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Antonov An-24

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Soviet turboprop airplane
Not to be confused withAntonov An-124 Ruslan.

An-24
Volga-Avia Antonov An-24
General information
TypeTransport aircraft /TurbopropRegional airliner
National originSoviet Union
ManufacturerAntonov
StatusIn limited service
Primary usersUTair Cargo
Number built1,367 (including the Xi'an Y-7)[1]
History
Manufactured1959–1979
Introduction date1962
First flight29 October 1959[1]
Developed intoAntonov An-30
Antonov An-26
Antonov An-32
Xi'an Y-7
Antonov/Taqnia An-132

TheAntonov An-24 (Russian/Ukrainian:Антонов Ан-24) (NATO reporting name:Coke) is a 44-seat twinturboprop transport/passenger aircraft designed in 1957 in theSoviet Union by theAntonov Design Bureau[1] and manufactured by the Kyiv, Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude Aviation Factories. It was the first of a future family of turboprops by Antonov. TheAn-30 came next with a cartographic configuration, then theAn-26 with a military configuration and lastly theAn-32 with modernized equipment. TheAn-132 was intended to be the next member of the An-24 family, but Saudi Arabia's Taqnia ceased cooperation and the only prototypewas destroyed, which led to the project being cancelled. A Chinese licensed-built version, theXi'an Y-7, is heavily based on the An-24, but is not a member of the family.

Design and development

[edit]
Polet Flight An-24RV.
An-24 at Uzhhorod, Ukraine, on 21 May 2005.
Interior of a Kampuchea Airlines Antonov An-24 from 1994.
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First flown in 1959, the An-24 was produced in some 1,000 units of various versions; in 2023, 93 were still in service worldwide, mostly in theCommonwealth of Independent States and Africa.[2]

It was designed to replace the veteran pistonIlyushin Il-14 transport on short- to medium-haul trips, optimised for operating from rough strips and unprepared airports in remote locations.[3] The high-wing layout protects engines and blades from debris, thepower-to-weight ratio is higher than that of many comparable aircraft, and the machine is rugged, requiring minimal ground-support equipment.

Due to its rugged airframe and good performance, the An-24 was adapted to perform many secondary missions, such as ice reconnaissance and engine/propeller test bed, as well as further development to produce the An-26 tactical transport, An-30 photo-mapping/survey aircraft and An-32 tactical transport with more powerful engines. Various projects were envisaged such as a four-jet, short- and medium-haul airliner and various iterations of powerplant.

The main production line was at theKyiv-Svyatoshino (later renamed "Aviant") aircraft production plant, which built 985, with 180 built atUlan Ude, and a further 197 An-24T tactical transport/freighters atIrkutsk. Production in the USSR was shut down by 1978.

Production continued at China'sXi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation, which made licensed, reverse-engineered, and redesigned aircraft as theXian Y-7 and its derivatives. Manufacture of the Y-7, in civil form, has now been supplanted by theMA60 derivative with western engines and avionics, to improve performance and economy, and widen the export appeal.

The aircraft introduced in Mongolia was initially planned to be used by the air force, but was eventually handed over to a private airline company for use, and some were later used in research facilities. Since then, as the aircraft has deteriorated, it has been stored in Ulaanbaatar.[4]

Total production

[edit]
Total Production (Not including Chinese Y-7)[5]197919781977197619751974197319721971197019691968196719661965196419631962196119601959
13671210204080718090130100150160110604019126141

Variants

[edit]
View of the cockpit.

Prototype

[edit]
An-24
These were the first production aircraft, with a total of six built between 1959 and 1961. They were primarily used for testing the aircraft's instruments and landing gear, and also for ground tests and de-icing tests.[6]

