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| Apple Records | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent company | Apple Corps |
| Founded | 1968; 57 years ago (1968) |
| Founder | The Beatles |
| Distributors | |
| Genre | |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
Apple Records is a Britishrecord label founded bythe Beatles in 1968 as a division ofApple Corps Ltd. It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists includingMary Hopkin,James Taylor,Badfinger, andBilly Preston. In practice, the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists.Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973, then it was managed byNeil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs. Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced byJeff Jones. Jones stepped down on 21 October 2024.
Apple Corps Ltd was conceived by the Beatles in 1967 after the death of their managerBrian Epstein. It was intended to be a small group of companies (Apple Retail, Apple Publishing, Apple Electronics, and so on) as part of Epstein's plan to create a tax-effective business structure.[1] The first project that the band released after forming the company was their filmMagical Mystery Tour, which was produced under theApple Films division. Apple Records was officially founded by the group after their return from India in 1968 as another sub-division of Apple Corps.
At this time, the Beatles were contracted toEMI. In a new distribution deal, EMI and its US subsidiaryCapitol Records agreed to distribute Apple Records until 1976, while EMI retained ownership of their recordings. Beatles recordings issued in the United Kingdom on the Apple label carried Parlophone catalogue numbers, while US issues carried Capitol catalogue numbers. Apple Records owns the rights to all of the Beatles' videos and movie clips, and the rights to recordings of other artists signed to the label. The first catalogue number Apple 1 was a single pressing ofFrank Sinatra singing "Maureen Is a Champ" (with lyrics bySammy Cahn) to the melody of "The Lady Is a Tramp" as a surprise gift for the 21st birthday ofRingo Starr's wifeMaureen.[citation needed]
Apple Records and Apple Publishing signed a number of acts whom the Beatles personally discovered or supported, and one or more of the Beatles would be involved in the recording sessions in most cases. Several notable artists were signed in the first year, includingJames Taylor,Mary Hopkin,Billy Preston, theModern Jazz Quartet, the Iveys (who becameBadfinger),Doris Troy, and former Liverpool singerJackie Lomax who recordedGeorge Harrison's "Sour Milk Sea".[2]
In 1969, the Beatles were in need of financial and managerial direction, andJohn Lennon was approached byAllen Klein, manager ofThe Rolling Stones.[3] When Klein went on to manage Apple, three of the Beatles supported him withPaul McCartney being the only group member opposed to his involvement. McCartney had suggested his father-in-lawLee Eastman for the job.
Klein took control of Apple and shut down several sub-divisions, including Apple Electronics, and he dropped some of Apple Records' artistic roster. New signings to the label were not so numerous afterward and tended to arrive through the individual actions of the former Beatles. For example,Elephant's Memory were recruited through Lennon andRavi Shankar through Harrison. McCartney had little input into Apple Records' roster after 1970. Klein managed Apple Corps until March 1973, when his contract expired. The Beatles' entire pre-Apple catalogue on the Capitol label was re-issued on the Apple label in May 1971, including the singles from "I Want to Hold Your Hand" to "Lady Madonna", and the albums fromMeet the Beatles! toMagical Mystery Tour. The album covers remained unchanged with the Capitol logos.
After Klein's departure, Apple was managed byNeil Aspinall on behalf of the four Beatles and their heirs. Apple Records' distribution contract with EMI expired in 1976, when control of the Beatles' catalogue—including solo recordings to date by George Harrison, John Lennon and Ringo Starr—reverted to EMI (Paul McCartney had acquired ownership of his solo recordings when he re-signed with Capitol in 1975).[4]
The original UK versions of the Beatles' albums were released worldwide by EMI oncompact disc in 1987 and 1988 on theParlophone label. Previously,Abbey Road had been issued in Japan on CD in 1983 on theToshiba-EMI label. Although this was a legitimate release, it was not authorised by the Beatles, EMI or Apple Corps. Following the settlement of Apple's ten-year lawsuit against EMI in 1989, new projects began to move forward, including theLive at the BBC album andThe Beatles Anthology series. It was after theAnthology project (spearheaded by Neil Aspinall) that the company resumed making significantly large profits again and began its revival.
The label was again newsworthy in 2006, as the long-running dispute between Apple Records' parent company andApple Inc. went to the High Court (seeApple Corps v Apple Computer).
In 2007, longtime chief executive Neil Aspinall retired and was replaced by American music industry executiveJeff Jones.[5] The Beatles' catalog was remastered and re-issued in September 2009 and was made available oniTunes in November 2010.[6][7] In June 2009, Apple Records published their last album,Let it Roll: Songs by George Harrison. WhenUniversal Music Group acquired EMI and the Beatles' recorded music catalogue,Calderstone Productions was formed in 2012 to administer the Beatles' catalogue.
