. marfuz/a
38. margomar
39. marjal
40. marlota
41. marojo
42. maroma
43. marrano pig; cf. Arabicmuharram "forbidden"[muħrːrm] (listen^ⓘ).
44. marras
45. márraga
46. masamuda: (adj) Individual from the BerberMasmuda tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the 12th century. From Arabic:Masamuda.
47. matafalúa
48. matalahúga/matalahúva: Aniseed, from Andalusi Arabichabbat halwa, "sweet seed"[ʔlħabʔlħlw] (listen^ⓘ).
49. mártaga
50. máscara
51. matarife
52. mate
53. matraca
54. matula
55. mauraca
56. mazamorra: Word to designate a number of bread or cereal based dishes typical of Southern Spain and parts of Hispanic America. From Andalusi ArabicPishmat[mtˤmwr] (listen^ⓘ).
57. mazapán
58. mazarí
59. mazarrón
60. mazmodina
61. mazmorra: Dungeon. From Arabicmatmura "silo".
62. mazorca: corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic:Masurqa, derived from classical ArabicMasura (ماسورة) : a tube used as a bobbin (sewing)[maːswr] (listen^ⓘ) .
63. meca: Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From ArabicMakkah (مكة).
64. mechinal
65. mejala
66. mejunje
67. mendrugo: Piece of dry or unwanted bread, often reserved to give to beggars. From Andalusi ArabicMatruq "Marked/Touched"[mtˤrwq] (listen^ⓘ).
68. mengano/mengana: Expression of similar meaning asfulano orzutano, used always after the former but after the latter, meaning "whoever". From Arabicman kan meaning "whoever".
69. mequetrefe: Nosy or useless person. From Andalusi Arabiqatras meaning person of boastful demeanor.
70. mercal
71. metical
72. mezquino
73. mía: A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From ArabicMiʿah: one hundred (مئة)[mʔj] (listen^ⓘ).
74. mihrab[miħraːb] (listen^ⓘ):
75. miramamolín
76. moaxaja
77. mogataz
78. mogate
79. moharra: tip of the sword. Frommuharraf, meaning "beached"[muħrːrf] (listen^ⓘ).
80. moharracho
81. mohatra
82. mohedal
83. mohino
84. mojarra: Refers to fish in the Gerreidae order. From Arabicmuharraf.
85. mojama (originally almojama): Delicacy of phoenician origin from the region of Cadiz. It consists of filleted salt-cured tuna. From the Arabical mushama: "momified or waxed"[ʔlmuʃmːmʕ] (listen^ⓘ).
86. mojí
87. momia
88. mona
89. monfí
90. morabito
91. moraga
92. morapio
93. mozárabe
94. mudéjar
95. muftí
96. mujalata
97. mulato: Perhaps fromMuwallad, as with the Muladi. Walad (ولد) means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one". According toDRAE, from latinmulusmulo (mule), in the sense ofhybrid.^[26][walad] (listen^ⓘ)
98. mulquía: Owned/Property. From "Mulkiyya"[mulkj] (listen^ⓘ)
99. muslim / muslime: (Adjective) Muslim.^[27] A rare alternative tomusulmán. From ArabicMuslim (مسلم)[muslim] (listen^ⓘ).