Produced aircraft

[edit]
An-24RV ofPLAAF at China Aviation Museum, Beijing
SAT Airlines' Antonov An-24RV.
An-24
Seventeen were built. This was the first production model, separate from the prototypes built between 1959 and 1961. It was approved for production on 19 August 1961, and test engineering flights with passengers took place in September 1962. It entered service between Kiev and Kherson on 31 October 1962. Later, it was decided to replace them with improved models, and all of them were exported to Cuba and used as military transports by the Cuban Air Force. After being used as transports to replace the An-2, two were released to civilian airlines.
An-24A
200 were built (9 in 1962, 191 in 1963) of this improved version, delivered directly from the Kiev factory. It seated 44 passengers and had a larger interior volume. In addition, the APU exhaust was moved to the tip of the starboard nacelle. This was the second time the designation was used.[7]
An-24B
400 aircraft were built in the second production version. A passenger version with seating for up to 52. Maximum takeoff weight was increased to 21 tonnes, a window was added on each side, the double slotted flaps were replaced with single slotted flaps, and the centre chord was extended to compensate for the poor performance of the flaps. Some aircraft were delivered with four additional fuel bladders in the centre wing. Production began in 1964.[8]
An-24T (Transportnyy – transport)
This is the second time this name has been used for a tactical transport aircraft. It is equipped with a ventral loading hatch, a cargo winch, and an escape hatch behind the nose landing gear, and its mission is to transport airborne troops and infantry to frontline bases.[9]
An-24RT (Reaktivnyy [Uskoritel'] Transportnyy – boosted transport)
Similar to the AN-24T, fitted with an auxiliary turbojet engine.[10]
An-24PRT (Poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy Reaktivnyy [Uskoritel'] Transportnyy – SAR boosted transport)
The An-24RT was the basis for the search and rescue aircraft, of which 11 were manufactured, and was fitted with rescue equipment and exploration devices in the cabin. Both were considered important due to their ability to stay in the air.[11]
An-24RV (Reaktivnyy [Uskoritel'] V – boosted V)
Turbojet boosted export version, similar to the An-24V but fitted with a 1,985-lb (8830 N) thrust auxiliary turbojet engine in the starboard nacelle.[12]
An-24ShT (Shtabnoy Transportnyy – Staff/HQ transport)
A tactical Airborne Command Post for use by commanders, also capable of forming ground-based communications and HQ.[13]
An-24TV (Transportnyy V – transport V)
The export cargo version of the An-24T.[14]
An-24V
An export version of the An-24B, equipped with an AI-24T (SrsII) turboprop engine, available in early and late models. The early model has narrow in-chord wings, double slotted flaps, and a single ventral fin. The later model has a single slotted flap, twin ventral fins, and a modified interior to allow cargo to be carried in addition to passengers. Production began in 1964.[15]
An-24VSR
A navigation trainer aircraft that was operated in 1965 by modifying a single An-24V aircraft and was intended to train pilots in radio communication.

Special mission aircraft

[edit]
An-24ALK (Avtomatizeerovannaya [sistema] Lyotnovo Kontrolya – automatic flight check system)
A single retired passenger An-24A was converted into a satellite observation aircraft for use in navigation satellite calibration missions. It was renamed An-24LR "Toros" for air defense surveillance, but was later modified again and redesignated An-24ALK. The aircraft was equipped with a phototheodolite and a powerful light source for optical sensors.[16]
An-24LL (Letyushchaya Laboratoriya – flying laboratory)
A single An-24A, decommissioned from passenger transport duty, was converted into an airborne experimental aircraft. The generic suffix LL can apply to any testbed, but in the case of the An-24, it stands for metrology (the science of measurement), which is used to test the airworthiness of production aircraft.[16]
An-24LP (LesoPozharnyy – forest fire fighter)
Three An-24RV aircraft converted into fire bombers/cloud seeders by installing a tank in the cabin, optical smoke and flame detectors, provision for a thermal imager, racks for carrying flare dispensers and the ability to carry firefighters for para-dropping.[17]
An-24LR-1 'Toros' (Ice Hummock)(Ledovyy Razvedchik – ice reconnaissance)
At least two An-24Bs converted to carry the 'Toros' SLAR (sideways looking airborne radar) either side of the lower fuselage, for ice reconnaissance, guiding icebreakers, convoys and other shipping.[18][note 1]
An-24LR-2 'Nit' (Thread)
An observation aircraft type for surveying the natural resources of the earth and oceans of the world, modified from a single An-24B in 1978. Equipped with a large "Nit" SLAR pod on the side of the lower fuselage.[19]
An-24PS (Poiskovo-Spasahtel'nyy – SAR)
A single An-24B aircraft converted for search and rescue duties, rejected after acceptance trials in favour of a derivative of the An-24RT.[20]
An-24PRT
A search and rescue aircraft built from 12 modified An-24As. Some equipment was omitted to reduce production costs, but this did not hinder rescue operations.
An-24R
It was a prototype photo reconnaissance aircraft created by modifying a single An-24A, but since the An-30 was superior overall, it ended up serving as a test aircraft and was used to test the photographic cameras to be installed on the An-30.
An-24RR ([samolyot] Radiotsionnyy Razvedchik – radiation reconnaissance [aircraft])
Four aircraft converted as Nuclear, biological and chemical warfare reconnaissance versions of the An-24B, carrying RR8311-100 air sampling pods low on the forward fuselage and a sensor pod on a pylon on the port fuselage side.[21]
An-24RT (Retranslyator – relay installation)
A few An-24T and An-24RT aircraft converted to Communications relay aircraft. Sometimes referred to as An-24Rt to differentiate from the An-24RT.[13]
An-24T 'Troyanda' (Ukrainian – rose)
An experimental aircraft created in 1968 by removing the winch and measuring equipment from an An-24T.From the 1960s the Soviet Union was faced with nuclear submarine threats that were virtually undetectable with the technology available. To assist in the development of advanced optical, chemical, sonic, infra-red and electromagnetic detection systems, several aircraft were built or modified as test-beds. One significant aircraft was the An-24T 'Troyanda' which was built new, for the development of sonobuoy and infra-red detection systems. As well as equipment inside the cabin, sensors could be mounted in large teardrop fairings either side of the lower forward fuselage, and extra equipment could be carried in extended wing centre-section fairings.[16]
An-24USh (Uchebno-Shturmanskiy (samolyot) – Navigator training aircraft)
Seven An-24Bs were converted to An-24USh navigator/air traffic controller trainers with five training stations and four standard rows of seats for trainees in waiting. Outwardly the USh was distinguishable by the bulged windows at each training station.[16]
An-24AEW
In the early 1990s, North Korea installed N-019 Topaz pulse-Doppler radars on at least one of its An-24A aircraft in an attempt to achieve a rudimentaryAirborne Early Warning capability.[22]

Ended as a plan only

[edit]
An-24A
The aircraft was originally intended to be produced using theKuznetsov NK-4turboprop engine, but production was halted when the NK-4 was cancelled. The name was later reused for a production version using a different engine.[6]
An-24D
A projected long-range airliner version of the An-24B with a single RU-19 booster jet engine in the starboard nacelle, stretched fuselage with seating for 60, strengthened structure and increased fuel capacity.[23]
An-24K
An 18-seater civilian transport aircraft that was supposed to be operated by a private company's management design department, but it never reached the concept stage.
An-24AT
A 1962 project for a Tactical transport with rear loading ramp and powered by Isotov TV2-117DS coupled turboprops.[24]
An-24AT-RD (RD –Reaktivnyye Dvigateli – jet engines)
The An-24AT tactical transport project with two turbojet boosters pod-mounted under the outer wings and a wider loading ramp.[24]
An-24AT-U (Uskoriteli – boosters)
A projected Tactical transport from 1966 with three or five PRD-63 (Porokhovoy Raketnyy Dvigatel – gunpowder rocket engine) JATO bottles, wider cargo ramp and provision for up to three brake parachutes.[24]
An-24T (Transportnyy – transport)
(first use) Tactical transport version, rejected due to poor field performance and range, together with inability to load or air-drop vehicles during acceptance testing.[25]

Advanced

[edit]
An-26
Tactical transport with cargo ramp.
An-30
Survey/photo-mapping aircraft.
An-32
Designed to withstand adverse weather conditions better than the standard An-26.
An-34
The initial designation of the An-24T production tactical transport.[9]
An-44
Projected cargo aircraft developed from the An-24. Ice reconnaissance and transport versions were also planned.
An-50
A mid-1960s project for a jet-powered An-24, with fourIvchenko AI-25 turbofan engines in podded pairs, pylon mounted forward of the wings. Not proceeded with due to competition from the Yak-40.[26]
Xian Y-7
The Y-7 is a Chinese built derivative of the An-24/An-26 family.[27]
MA60
Upgraded and Westernised Y-7.

Operators

[edit]

Military operators

[edit]
Antonov An 24PB ofBangladesh Air Force,displayed at Bangladesh Air Force museum
 Cambodia
Royal Cambodian Air Force - 2
 North Korea
Korean People's Army Air Force - 1 (converted to a rudimentary airborne early warning aircraft)
 Russia
 Syria
Syrian Air Force – 1 as of 2023[29]
 Ukraine

Former military operators

[edit]
 Afghanistan
TheAfghan Air Force received six from 1975 (An-24TV)
 Algeria
Algerian Air Force (Six An-24Vs)
 Angola
People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola (Six An-24Vs)
 Armenia
Armenian Air Force (One An-24V)
 Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Air Force (One An-24V)
 Bangladesh
Bangladesh Air Force (One An-24V)
 Belarus
Belarus Air Force (2 An-24Bs)
 Bulgaria
Bulgaria Air Force (One An-24V)
 People's Republic of China
 Republic of the Congo
Congolese Air Force
 Cuba
Cuban Air Force - Twenty An-24RVs were ordered in 1962 and gradually introduced for transport purposes, but currently only three are deployed.
 Czech Republic
Czech Air Force (before 2005)
 Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak Air Force – No longer in service
 German Democratic Republic
Air Forces of the National People's Army
 Egypt
Egyptian Air Force
 Georgia
Georgian Air Force
 Guinea
Military of Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
Military of Guinea-Bissau
 Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea Air Force
 Hungary
Hungarian Air Force, none in service, all retired in 1992
 Iran
Iranian Air Force
Iraq
Iraqi Air Force
 Kazakhstan
Military of Kazakhstan
Laos
Lithuania
 Mali
Air Force of Mali - two[31]
 Moldova
Moldovan Air Force
 Mozambique
Military of Mozambique
 Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Air Force
North Yemen
Yemen Arab Republic Air Force: three bought in 1979[32]
 Poland
Polish Air Force- 6 operated from 1966 to 1977; replaced with An-26
 Romania
Romanian Air Force – the last RoAF An-24 was retired in 2007.[33]
 Slovakia
Slovak Air Force - the last SAF An-24 was retired in 2006.
 Somalia
Somali Air Corps
 Soviet Union
 Sudan
Sudanese Air Force - at least five An-24TVs purchased from the USSR in the late 1960s. Retired in the late 1990s.[34]
 Turkmenistan
Military of Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan
Military of Uzbekistan
 Vietnam
Vietnam People's Air Force
 Yemen
Yemen Air Force

Civil operators

[edit]

As of July 2018, 86 An-24s were in airline service.[35]

Following fatal incidents in July 2011 Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedev proposed the accelerated decommissioning of An-24s,[36] which resulted in a ban for this type from scheduled flights insideRussia.[37] However, later the ban was cancelled and, as of 2023, An-24 are still in limited commercial service in Russia.

 Thailand
 Ukraine
 Moldova
  • Air Moldova (6) Used on flights to CIS states and as charter aircraft
 Russia
 Kazakhstan
Former civil operators
[edit]
Preserved An-24 atS. Darius and S. Girėnas Airport, Lithuania

Civil operators have included:

Africa
 Afghanistan
 Belarus
 Bulgaria
 Cambodia
 People's Republic of China
 Congo
 Cuba
  • Aero Caribbean - It operated one An-24B.
  • Cubana - It operated the An-24B, An-24V and An-24RV.As of January 2025, five aircraft have been totally lost in crashes (CU-T875 (An-24V), CU-T1262 (AN-24RV), CU-T1295 (An-24RV), CU-T876 (An-24V), CU-T879 (An-24B)).
 German Democratic Republic
 Egypt
 Guinea
  • Air Guinee
  • Union des Transports Africains (West Coast Airways)
 Iraq
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
Laos
 Lithuania
 Lebanon
 Mali
 Mongolia
 North Korea
 Pakistan
 Philippines
 Poland
 Romania
 Russia
 Somalia
 Sri Lanka
Sudan
 Turkmenistan
 Soviet Union
 Ukraine
 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan
An-24 operators within Aeroflot and post Soviet countries[1]
UGA – (Oopravleniye Grazhdahnskoy Aviahtsii
- Civil Aviation Directorate)		OAO – (Otdel'nyy Aviaotryad – independent flight detachment)LO – (Lyotnyy Otryad – flight squad) / (Aviaeskadril'ya – squadrons)Home baseCIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) Airline
Arkhangelsk2nd Arkhangelsk392ndArkhangelsk-VaskovoAVL Arkhangelsk Airlines
AzerbaijanBaku360th / 1st & 3rd squadronsBaku-BinaAZAL (no An-24s)
BelorussianGomel105th / 1st squadronGomelGomelavia
1stMinsk353rdMinsk-Loshitsa (Minsk-1)Belavia;Minsk-Avia
MogilyovMogilevMogilev-Avia
Central RegionsBelgorodBelgorodBelgorod Air Enterprise (no An-24s)
BryanskBryanskBravia (Bryansk-Avia)
Bykovo61stMoscow-BykovoBykovo Avia
IvanovoIvanovo-Yuzhnyy (Zhukovka)IGAP (Ivanovo State Air Enterprise)
KostromaKostromaKostroma Air Enterprise
KurskKurskKurskavia
RyazanRyazanRyazan aviatrans
Tambov169thTambov-DonskoyeAviata (Avalinii Tambova)
Tula294thTulaTula Air Enterprise
Voronezh243rdVoronezhVoronezhavia
VladimirVladimirVladimir Air Enterprise /Avialeso'okhrana
East SiberianBobaidoBobaidoBobaido Air Enterprise
Chita136th / 1st SquadronChitaChita Avia
Irkutsk134thIrkutsk-1Baikal Airlines
Ust-IlimskUst-IlimskUst-Ilimsk Air Enterprise
Ust-KutUst-KutUst-Kut Air Enterprise
Ulan-Ude138thUlan-Ude /MukhinoBuryatia Airlines
Far EasternSakhalin CAPA / Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk UAD147th / 1st SquadronYuzhno-Sakhalinsk /KhomutvoSakhalinskiye Aviatrassy
1stKhabarovsk289thKhabarovskDalavia Far East Airlines Khabarovsk
KazakhChimkent158thChimkentKazakhstan Airlines;Chimkent-Avia
Guryev156thGuryevKazakhstan Airlines;Atyrau Air Ways
Karaganda14thKaragandaKazakhstan Airlines
Kostanay155thKostanayKazakhstan Airlines
Tselinograd239thTselinogradKazakhstan Airlines;Air Astana
Kirghiz(dissolved by 1987)
KomiSyktyvkar366thSyktyvkarKomiavia;Komiinteravia
KrasnoyarskAbakan130thAbakanKhakassia Airlines (Abakan A.E.)
LatvianRiga106th / 2nd SquadronRiga-SpilveLatavio
LeningradPskov320th / 2nd SquadronPskov
LithuanianVilnius277th / 4th SquadronVilniusLithuanian Airlines
MagadanAnadyr'Anadyr'-Ugol'nyyChukotavia
Chaunskoye6thChaunskoyeChaunskoye Air Enterprise
1stMagadan185th / (1st or 3rd Squadron)Magadan-SokolKolyma-Avia
MoldavianKishinyov407thKishinyovAir Moldova
North CaucasianAstrakhan'110thAstrakhan'-NarimanovoAstrakhan' Airlines
Krasnodar241st/ 3rd SquadronKrasnodarALK Kuban Airlines
Makhachkala111thMakhachkalaDaghestan Airlines
Stavropol'Stavropol'SAAK (Stavropol' Joint Stock AL)
TaganrogTaganrogTavia
TajikLeninabad292nd / 2nd SquadronLeninabadTajikistan Airlines
Training Establishments DirectorateKVLUGA (Kirovograd Civil Aviation Higher Flying School)KirovogradUkraine State Flight Academy
TurkmenAshkhabad165th / 1st SquadronAshkhabadTurkmenistan Airlines/Akhal
Krasnovodsk360th / 1st SquadronKrasnovodskTurkmenistan Airlines/Khazar
Mary Composite Independent Air SquadronMary
TashauzTashauz
Tyumen'SalekhardSalekhardTyumen' Avia Trans
Surgut358thSurgutSurgut Avia
UkrainianDonetskDonetskDonbas –East Ukrainian Airlines
Kyiv86th / 2nd SquadronKyiv-ZhulyanyAir Ukraine / Avialinïi Ukraïny
KirovogradKirovograd-KhmelyovoyeAir URGA
Lviv88thLvivLviv Airlines
Simferopol84thSimferopolAviakompaniya Krym / Crimea AL
VoroshilovgradVoroshilovgrad
UralsIzhevskIzhevskIzhavia
KirovKirovKirov Air Enterprises (no An-24s)
MagnitogorskMagnitogorskMagnitogorsk Air Enterprise
1stPerm'Perm'-Bolshoye SavinoPerm Airlines
1stSverdlovskSverdlovsk-Kol'tsovoUral Airlines [Yekaterinburg]
UzbekSamarkand163rdSamarkandUzbekistan Airways
Tashkent160thTashkent-YuzhnyyUzbekistan Airways
VolgaCheboksaryCheboksaryCheboksary Air Enterprise
CheboksaryNizhnekamsk Independent air SquadronNizhnekamskNizhnekamsk Air Enterprise
GorkyGorky-StriginoNizhegorodskie Airlines (sic)
TatarCAPA / 1st Kazan408thKazanTatarstan Airlines
Orenburg195th / 2nd SquadronOrenburg-Tsentral'nyyOrenburg Airlines
Penza396thPenzaPenza Air Enterprise
SaranskSaransk
SaratovSaratov
Ufa415thUfaBAL Bashkirian Airlines
Yoshkar-OlaYoshkar-Ola
West SiberianKemerovo196thKemerovo
KolpashevoKolpashevo
Novosibirsk6th(?)Novosibirsk-Severnyy2nd Novosibirsk Air Enterprise
Tolmachevo448thNovosibirsk-TolmachevoSibir'
Novokuznetsk184thNovokuznetskAerokuznetsk
Omsk365th / 2nd SquadronOmskOmsk-Avia
Tomsk119trhTomskTomsk Avia
YakutianYakutsk271stYakutskSakha Avia
MirnyMirnyAlmazy Rossii – Sakha (Alrosa)
GosNII GVF ("state scientific test institute for civil air fleet")Moscow -Sheremetyevo-1

