An 1857 ticket to "Washing the Lions" at theTower of London. No such event ever took place.
April Fools' Day orAll Fools' Day[1] is an annual custom on 1 April consisting ofpractical jokes andhoaxes. Jokesters often expose their actions by shouting "April Fools!" at the recipient. Mass media can be involved with these pranks, which may be revealed as such the following day. The custom of setting aside a day for playing harmless pranks upon one's neighbour has been relatively common in the world historically.[2]
Although many theories have been proposed, the exact origin of April Fools' Day is not exactly known.
A disputed association between 1 April and foolishness is inGeoffrey Chaucer'sThe Canterbury Tales (1392).[3] In the "Nun's Priest's Tale", a vain cock, Chauntecleer, is tricked by a fox "Since March began, full thirty days and two,"[4][5] i.e. the 32nd day from 1 March, which is 1 April.[6] However, it is not clear that Chaucer was referencing 1 April since the text of the "Nun's Priest's Tale" also states that the story takes place on the day when the sun is "in the sign of Taurus had y-rune Twenty degrees and one," which would not be 1 April. Modern scholars believe that there is a copying error in the extant manuscripts and that Chaucer actually wrote, "Syn March was gon".[7] If so, the passage would have originally meant 32 days after March, i.e. 2 May.[8]
In 1508, French poetEloy d'Amerval referred to apoisson d'avril (April fool, literally "April's fish"), possibly the first reference to the celebration in France.[9] Some historians suggest that April Fools' originated because, in the Middle Ages,New Year's Day was celebrated on 25 March in most European towns,[10] with a holiday that in some areas of France, specifically, ended on 1 April,[11][12] and those who celebrated New Year's Day on 1 January made fun of those who celebrated on other dates by the invention of April Fools' Day.[13] The use of 1 January as New Year's Day became common in France only in the mid-16th century,[8] and that date was not adopted officially until 1564, by theEdict of Roussillon, as called for during theCouncil of Trent in 1563.[14] However, there are issues with this theory because there is an unambiguous reference to April Fools' Day in a 1561 poem by Flemish poet Eduard de Dene of a nobleman who sent his servant on foolish errands on 1 April, predating the change.[8] April Fools' Day was also an established tradition in Great Britain before 1 January was established as the start of the calendar year.[15][16]
In 1686,John Aubrey referred to the celebration as "Fooles holy day", the first British reference. On 1 April 1698, several people were tricked into going to theTower of London to "see the Lions washed".[8]
All Fools' Day is traced through every country of Europe to the Hindoos. The "Public Advertiser" for April 13, 1789, contains the following paragraph:
"Humorous Jewish Origin of the Custom of Making Fools on the First of April.—This is said to have begun from the mistake of Noah in sending the Dove out of the Ark before the water had abated, on the first day of the month among the Hebrews, which answers to the 1st of April; and to perpetuate the memory of this deliverance it was thought proper, who ever forgot so remarkable a circumstance, to punish them by sending them upon some sleeveless errand similar to that ineffectual message upon which the bird was sent by the Patriarch. The custom appears to be of great antiquity, and to have been derived by the Romans from some of the Eastern nations."
In Germany, an April Fool prank is sometimes later revealed by shouting "April, April!" at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool".[citation needed]
In Iran, it is called "Dorugh-e Sizdah" (lie of Thirteen) and people and media prank on 13 Farvardin (Sizdah bedar) that is equivalent of 1 April. It is a tradition that takes place 13 days after the Persian new yearNowruz. On this day, people go out and leave their houses and have fun outside mostly in natural parks.Pranks have reportedly been played on this holiday since 536 BC in theAchaemenid Empire.[citation needed]
In Ireland, it was traditional to entrust the victim with an "important letter" to be given to a named person. That person would read the letter, then ask the victim to take it to someone else, and so on. The letter when opened contained the words "send the fool further".[19]
In Italy, France, Belgium and French-speaking areas of Switzerland and Canada, the 1 April tradition is often known as "April fish" (poisson d'avril in French,aprilvis in Dutch orpesce d'aprile in Italian). Possible pranks include attempting to attach a paper fish to the victim's back without being noticed. This fish feature is prominently present on many late 19th- to early 20th-century French April Fools' Daypostcards. Many newspapers also spread a false story on April Fish Day, and a subtle reference to a fish is sometimes given as a clue to the fact that it is an April Fools' prank.[citation needed] Boulangeries, pâtisseries and chocolatiers in France sell chocolate fishes in their shop windows on the day.[20]
Danes, Finns, Icelanders, Norwegians and Swedes celebrate April Fools' Day (aprilsnar in Danish;aprillipäivä in Finnish;aprilsnarr in Norwegian;aprilskämt in Swedish). Most news media outlets will publish exactly one false story on 1 April; for newspapers this will typically be a first-page article but not the top headline.[21]
In Poland,prima Aprilis ("First April" inLatin) as a day of pranks is a centuries-long tradition. It is a day when many pranks are played: sometimes very sophisticated hoaxes are prepared by people, media (which often cooperate to make the "information" more credible), and even public institutions. Serious activities are usually avoided[citation needed]; every word said on 1 April could be untrue. The conviction for this is so strong that the Polish anti-Turkish alliance withLeopold I, signed on 1 April 1683, was backdated to 31 March.[22] However, for some in Polandprima April ends at noon of 1 April andprima April jokes after that hour are considered inappropriate and not classy.[citation needed]
In many Spanish-speaking countries (and the Philippines), "Día de los Santos Inocentes" (Holy Innocents Day) is a festivity that is very similar to April Fools' Day, but is celebrated in late December (27, 28 or 29 depending on the location).[citation needed] Despite this, inGalicia April Fools' Day is also traditional, as accounted byRamón Otero Pedrayo, as "Día dos enganos", and the tradition is embedded in a traditional saying about this day beingthe day when donkeys go where they must not go.[23]
Turkey also has a custom of April Fools' pranks.[24] Pranks and jokes are usually verbal and are revealed by shouting "Bir Nisan! / Nisan Bir!" (1 April!).
April Fools' Day is widely celebrated inOdesa and has the special local nameHumorina (in Ukrainian Гуморина,Humorina). This holiday arose in 1973.[25] An April Fool prank is revealed by saying "Перше квітня — брехня всесвітня" ("Pershe kvitnya — brekhnya vsesvitnya", translating as "First of April — worldwide lies") to the recipient. The festival includes a large parade in the city centre, free concerts, street fairs and performances. Festival participants dress up in a variety of costumes and walk around the city fooling around and pranking passersby. One of the traditions on April Fools' Day is to dress up the main city monument in funny clothes. Humorina even has its own logo—a cheerful sailor in alifebelt—whose author was the artist Arkady Tsykun.[26] During the festival, special souvenirs bearing the logo are printed and sold. Since 2010, April Fools' Day celebrations include an International Clown Festival, and both celebrated as one. In 2019, the festival was dedicated to the 100th anniversary of theOdesa Film Studio and all events were held with an emphasis on cinema.[27]
On April Fools' Day 1980, theBBC announcedBig Ben's clock face was going digital and whoever got in touch first could win the clock hands.[6]
In the UK, an April Fool prank is sometimes later revealed by shouting "April fool!" at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool". A study in the 1950s, by folkloristsIona and Peter Opie, found that in the UK, and in countries whose traditions derived from the UK, this continues to be the practice, with the custom ceasing at noon, after which time it is no longer acceptable to play pranks.[28] Thus a person playing a prank after midday is considered the "April fool" themselves.[29]
In Scotland, April Fools' Day was originally called "Huntigowk Day".[30] The name is a corruption of "hunt thegowk",gowk beingScots for a cuckoo or a foolish person; alternative terms inGaelic would beLà na Gocaireachd, "gowking day", orLà Ruith na Cuthaige, "the day of running the cuckoo". The traditional prank is to ask someone to deliver a sealed message that supposedly requests help of some sort. In fact, the message reads "Dinna laugh, dinna smile. Hunt the gowk another mile." The recipient, upon reading it, will explain they can only help if they first contact another person, and they send the victim to this next person with an identical message, with the same result.[30]
In England a "fool" is known by a few different names around the country, including "noodle", "gob", "gobby", or "noddy".
One common prank is to carefully remove the cream from anOreo, then replacing it with whitetoothpaste, and there are many similar pranks that replace an object (usually food) with another object that looks like the object but tastes different such as replacing sugar with salt or vanilla frosting with sour cream. As well as people playing pranks on one another on April Fools' Day, elaborate pranks have appeared on radio and television stations, newspapers, and websites, and have been performed by large corporations. In one famous prank in 1957, theBBC broadcast a film in theirPanorama current affairs series purporting to show Swiss farmers picking freshly-grown spaghetti, in what they called theSwiss spaghetti harvest. The BBC was soon flooded with requests to purchase a spaghetti plant, forcing them to declare the film a hoax on the news the next day.[31]
With the advent of the Internet and readily available global news services, April Fools' pranks can catch and embarrass a wider audience than ever before.[32]
28 December, the equivalent day in Spain[33] andHispanic America,[34][35] is also the Christian day of celebration of theDay of the Holy Innocents. The Christian celebration is a religious holiday in its own right, but the tradition of pranks is not, though the latter is observed yearly. In some regions of Hispanic America, after a prank is played, the cry is made, "Inocente palomita que te dejaste engañar" ("You innocent little dove that let yourself be fooled!"; not to be confused with another meaning ofpalomita, which means "popcorn" in some dialects).[36]
In Argentina, the prankster says, "¡Que la inocencia te valga!" which roughly translates as advice to not be as gullible as the victim of the prank. In Spain, it is common to say just "¡Inocente!" (which in Spanish can mean "innocent" or "gullible").[37]
In Colombia, the term is used as "Pásala por Inocentes", which roughly means: "Let it go; today it's Innocent's Day."[38]
In Belgium, this day is also known as the "Day of the Innocent Children" or "Day of the Stupid Children". It used to be a day where parents, grandparents, and teachers would fool the children in some way. But the celebration of this day has died out in favour of April Fools' Day.[39]
Nevertheless, on the Spanish island ofMenorca,Dia d'enganyar ("Fooling day") is celebrated on 1 April because Menorca was a British possession during part of the 18th century. In Brazil, the "Dia da mentira" ("Day of the lie") is also celebrated on 1 April[37] due to the Portuguese influence.
In many English-speaking countries, mainly Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, it is a custom to say "pinch and a punch for the first of the month" or an alternative, typically by children. The victim might respond with "a flick and a kick for being so quick", and the attacker might reply with "a punch in the eye for being so sly".[40]
Another custom in Britain and North America is to say "rabbit rabbit" upon waking on the first day of a month, for good luck.[41]
Similar events include Poisson d'avril (France) and in the US theInternational day of the joke event which is assigned the first Sunday in May.[42]
The practice of April Fool pranks and hoaxes is controversial.[43] The mixed opinions of critics are epitomized in the reception to the 1957 BBC "spaghetti-tree hoax", in reference to which newspapers were split over whether it was "a great joke or a terrible hoax on the public".[44]
April Fools' can be good for one's health because it encourages "jokes, hoaxes ... pranks, [and] belly laughs", and brings all the benefits of laughter.[45] Many "best of" April Fools' Day lists showcase the best examples of how the day is celebrated.[46] Various April Fools' campaigns have been praised for their innovation, creativity, writing, and general effort.[47]
Negative views describe April Fools' hoaxes as "creepy and manipulative", "rude" and "a little bit nasty", as well as based onSchadenfreude and deceit.[43] When genuine news or a genuinely important order or warning is issued on April Fools' Day, there is risk that it will be misinterpreted as a joke and ignored – for example, whenGoogle, known to play elaborate April Fools' Day hoaxes, announced the launch ofGmail with 1-gigabyte inboxes in 2004, an era when competingwebmail services offered 4-megabytes or less, many dismissed it as a joke outright.[48][49] On the other hand, sometimes stories intended as jokes are taken seriously.
Either way, there can be adverse effects, such as confusion,[50] misinformation, waste of resources (especially when the hoax concerns people in danger) and even legal or commercial consequences.[51][52]
In March 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic, various organizations and people warned not to observe April Fools' Day, as a mark of respect due to the large amount of tragic deaths thatCOVID-19 had caused up to that point, the wish to provide truthful information to counter anymisinformation about the virus, and to pre-empt any attempts to incorporate the virus into potential pranks.[53] For example, Google decided not to do its traditional April Fools’ jokes that year.[54] Because the pandemic was still ongoing a year later in 2021, Google also decided not to do pranks that year.[55]
InThailand, the police warned ahead of April Fools' in 2021 that posting or sharing fake news online could lead to maximum of five years imprisonment.[56]
Other examples of genuine news on 1 April mistaken as a hoax include:
1 April 1984: News that the singerMarvin Gayewas shot and killed the day before his 45th birthday by his fatherMarvin Gay Sr. (sic) on 1 April 1984. Several people close to Gaye such as fellow singersSmokey Robinson andJermaine Jackson, brother ofMichael Jackson didn't believe the news initially and had to call other people who knew Gaye to confirm the news,Al Sharpton during his interview for theVH1 documentaryVH1's Most Shocking Moments in Rock & Roll referenced the coincidence of the date when he said that Gaye's death came "like a sick, sad joke to all of us."[58][59][60]
1 April 1995: News that the singerSelenawas shot and killed by the former president of her fan clubYolanda Saldívar on 31 March 1995. When radio stationKEDA broke the news on 31 March 1995, many people accused the staff of lying because the next day was April Fools' Day.[61]
1 April 2005: News that the comedianMitch Hedberg had died on 29 March 2005.[62]
1 April 2009: Announcement that the long running soap operaGuiding Light was being cancelled. The date was so heavily associated with jokes and pranks that even some of the cast and crew members did not believe the news when it was announced byCBS, the TV network that aired the show.[64]
1 April 2011:Isaiah Thomas declared for theNBA draft.Basketball players in theNBA are usually taller than average as height gives advantage to playing basketball, and Thomas is comparatively short.[65]
Books, films, telemovies and television episodes have used April Fools' Day as their title or inspiration. Examples includeBryce Courtenay's novelApril Fool's Day (1993), whose title refers to the day Courtenay's son died. The 1990ssitcomRoseanne featured an episode titled "April Fools' Day". This turned out to be intentionally misleading, as the episode was instead aboutTax Day in the United States, occurring on 15 April. The 19th episode of thefirst season ofSpongeBob SquarePants, "Fools In April", also centers around a plot that takes place on April Fools' Day.
Every year on 1 April, video game developerMojang releases an April Fool's Day snapshot (an altered version of the game) forMinecraft: Java Edition (a version ofMinecraft available on computers). Over the years, several April Fool's Day updates have been released.[66][67]
^McDonald, Bertha R. (7 March 1908)."The Oldest Custom in the World".Harper's Weekly. Vol. 52, no. 2672. p. 26.Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved4 March 2020.