In October 2024 it was announced that Jeff Jones would be stepping down as CEO of Apple.[8]
During the sixties, Paul McCartney discovered the work of BelgiansurrealistRené Magritte. As an admirer, McCartney started to collect paintings of the artist.[9]
In 1967, a friend bought “Le Jeu De Mourre” for Paul McCartney. The work represents a green apple with the textAu Revoir placed on top. When McCartney saw it for the first time, he was impressed by the iconic look of the image.[10] The big green apple later became the inspiration for the Apple Records company logo. To this day, McCartney still owns the 1966 painting.[11]
Standard Apple album and single labels displayed a bright greenGranny Smith apple on the A-side, while the flipside displayed the cross section of the apple. The bright green apple returned for Beatles CDs releases in the 1990s, following initial CD releases by Parlophone.
On the US issue of the Beatles'Let It Be album, the Granny Smith apple was red. The album was manufactured and distributed byUnited Artists Records and not Capitol Records; for contractual reasons, the red apple was used to mark the difference.[citation needed] The red apple also appeared on the back cover, and on the 2009 remastered edition back cover. Capitol's parent company EMI purchased United Artists Records in the late 1970s, and Capitol gained the American rights to theLet It Be soundtrack album (along with the American rights to another, earlier, United Artists Beatles movie soundtrack LP, 1964'sA Hard Day's Night).
Aside from the red apple, other examples in which the apple has been altered include George Harrison's albumAll Things Must Pass triple album, on which the first two discs have orange apples while the third has a jar label readingApple Jam; black and white apples on John Lennon's albumJohn Lennon/Plastic Ono Band andYoko Ono's albumYoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band; a blue apple on Ringo Starr's single "Back Off Boogaloo"; Harrison's albumExtra Texture (Read All About It), on which the apple (in shrunken cartoon form) is eaten away at its core (this was intended to be a joke because it was released at a time when Apple Records was beginning to fold); and a red apple on Starr's compilation albumBlast from Your Past. Other types of apples were also used: in 1971, for Lennon'sImagine and Ono'sFly, the apples respectively featured pictures of Lennon and Ono, as did the apples for Ono's 1973Approximately Infinite Universe and the singles that were released from these three albums.
Zapple Records, an Apple Records subsidiary run byBarry Miles, a friend of McCartney, was intended as an outlet for the release ofspoken word andavant-garde records, as a budget label in the style of a magazine or journal.[12] It was active only from 3 February 1969[13] until June 1969; a string of projects were announced, and a number of recording sessions undertaken, but only two albums were released on the label, both by solo Beatles, while another two LPs of finished material were issued by other labels after Zapple was closed down. The label was launched with the two Beatle-related records: Lennon and Ono's avant gardeUnfinished Music No. 2: Life with the Lions (Zapple 1), and George Harrison'sElectronic Sound (Zapple 2). An album of readings byRichard Brautigan was recorded and mixed for release as Zapple 3, andacetate disc copies and test pressings were cut, but, said Miles, "The Zapple label was folded by [Allen] Klein before the record could be released. The first two Zapple records did come out. We just didn't have [Brautigan's record] ready in time before Klein closed it down. None of the Beatles ever heard it."[14] Brautigan's record was eventually released asListening to Richard Brautigan onHarvest Records, a subsidiary of Apple distributor EMI, in the US only.
The first recordings were made for Zapple in January 1969, as field recordings of poets in their homes by Miles on a portable tape recorder as he toured the east coast of America. This included poet andFugs drummerKen Weaver and Black Mountain poetCharles Olson.[15] According to Miles, a spoken word album byLawrence Ferlinghetti, which had been recorded and edited, would have been Zapple 4, and a spoken word album byMichael McClure had also been recorded.[14] A planned Zapple release of a UK appearance by comedianLenny Bruce was never completed. An early 1969 press release also namedPablo Casals as an expected guest on the label. American authorKen Kesey was given a tape recorder to record his impressions of London, but they were never released. Miles also had the intention of bringing world leaders to the label.[12] Zapple was shut down in June 1969 by Klein, apparently with the backing of Lennon.[16]
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Also released were the soundtracks toCome Together andEl Topo (in the US), the onetimePhilles Records compilationPhil Spector's Christmas Album and the multi-artistThe Concert for Bangla Desh. Cassette and 8-track tape versions ofBangla Desh were marketed byColumbia Records after a deal that permitted the inclusion ofBob Dylan, a Columbia artist, on the album.
Artists who had considerable success in the pop and rock world after their initial sessions at Apple Records include Badfinger (originally known as the Iveys), James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Hot Chocolate, Yoko Ono and Billy Preston.
Artists who auditioned to appear on the label, but did not make it, include:
