TheApostolic Brethren (sometimes referred to asApostolici,[1]Apostoli, orApostolics[1]) were aChristiansect founded in northernItaly in the latter half of the 13th century byGerard Segarelli, a native of Alzano in the territory of Parma. He was of low birth and without education, applied for membership in the Franciscan order at Parma, and was rejected. Ultimately he resolved to devote himself to the restoration of what he conceived to be the apostolic manner of life.[2] Most of the spirit of the movement continued in theDulcinian movement.
In roughly 1260,[1] Segarelli assumed a costume patterned after representations which he had seen of the apostles, sold his house, scattered the price in the market-place, and went out to preach repentance as a mendicant brother. He found disciples, and the new order of penitents spread throughoutLombardy and beyond it. At first theFranciscans and other churchmen only scoffed at Segarelli's eccentric ways; but about 1280 theBishop of Parma threw him into prison, then kept him awhile in his palace as a source of amusement, and in 1286 banished him from the diocese. All newmendicant orders without papal sanction having been prohibited by theSecond Council of Lyon in 1274,[3][2]Pope Honorius IV issued a severe reprobation of the Apostolic Brethren in 1286, andNicholas IV renewed it in 1290.[2]
A time of persecution followed. At Parma in 1294 four members of the sect were burned, and Segarelli was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. Six years later he was made to confess a relapse into heresies which he had abjured, and was burned in Parma on July 18, 1300. A man of greater gifts now took the lead of the sect. This wasDolcino, the son of a priest in thediocese of Novara, and a member of the order since 1291, an eloquent, enthusiastic utterer of apocalyptic prophecies.[2]
As the head of the group, who were in daily expectation of seeing the judgment of God on the Church, he maintained in the mountainous districts ofNovara andVercelli aguerilla warfare campaign against the crusaders who had been summoned to put him down. Cold and hunger were still more dangerous enemies; and finally the remnant of his forces were captured by thebishop of Vercelli: about 150 persons in all, including Dolcino himself and his "spiritual sister," Margareta, both of whom, refusing to recant, were burned at the stake on June 1, 1307.[2]
This was really the end of the sect's history. Later, in the middle of the century, traces of their activity are found, especially in northern Italy,Spain, andFrance, but these were only isolated survivals.[2]
The ideal which the Apostolic Brethren strove to realize was a life of perfect sanctity, in complete poverty, with no fixed domicile, no care for the morrow, and no vows. It was a protest against the invasion of theChurch by the spirit of worldliness, as well as against the manner in which the other orders kept their vows, particularly that of poverty. In itself the project might have seemed harmless enough, not differing greatly from the way in which other founders had begun. When the order was prohibited, however, the refusal to submit to ecclesiastical authority stamped its members asheretics.[2]
Persecution embittered their opposition; the Church, in their eyes, had fallen completely away from apostolic holiness, and becomeBabylon the Great, the persecutor of the saints. Their apocalyptic utterances and expectations are a link with theJoachimites; in fact, parallels to their teaching, mostly founded on literal interpretations of Scripture texts, may be found in many non-church bodies. They forbade the taking of oaths, apparently permitting perjury in case of need, and rejected capital punishment; their close intercourse with their "apostolic sisters" gave rise to serious accusations against their morals, though they themselves boasted of their purity, and considered the conquest of temptation so close at hand as especially meritorious.[2]
The Apostolics did not have a fully developed theory, Segarelli being uneducated. They based their belief on theActs of the Apostles (2:44-45):
All who believed were together, and had all things in common. They sold their possessions and goods, and distributed them to all, according as anyone had need.
They lived a simple life of fasting and prayer; often they worked to earn enough to eat, otherwise living off charity, preaching, and always invoking penitence.
Their maxim wasPoenitentiam agite (make penitence) soon misspelled asPenitençagite! and cited in present days byThe Name of the Rose, a novel byUmberto Eco.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication in thepublic domain: Sachsse, Hugo (1908)."Apostolic Brethren". In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.).New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 1 (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. pp. 243–244. This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728).Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)| International | |
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