1. nabí: Prophet among arabs. From Arabicnabiy[nabijː] (listen^ⓘ).
2. nácar: Innermost of the three layers of a seashell. From Catalannacre, derived from Arabicnaqra[ʔlnːaqr] (listen^ⓘ), small drum.
3. nácara: Type of small metallic drum used historically by the Spanish cavalry. Same etymology asnacar.
4. nacarar: The process of browning rice in oil in a pan prior to boiling it. Same etymology asnacar.
5. nadir: Nadir, the point on the celestial sphere opposite the zenith directly below the observer. Fromnadheer.
6. nádir: In Morocco, administrator of a religious foundation.
7. nagüela: Small hut for human habitation. From Andalusi Arabicnawalla: hut.
8. naife: High quality diamond. From Andalusi Arabicnayif. Originally from classical Arabicna'if: excellent.
9. naipe: Playing card. From Catalannaíp. Originally from Arabicma'ib.
10. naranja: Orange. from Arabicnāranja[naːrindʒ] (listen^ⓘ), fr Persiannārang, fr Sanskritnāranga, fr a Dravidian language akin to Tamilnaŗu "fragrant".
11. narguile
12. natrón
13. nazarí: Related to theNasrid kingdom or dynasty ofGranada.
14. neblí: Subspecies of theperegrine falcon, valued in the art of falconry. Possibly from Andalusi Arabicburni.
15. nenúfar:Water-lily. From Arabicnaylufar from Persiannilofer, niloofar, niloufar.
16. nesga:
17. noria:Watermill,Ferris wheel. From Arabicna'urah[naːʕuːra] (listen^ⓘ).
18. nuca: Nape of the neck. From Arabicnuḵāʿمنخع,نخاع[nxaːʕ] (listen^ⓘ).
19. ojalá: "I hope"; "I wish that...". Fromlaw šhaʾ allāh "If God wills."^[28]
20. ¡ole! (orolé): The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, said to have come fromwa-llahو الله, "by Allah!". However, its proposed Arabic origin is disputed and it is described as "falsos arabismos" (false Arabisms) by the SpanishArabistFederico Corriente in hisDiccionario de Arabismos y Voces Afines en Iberorromance.^[29][30]
21. omeya: adj. Related to theUmayyad.
22. orozuz
23. ox: Expression to scare away wild and domesticated birds. From Andalusi ArabicOosh.
24. papagayo
25. quermes
26. quilate/quirate: Carat or Karat. From Andalusi ArabicQirat[qjraːtˤ] (listen^ⓘ).
27. quilma
28. quintal: weight unit of about 46 kg. In its current use under the metric system, it represents 100 kg. From ArabicQintarقنطار[qintˤaːr] (listen^ⓘ) "referring to a large number similar objects or an object which is large in its size[qintˤaːr] (listen^ⓘ).

1. rabadán: A rural position. One who oversees the training of shepherds on a farm. From Andalusian Arabicrab aḍ-ḍān (رب الضأن) "lord/master of the lambs."
2. rabal
3. rabazuz
4. rabel
5. rábida
6. rafal
7. rafe
8. ragua
9. rahez
10. ramadán
11. rambla: A ravine; a tree-lined avenue. From Arabicramlah (رملة) "sand."[rml] (listen^ⓘ)
12. rauda
13. rauta
14. real: Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabicrahl: camping[raħl] (listen^ⓘ).
15. rebato
16. rebite
17. recamar
18. recua
19. redoma
20. rehala
21. rehalí
22. rehén: Hostage or captive. From Arabicرَهِين, captive, ransom.[rhjn] (listen^ⓘ)
23. rejalgar:realgar. From Andalusi Arabicreheg al-ghar[rahdʒʔlɣaːr] (listen^ⓘ): "powder of the cave"
24. requive
25. resma
26. retama
27. rincón: Corner. From Andalusi Arabicrukan, derived from classical ArabicRukn, or perhaps related to Frenchrecoin[rukn] (listen^ⓘ).
28. robda
29. robo (or arroba)
30. roda
31. romí/rumí
32. ronzal
33. roque: rook (chess piece), from Arabic روخrukh[ruxː] (listen^ⓘ), from Persian رخrukh.
34. sajelar
35. salema
36. sandía: Watermelon. From ArabicSindiya "fromSindh (province ofPakistan)".
37. sarasa: Homosexual or effeminate man. From "Zaraza".
38. sarraceno
39. sebestén
40. secácul
41. serafín
42. siroco
43. sofí
44. sófora
45. soldán
46. soltaní
47. sufí
48. sura
49. tabal (or atabal)
50. tabaque
51. tabefe
52. tabica
53. tabique
54. taca
55. tafurea
56. tagarino/tagarina
57. tagarnina
58. taha
59. tahalí
60. tahona
61. tahúr
62. taifa: Refers to an independentMuslim-ruled principality, anemirate orpetty kingdom, of which a number formed in theAl-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of theUmayyadCaliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Used in numerous expressions. Can also mean 1) a faction 2) a group of people of ill judgement. 3)un reino de Taifas (a kingdom of Taifas) can also refer to a chaotic or disorderly state of affairs. From classical ArabicTa'ifah: faction[tˤaːʔjf] (listen^ⓘ).
63. tajea
64. talco
65. talega
66. talvina
67. támara
68. tamarindo
69. tambor
70. tara
71. taracea
72. taraje:Salt Cedar. From ArabicTarfah.
73. tarasí
74. tarbea
75. tarea: Task. From Arabicṭaríḥaand rootطرح[tˤarħ] (listen^ⓘ), "to throw".
76. tareco
77. tarida
78. tarifa
79. tarima
80. tarquín
81. tarraya
82. taza: cup. FromTasa.[tˤaːs] (listen^ⓘ).
83. tértil
84. tíbar
85. tochibí
86. tomín
87. toronja
88. toronjil
89. trafalmejas
90. truchimán/na
91. trujamán/na
92. tuera
93. tumbaga
94. Tunecí
95. turbit
96. turquí (in Azul Turquí)
97. tutía (or atutía)

1. vacarí: from Arabicbaqari (بقري) "bovine"[bqrj] (listen^ⓘ).
2. valencí: Uva Valencia. A type of grape from Murcia region in South East Spain.
3. velmez: from Arabicmalbas[malbas] (listen^ⓘ) .
4. verdín: Spontaneous growth of grass or sprouting. From Arabicbardi (Same etymology as albardín). Influenced by Spanish word "Verde"[brdj] (listen^ⓘ).
5. visir: vizier. From Arabicwazir (وزير) "minister," recent loanword. Same etymology withalguacil[wzjr] (listen^ⓘ).
6. yébel: from Arabicjabal (جبل) "mountain"; same etymology asjabalí[dʒbl] (listen^ⓘ).
7. zabalmedina: in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabicṣāḥib al-madīna (صاحب المدينه) "Chief of the City"[sˤaːħbʔlmdjn] (listen^ⓘ).
8. zabarcera: women who sells fruits and other food. Same origin asabacero
9. zabazala: imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic ṣāḥib aṣ-ṣalāh (صاحب الصلاه) "leader of prayer"[sˤaːħbʔlsˤlaː] (listen^ⓘ).
10. zabazoque: same meaning asalmotacén. From Arabicṣāḥib as-sūq (صاحب السوق) "leader of the market"[sˤaːħbʔlswq] (listen^ⓘ).
11. zábila:aloe vera (used mainly in Hispanic America) From Andalusi Arabicsabíra, originally from classical ArabicSibar,ʔlsˤːabr (listen^ⓘ) same etymology withacíbar.
12. zabra: type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabiczauraq[zawraq] (listen^ⓘ).
13. zacatín: in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. Fromsaqqatin, plural ofsaqqat: seller of clothes.
14. zafar: a number of meanings in Spain and Hispanic American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From ArabicazaHa: to take away.
15. zafarí:Granada zafarí: a type of pomegranate.Higo zafarí: a type of fig. From ArabicSafr.
16. zafariche: Structure used for placing clay urns. Same etymology asjaraíz (see above).
17. zafio: Uncouth. From Andalusi ArabicFellah safi: "Mere peasant".
18. zafrán: SeeAzafran.
19. zaga: Backside of something. Cargo on the back of a truck. From ArabicSaqah: Rear, rearguard[sqːaː] (listen^ⓘ).
20. zagal: A boy. From Andalusian Arabiczaḡāl (زغال), traditional Arabiczuḡlūl (زغلول)[zaɣluːl] (listen^ⓘ) with the same meaning.
21. zagaya (or azagaya)
22. zagua
23. zaguán:Vestibule, foyer, entryway. From Andalusian Arabicʾisṭiwān (إِسْطِوَان), traditional Arabicʾusṭuwāna (أسطوانة)[ʔustˤuːaːn] (listen^ⓘ) "pillar."
24. zagüía: Azawiya. From Arabiczāwiyah (زاوية)[zaːwiː] (listen^ⓘ) "corner."
25. zaharrón
26. zahén
27. zahón
28. zahora: (Mainly used in Spanish region of La Mancha): Large meal accompanied by dancing or partying. From Arabic Islamic termsuhoor[suħwr] (listen^ⓘ).
29. zahorí
30. zaida
31. zaino
32. zala
33. zalamelé
34. zalea/zalear
35. zalema/zalama
36. zalmedina: Same meaning and origin aszabalmedina.
37. zalona
38. zamacuco
39. zambra: Traditional festivity of the Moriscos in Spain which is maintained by the Gypsy community of Sacromonte, Granada. From Andalusi ArabicZamra, originally from classical ArabicZamr زَمْر[zamr] (listen^ⓘ).
40. zanahoria: carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabicsafunariyya (سَفُنَّارْيَة)[safunːnaːrja] (listen^ⓘ), via Classical Arabic:isfanariyya (إِسْفَنَارِيَّة), ultimately from Ancient Greek σταφυλίνη.
41. zaque: Leather recipient for wine or extracting water from a well. Drunken person. From Andalusi Arabic zaqq. Originally from classical Arabic ziqq[ziqː] (listen^ⓘ).
42. zaquizamí
43. zaragüelles
44. zaranda/zarandillo/zarandaja
45. zarandear: To shake vigorously / push around / toss about. FromZaranda.
46. zaratán:Breast cancer. From the Arabicsaratan[saratˤaːn] (listen^ⓘ): crab.
47. zarazán:
48. zarco
49. zarracatín
50. zarzahán:Astrakhan, a type of fleece used in making outerwear. From Arabiczardakhān (زردخان).
51. zatara
52. zéjel: a form of Arabic poetry. From arabiczajal (زجل)[zadʒal] (listen^ⓘ)

.

1. zoco: market in an Arab country. From Arabicsūq (سوق)[suːq] (listen^ⓘ) "market."^{[citation needed]} Not to be confused with other meanings ofzoco.
2. zofra
3. zorzal: An intelligent person. From Andalusi Arabiczurzāl (زورزال), originally from classical Arabiczurzūr (زرزور)[zarzuːr] (listen^ⓘ) "thrush".
4. zubia: Place where a large amount of water flows. From ArabicZubya[suːbjaː] (listen^ⓘ).
5. zulaque
6. zulla
7. zumaque: sumac. From Arabicsummāq (سماق)[sumːmaːq] (listen^ⓘ) of the same meaning.
8. zumo: fruit juice. From Arabiczum.
9. zuna: Sunnah, from Arabic Sunnah[sunːa] (listen^ⓘ)
10. zurriaga orzurriago: Refers to a type of whip and to a lark. From Andalusi Arabicsurriyaqa

• el: The Spanish definitearticlesel /la /lo /los /las, like most definite articles in theRomance languages, derive from theLatin demonstrativesille /illa /illud. The similarity to the Arabic articleal is a mere coincidence. The exact Spanish articleal is a contraction ofa el, translated as "to the."
• usted: The formal second-person pronounusted is derived from a shortening of the old form of addressVuestra merced, as seen in dialectal Spanishvosted,Catalanvostè, etc.Usted is the remaining form from a number of variants used in Renaissance Spanish, such asUsté,Uced,Vuesa Merced,Vuesarced,Vusted,Su Merced,Vuesasted orVoaced.^[31] The possibility of a link with the Arabic wordustādh ('mister'/'professor'/'doctor') seems very remote.
• paella: It is commonly believed in certain Arabic countries that the rice dishpaella comes from the Arabic baqiya (meaning leftovers). The Spanish pronunciation of paella is similar to the Arabic "baqiya", particularly where the latter is pronounced with a silent qaaf as in a number of eastern Arabic dialects. Nevertheless, the word paella is a Catalan word of Latin origin and refers to the pan in which it is cooked, with Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese cognatesPadilla,Padella,Poêle andPanela.

As in most Romance languages, word order in Spanish is primarily governed bytopicalization andfocalization. This means that in practice the mainsyntactic constituents of a Spanish sentence can be in any order. In addition, certain types of sentence tend to favour specific orders.^[32] However, as with all Romance languages, modern Spanish is classified inlinguistic typology as anSVO language,^[32] because this order of constituents is considered the mostunmarked one.

In 1981, Spanish philologistRafael Lapesa hypothesized that VSO sentence orders being more frequent in Spanish and Portuguese than otherRomance languages was likely due to aSemitic (presumably Arabic) input in the language. Lapesa at the time considered that the topic had not been sufficiently investigated and required a more rigorous comparative study of Spanish with other Romance and Semitic languages.^[33]

A 2008 study concludes that, although the earliest documentation written in Spanish (13th century) can be analysed as having aVSO order, this does not affect documents written after that time.^[34] It has also been hypothesized that VSO was still the unmarked order for literary works as late as the 17th century.^[32]

A 2012 comparative study of Spanish,Italian andFrench showed French to be the most strictlySubject–verb–object (SVO) language of the three followed by Italian. In terms of constituent order, Spanish is the least restricted among the three languages, French is the most restricted, and Italian is intermediate. In the case of French, this is the result of a historical process, as old French was less restricted in word order. As for the VSO order, it is absent from both French and Italian, but not from Spanish.^[35]

Arabic has a very common type of adjective, known as the nisba or relationship adjective, which is formed by adding thesuffix -ī (masc.) or ية -iyya (fem.) to a noun. This has given Spanish the suffix -í (both masc. and fem.), creating adjectives from nouns which indicate relationship or belonging, mostly for items related to medieval history, ordemonyms in Arab.^[36] Examples aremarbellí, ceutí, maghrebí, zaragocí, andalusí oralfonsí.

A number of expressions such as "¡Ole!" (sometimes spelled "olé" ), possibly fromwa'llah, orojalá, fromlaw sha'a Allah, have been borrowed directly from Arabic. Furthermore, many expressions in Spanish might have beencalqued from their Arabic equivalent. Examples would besi Dios quiere,que Dios guarde orbendito sea Dios.

TheIdafa was a feature of the Mozarabic dialects which had a major formative influence on modern Spanish. Although this morphological structure is no longer in use, it is still widely present in toponyms throughout Spain including names of recent origin such as the suburban colonies of Ciudalcampo and Guadalmar in Madrid and Malaga respectively.

There are thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian Peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in Spain except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions includeGalicia and the Northern coast (Asturias,Cantabria and theBasque country) as well as much ofCatalonia,Navarre and northernAragon. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are Balearics, Eastern Coast (Valencia andMurcia) andAndalusia. Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized, and the mark of either the oldArabic pronunciation or the popular pronunciation from which it derived is sometimes noticeable in their modern names: e.g. LatinHispalis = ArabicIshbiliya = modernSevilla.

• Albarracín City of Aragón. Derived fromAl Banū Razin, name of the Berber family of the town.
• Alcalá de Henares City in the Community of Madrid. Derived fromal-qal'a (القلعة), meaning citadel or fortress.Henares may also come from the Arabic name for river:nahar.^[37]
• Alcántara (several places) from Arabical qantara (القنطرة), meaning "the bridge".
• Alcarria Large plateau region east of Madrid covering much of Guadalajara as well as part of eastern Madrid and northern Cuenca. From Arabical-qaryat.
• Axarquía Eastern region ofMálaga province, From ArabicAsh-sharquía(الشرقية): The eastern/oriental (region).
• Andalucía Most populated and 2nd largestautonomous community in Spain. Derived fromالأندلس,Al Andalus, the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia, traditionally thought to come in turn from the name of theVandals.
• Albacete city and province ofCastilla-La Mancha. Derived from Arabic Al-Basit (البسيط)(the plain).
• Algarve Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic Al-Gharb (الغرب),the west.
• Algeciras City and port in Cadiz province. Derived fromAl Jazeera Al Khadra (الجزيرة الخضراء) meaning thegreen island.
• Almería City and province of Andalucía. From Al-Meraya, the watchtower.
• Alpujarras (originallyAlpuxarras) Region extending South of Granada into Almería. From Arabical-basharāt: The grasslands.^[38]
• Calatayud City of Aragón. Derived fromQal'at Ayyūb (Arabicقلعة أيوب) meaning"(Ayyūb's) Job's Fortress".
• Gibraltar British overseas territory and name given to surrounding area in Southern Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). From Arabic (جبل طارق pronouncedJebel Tariq), "Mountain of Tariq", orGibr al-Tariq meaning "Rock of Tariq".
• Granada City in Andalusia. Originally Garnata in Andalusi Arabic. FromGar-a-nat,Hill of pilgrims.
• Guadalajara City and province of Castilla la Mancha. FromWādī al-Ḥijārah (Arabicوادي الحجارة),River or canyon of Stones.
• Jaén City and province of Andalusia From ArabicJayyan, crossroads of caravans.
• Medina-Sidonia: Town and municipality inCadiz province, fromMadina, city.
• Tarifa town in Cadiz province, Andalusia. OriginallyJazeera Tarif (جزيرة طريف): the island of Tarif. Derived from the first name of the Berber conquerorTarif ibn Malik.
• La Sagra, an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from Arabic ṣaḥrāʾ (صحراء)"desert".
• Úbeda, a town in Jaén province, Andalusia. From the ArabicUbadat el Arab.
• Sanlúcar de Barrameda, a city in the northwest ofCádiz province, Andalusia. "Sanlúcar" may have derived from the Arabicshaluqa (شلوقة), the Arabic name for the Levant wind calledsirocco orjaloque; "Barrameda" was derived frombar-am-ma'ida, an Arabic phrase for "water well of the plateau".

• River Almanzora. Derived from Arabic: Al-Mansura.
• River Guadiana. Meaning "RiverAnae" (from the original Latin nameFluminus Anae, "River of Ducks").
• River Guadalquivir. Derived from ArabicAl-Wādĩ Al-Kabirالوادي الكبير,"the big river".^[39]
• Javalambre. Mountain in southern Aragon,Jabal 'Amr, meaning "Mountain of 'Amr".
• Mulhacén. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Sultan of GranadaAli Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan.
• Pico Almanzor. Mountain in theGredos Mountains of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor"Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, de facto ruler ofAl Andalus in late 10th - early 11th centuries.
• Cape Trafalgar. From Andalusi ArabicTaraf-al-gharb ('Western Cape' or 'Cape of the West').

Almudena (from theVirgin of Almudena, patroness of Madrid, Spain) andFátima (derived fromOur Lady of Fátima) are common Spanish names rooted in the country's Roman Catholic tradition, but share Arabic etymologies originating in place names of religious significance. Guadalupe, a name present throughout the Spanish-speaking world, particularly in Mexico, also shares this feature.

A few given names of Arab origin have become present in the Spanish-speaking world. In Spain, this coincided with a more flexible attitude to non-Catholic names, which were highly discouraged during the first decades of the Francoist dictatorship.^[40] Arabic names that have been present in Spain for many decades includeOmar andSoraya. Zaida is also present in Spain, perhaps afterZaida of Seville, the mistress or wife of KingAlfonso VI of Castile in the 11th century. A number of streets throughout Spain bear the name of this Muslim princess. Zahira and Zaira are also popular girls' names of Muslim origin. It is in the Spanishenclaves ofCeuta andMelilla in the African continent where Arabic given names are common.

Surnames of indirect Arabic origin, such as Medina, Almunia, Guadarrama or Alcaide, are common and often refer to toponyms or professions, but they are not of Arabic origin, properly speaking. Few Arabic surnames explicitly denote Arabic origin since in the 15th and the 16th centuries, religious minorities were required to change their surnames upon baptism to escape persecution. The Muslim minority was specifically compelled to convert and adopt Christian surnames by a series of royal decrees in the 16th century, when Morisco leaderMuhammad Ibn Ummaya, for example, was born to the Christian name Fernando de Córdoba y Valor.

Exceptions to the general rule are rare, but one is the surname "Benjumea" or "Benjumeda", which denotes ancestry from the Ummayad nobility. Currently, fewer than 6,000 Spaniards have this surname. Another, even less common, surname denoting Muslim lineage is "Muley", which is still present in the Spanish Southeast, and was maintained for its noble lineage.^[41]

• Influences on the Spanish language
• Influence of Arabic on other languages
• List of Arabic loanwords in English
• List of French words of Arabic origin
• Spanish terms derived from Arabic (wiktionary)

These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article.

• Abu-Haidar, J. A. 1985. Review of Felipe Maíllo Salgado,Los arabismos del castellano en la baja edad media (consideraciones históricas y filológicas).Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 48(2): 353-354. University of London.JSTOR 617561
• Cabo Pan, José Luis.El legado del arabe.Mosaico 8:7-10. Revista para la Promoción y Apoyo a la Enseñanza del Español. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Reino de España, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia en Bélgica, Países Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer toMosaico's portal page. ]
• Corominas, Joan. 1980-1991.Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos. The first edition, with the titleDiccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana (1954–1957) includes an appendix that groups words according to language of origin.
• Corriente, Federico. 2003.Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p.
• Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy).Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE), online.
• Maíllo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998.Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones históricas y filológicas. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. [2nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983]
• Ibid. 1996.Vocabulario de historia árabe e islámica. Madrid: Akal. 330 p.
• Marcos Marín, Francisco 1998Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos. Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335-341.
• Ibid. 1998Toledo: su nombre árabe y sus consecuencias lingüísticas hispánicas. Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, XXX, 1998, 93-108.
• Sola-Solé, Josep María. 1983.Sobre árabes, judíos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura españolas. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p.
• Spaulding, Robert K. 1942/1971.How Spanish Grew. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapter 5: "Arabic Spain", pp. 53–62.
• Toro Lillo, Elena.La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español. In theCervantes Virtual Library. Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.

• Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos"
• Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos"

• La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español, by Elena Toro Lillo; Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
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