Female aphids lay live young (nymphs), a process known asviviparity.[6] Female aphids reproduce byparthenogenesis, males have never been observed in the wild but have been produced under laboratory conditions.[10] Females may be wingless or winged (alate), the production of the alate form occurs a higher rate in those regions where it is necessary for oleander aphid to migrate each year on to temporary hosts.[11]
^Groeters, Francis (1989). "Geographic and clonal variation in the milkweed-oleander aphid,Aphis nerii (Homoptera: Aphididae), for winged morph production, life history, and morphology in relation to host plant permanence".Evolutionary Biology.3 (4):327–241.doi:10.1007/bf02285263.
^Waipara, NW; Winks, CJ (2006). "Surveys for potential biocontrol agents for moth plant in New Zealand and Argentina".New Zealand Plant Protection.59:1–6.
^Skaf, IS; Makkouk, KM (1988). "Aphid transmission of Bean yellow mosaic and Bean leaf roll viruses in Syria".Phytopathologia Mediterranea.27 (3):133–137.
^Nagarajan, K; Ramakrishnan, K (1971). "Studies on cucurbit viruses in madras state - II. Vector-virus relationships of the bittergourd mosaic virus".Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B.73:84–95.
^Cambra, M (2000). "Detection of Citrus Tristeza Virusby Print Capture and Squash Capture PCR in Plant Tissues and Single Aphids".International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010).14:42–49.
^Hobbs, H (2000). "Solanaceous weeds as possible sources of Cucumber mosaic virus in Southern Illinois for aphid transmission to pepper".Plant Disease.84 (11):1221–1224.doi:10.1094/pdis.2000.84.11.1221.PMID30832171.
^Mora-Aguilera, G (1993). "Development of a prediction model for papaya ringspot in Veracruz, Mexico".Plant Disease.77 (12):1205–1211.doi:10.1094/pd-77-1205.
^Srivastava, D. "Identification of a potyvirus associated with mosaic disease of Catharanthus roseus and its histopathogical effect".Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries.4:23–27.
^Katis, N (2006). "Transmission of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus by Colonizing and Non‐colonizing Aphids in Greece and New Aphid Species Vectors of the Virus".Journal of Phytopathology.154 (5):293–302.doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01096.x.
