.svg) Member states shown in dark green | |
| Type | Coalition |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Regional security |
Region | Middle East |
| Membership |  Israel Bahrain Egypt Jordan Morocco Saudi Arabia[1] United Arab Emirates[2] |
TheArab–Israeli alliance[3] is a security coalition comprisingIsrael and variousArab countries. Originally formed in the interest of theGulf Cooperation Council, it is primarily focused on deterring the political and military ambitions ofIran, which has a proxy conflict bothwith Saudi Arabia andwith Israel.[1] It has been actively promoted by theUnited States since theFebruary 2019 Warsaw conference. It is sometimes referred to as theIsraeli–Sunni alliance,[4][5] due to the Arab countries in it being predominantlySunni states, while Iran and much of itsAxis of Resistance are predominantlyShia.
The roots of the alliance started in the 2000s, due to the decreasing importance of theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict as a wedge issue and mutual tensions with Iran.[6] By 2016, GCC states had sought strengthened economic and security cooperation withIsrael, which is involved inits own proxy conflict with Iran.[7] Thede facto coalition emerged by November 2017,[8] upon warming ties between Israel and the Gulf States and received broad media attention in light of theFebruary 2019 Warsaw Conference, "This week's global summit in Warsaw will test the main pillar of theTrump administration's policy in the Middle East: The belief that Israel and key Arab states can form an alliance against Iran, even when peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians seem more distant than ever."[9]
The Trump administration tried to launch a "Middle East Strategic Alliance" (also known as the "ArabNATO") including the GCC states, Egypt, Jordan, and possibly Morocco. In April 2019 Egypt announced that it would not participate. The 2020 UAE, Bahrain, and Morocco agreements to normalize relations with Israel were visualized as an alternative, at least in part, to countering Iran.[10] In 2020, as part of theAbraham Accords, theUnited Arab Emirates,[6]Bahrain,Sudan,[11] andMorocco[12] signed normalization agreements with Israel. TheMarshall Center analysed the Abraham Accords in October 2020, including the involvement of the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, but before Sudan and Morocco took action; the Marshall Center described that the Abraham Accords "strengthens the informal anti-Iran alliance in the region".[13]Yoel Gozansky, an Iran expert at theInstitute for National Security Studies, a Tel Aviv think tank, and Clive Jones, a Middle East security specialist wrote:"Our approach lies in understanding Israel's ties with many of the Gulf monarchies, notably Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain, not as some formal alliance but rather as a manifestation of a Tacit Security Regime. This regime allows for the evolution of ties between Israel and the Gulf monarchies to be explored and analyzed while allowing us to be mindful that these relations have rarely been linear, let alone underpinned by any shared normative values."[14]
In an anniversary analysis of theAbraham Accords,Haaretz said that the accords were premised on the idea of an "Israel-Sunni" anti-Iran coalition and that normalization would help but that "it's very doubtful there ever was such a coalition, and the accords did nothing to create or solidify one."[15] In March 2022, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman said reconciliation talks with Iran would continue and "We look at Israel as a potential ally but before that it should solve its problems with the Palestinians."[16]
A summit atSde Boker was hosted by Israeli foreign ministerYair Lapid on 27–28 March 2022. Attending were his American, Bahraini, Egyptian, Emirati and Moroccan counterparts.
US secretary of stateAntony Blinken attended the first day and released a joint statement with minister Lapid,[17] saying that "the US believes the JCPOA is the best way to put Iran back in the box." However, "when it comes to the most important element, we see eye-to-eye," Blinken said. "We are both committed, both determined that Iran will never acquire a nuclear weapon… Our commitment to the core principle that Iran can never acquire a nuclear weapon is unwavering. One way or another, we will continue to cooperate closely."[18] Comparing the Negev Summit to theCamp David Accords which "no one thought possible", Blinken called this the beginning of a "new dawn" for the region.
Foreign ministerNasser Bourita of Morocco relayed a message from KingMohammed VI to Blinken, saying that "when we reestablished the relations [with Israel], this is not an opportunistic move, it is a move of conviction," and promised more formal visits between the two countries’ officials, which will advance cooperation and ties further. Bourita said, "We are here today because we genuinely, sincerely, and deeply believe in peace."[19]Royal Air Morocco had opened direct flights to Tel Aviv earlier in the month.[20]
In response to theISIL shooting in Hadera that killed two Israelis at a bus stop,[21] all participants condemned it.[citation needed] They decided to make the Negev summit a regular annual conference, and invite other regional partners, including the Palestinians, with Lapid saying, "We are today opening a door before all the peoples of the region, including the Palestinians, and offering them to replace the path of terror and destruction with a shared future of progress and success." And further, "What we are doing here is making history, building a new regional architecture based on progress, technology, religious tolerance, security and intelligence cooperation."[22] During the summit, the Bahraini foreign minister openly suggested discussing the establishment of a security-intelligence alliance, which he called a "mini-NATO", among all members of the summit countries.[citation needed]
On 10 March 2023, Iran and Saudi Arabia announced the resumption of relations, following a deal brokered by China.[23] Under the agreement both countries agreed to respect the other's sovereignty and not interfere in the internal affairs of the other.[24] This triggered a chain reaction in which several Arab nations that had previously established diplomatic ties with Israel began to work towards establishing diplomatic relations with Iran, such as Bahrain and Sudan.[25][26]
After theGaza war began in October 2023, Saudi Arabia decided to halt normalization talks with Israel.[27] In January 2024, PrinceKhalid bin Bandar Al Saud, the Saudi ambassador to the United Kingdom, said in a BBC interview that Saudi Arabia was still interested in peace and normalized relations with Israel following the war, on the condition of the creation of a Palestinian state.[28]
In June 2024, IDF ChiefHerzi Halevi as well asCENTCOM chief and generals fromBahrain,Egypt theUAE,Jordan andSaudi Arabia met in secret in Bahrain in order to discuss regional security cooperation according toAxios.[29][30]
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