Appius Claudius Caecus | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Appius Claudius Crassus |
| Office | Censor (312–307 BC) Consul (307, 296 BC) Praetor (295 BC) Dictator (c. 285 BC) |
| Children | 9 |
Appius Claudius Caecus (fl.c. 312–279 BC) was a statesman and writer from theRoman Republic. He is best known for two major building projects: theAppian Way (Latin: Via Appia), the first major Roman road, and the firstaqueduct in Rome, theAqua Appia.
He is the first Roman public figure whose life can be traced with some historical certainty. He also instigated controversial popular-minded reforms and is also credited with the authorship of a juristic treatise, a collection of moral essays, and several poems, making him one of Rome's earliest literary figures.[3][4][5]
Apatrician of illustrious lineage, Caecus first came to prominence with his election to the position ofcensor in 312 BC, which he held for five years. During Caecus's time in office, aside from his building projects, he introduced several controversial but poorly-understood constitutional reforms: he increased the voting power of the poor and landless in the legislative assemblies, and admitted lower-class citizens to theRoman Senate, though these measures were partially undone by the resentful nobility. In addition, Caecus was the first censor to draw up a formal list of senators. These reforms massively increased the prestige of the censorship, which had previously only been a minor magistracy.[citation needed] Asconsul (296 BC) and thenpraetor (295 BC), Caecus led military campaigns against theEtruscans andSamnites. Later in life, having become blind (Latin:caecus, whence the surname) from old age, he delivered a speech to the Senate successfully opposing peace with theEpirote kingPyrrhus.
His reforms did trigger some outrage, as he broke a number of established traditions. Appius embroiled himself in several bitter political feuds, especially with theFabii (a powerful Roman family).Fabius Pictor, who was the earliest Roman historian and a member of the Fabian family, may have been the source for a significant amount of smear against Caecus, accusing him of being a corrupted, immoraldemagogue, and an inept general. Owing to the wide divergence in the sources, modern scholars have had very different interpretations of Caecus' deeds: he has been described as a revolutionary, a reactionary, a would-be tyrant, or a great reformer, comparable to Athenian figures likeCleisthenes andPericles.[6]
Caecus, who was originally called Appius Claudius Crassus,[7] was born into thepatrician clan of theClaudii, one of the most important Roman families of the time, whose members had held executive offices of state since the beginning of theRepublic. The family were widely described in Roman sources as haughty aristocrats with arch-conservative views,[8] though this stereotype was likely only created long after Caecus's death.[9] Caecus's father was called Gaius Claudius Inregillensis, known only for being appointeddictator in 337 BC and immediately resigning after theaugurs had found a religious fault in his appointment.[10][11][12]
His mother is not known, but he had a much younger brother,Appius Claudius Caudex, who became consul in 264, four years after Caecus' elder son. Since Caecus' sons became consuls over a period of 28 years and long after his own time, he probably married at least twice, even though none of his wives is known.[13]
The only information known about Caecus' early career before his censorship is from his eulogy, formerly displayed on the RomanForum. This summary of his career lists all the responsibilities he held, including some junior offices, while literary sources only record upper magistracies (censor, consul, and praetor); however it does not provide any date and the offices are not ordered chronologically.[14] The eulogy tells that he was themilitary tribune three times, thequaestor one time, andcurule aedile twice. These junior magistracies were standard and found in the career of every Roman politician, but the number of times he held these positions is much more unusual. Endre Ferenczy thought Caecus held them all before his censorship because of his family's decline, which forced him to repeat them to build his popularity (especially as aedile, because this magistrate organised games), therefore explaining his early censorship.[14] However, his thesis has been criticised, notably byStephen Oakley, who notes that there is not enough evidence to know whether iterations of the military tribuneship and aedileship were really exceptional for this period, during which most careers are unknown.[15]
It is nonetheless certain that Caecus was military tribune before his censorship, because it was a requirement for being elected consul, which he became immediately after his censorship. As military tribune, he certainly served during theSecond Samnite War (326–304 BC), the main conflict in Italy at the time.[15]
Appius Claudius Caecus was aRoman censor from 312 BC to 308 BC, He was not aconsul beforehand which later became a prerequisite for the office.[16] During his time as censor he sought support from the lower classes, by allowing sons offreedmen to serve in theSenate, and extending voting privileges to men in the rural tribes who did not own land. During theSecond Samnite War, he advocated the founding of Roman colonies (colonia) throughoutLatium andCampania to serve as fortifications against theSamnites andEtruscans.
Appius is best known for two construction undertakings as censor: theAppian Way (Latin:Via Appia), the first major Roman road, running betweenRome andBeneventum to the south; and the firstaqueduct inRome, theAqua Appia.[17][page needed]
Appius' major legal contribution came from him starting the publication oflegis actiones ("methods of legal practice"). This publication served as a guide for Roman Legal procedure. The publication also included a list of days that court was to be held on.
During this time period he served asconsul twice; in 307 BC and 296 BC, he was also appointedDictator in 285 BC. Appius gave a famous speech in this period againstCineas, an envoy ofPyrrhus of Epirus, declaring that Rome would never surrender.[18] The speech is the source of the saying "every man is the architect of his own fortune" (Latin:quisque faber suae fortunae), and was still known in the time of Cicero[19] In 279 BC, Appius went blind due to a curse, according toLivy.[citation needed]
Appius wrote several books over his life. He wrote a book calledSententiae, which was based upon a verse of Greek model. It was "the first Roman book of literary character".[20] Appius also wrote treatise,De Usurpationibus ("Concerning Usurpations"), which is lost and the content is unknown. In addition Appius was one of the earliest known Roman prose and verse authors whose name is still known today. He was also concerned withliterature andrhetoric, and instituted reforms in Latinorthography, allegedly ending the use of the letterZ.[19][21]
"Every man is the architect of his destiny" (Latin:Homo faber suae quisque fortunae)[citation needed]
His four sons wereAppius Claudius Russus (consul in 268),Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul in 249),Gaius Claudius Centho (consul in 240), andTiberius Claudius Nero (grandfather of theconsul of 202).
Appius Claudius Caecus is used inCicero'sPro Caelio as a stern and disapproving ancestor toClodia. Cicero assumes the voice of Caecus in a scathingprosopopoeia, where Caecus is incensed at Clodia for associating with Caelius, a member of the middleequestrian class instead of the upper patrician class. Caecus's achievements, such as the building of the Appian Way and the Aqua Appia, are mentioned as being defiled by Clodia's actions.
| Dictator |
| Censor |
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| Ap. Crassus Inregillensis dict. 362, cos. 349 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C. Inregillensis dict. 337 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ap. Caecus cens. 312 cos. 307, 296 dict. c.285 | Ap. Caudex cos. 264 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ap. Russus cos. 268 | Ti. Nero | P. Pulcher cos 249 | C. Centho cos 240, cens. 225 dict. 213 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ti. Nero | P. Nero | Ap. Pulcher cos. 212 | C. Centho leg. 200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C. Nero cos. 207 cens. 204 | Ti. Nero cos. 202 | Ap. Nero pr. 195 | Ap. Pulcher cos. 185 | P. Pulcher cos. 184 | C. Pulcher cos. 177 cens. 169 | Ap. Centho pr. 175 | C. Centho leg. 155 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Preceded by | Roman consul 307 BC withLucius Volumnius Flamma Violens | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Roman consul II 296 BC withLucius Volumnius Flamma Violens II | Succeeded by |
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