Accidents

[edit]
Main article:List of accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24

Specifications (An-24V)

[edit]

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1976–77[39]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Capacity: 50 passengers
  • Length: 23.53 m (77 ft 2 in)
  • Wingspan: 29.20 m (95 ft 10 in)
  • Height: 8.32 m (27 ft 4 in)
  • Wing area: 74.98 m2 (807.1 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 11.7:1
  • Empty weight: 13,300 kg (29,321 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 21,000 kg (46,297 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 5,550 L (1,470 US gal; 1,220 imp gal)
  • Powerplant: 2 ×Ivchenko AI-24Aturboprop engines, 1,900 kW (2,550 shp) each (eshp)
  • Propellers: 4-bladed AV-72constant-speed propellers, 3.90 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 485 km/h (301 mph, 262 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 450 km/h (280 mph, 240 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
  • Range: 2,400 km (1,500 mi, 1,300 nmi) with maximum fuel; 550 km (340 mi; 300 nmi) with maximum payload
  • Service ceiling: 8,400 m (27,600 ft)
  • Time to altitude:[40]
    • 17.5 min to 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
    • 45.2 min to 8,100 m (26,600 ft)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^TheAn-24 incident at Gambell, Alaska occurred 27 February 1974, when a Soviet Antonov An-24LR "Toros" (CCCP-47195) ice reconnaissance aircraft, low on fuel, carrying three crew members and twelve scientists, landed at Gambell Airport.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003
  2. ^"AeroTransport Data Bank".
  3. ^Stroud 1968, pp. 78–79
  4. ^"Antonov An-24".
  5. ^"Антонов Ан-24".russianplanes.net. Retrieved22 August 2019.
  6. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 16
  7. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 16, 18
  8. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 20–22
  9. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 26–27
  10. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 30
  11. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 32
  12. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 30–31
  13. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 34
  14. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 29–30
  15. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 22–23
  16. ^abcdGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 36
  17. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 32–33
  18. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 34–35
  19. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 35
  20. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 31–32
  21. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 33–34
  22. ^Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr. (April 2011)."MiG-29 in KPAF Service".KPA Journal.2 (4): 2.
  23. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 23, 25
  24. ^abcGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 20
  25. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 25–26
  26. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 37–38
  27. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, pp. 37, 40
  28. ^Hoyle 2015, p. 46
  29. ^The military balance. 2023. James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies. London. 2023.ISBN 978-1-003-40022-6.OCLC 1372013483.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  30. ^Hoyle 2015, p. 51
  31. ^Cooper et al. 2011, p. 41
  32. ^Cooper 2017, p. 40
  33. ^Marnix Sap, Carlo Brummer:Fortele Aeriene Romane in: Lotnictwo Nr. 4/2010(in Polish)
  34. ^Cooper et al. 2011, p. 238
  35. ^"World Airline Census 2018".Flightglobal.com. Retrieved22 August 2018.
  36. ^Odynova, Alexandra (15 July 2011)."Medvedev's Impossible Airplane Ban".The Moscow Times. Retrieved3 January 2024.
  37. ^"Во исполнение поручения Президента Российской Федерации Минтрансом России рассматривается возможность вывода самолетов Ан-24 из эксплуатации на регулярных воздушных линиях".press release. The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. 11 July 2011. Retrieved12 February 2013.
  38. ^Cooper et al. 2011, p. 244
  39. ^Taylor 1976, pp. 406–408
  40. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003, p. 65

Bibliography

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  • Cooper, Tom (2017).Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing.ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.
  • Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011).African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston: Harpia Publishing.ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5.
  • Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergey (2003).Antonov's turboprop twins. Hinckley: Midland.ISBN 1-85780-153-9.OCLC 52325420.
  • Hoyle, Craig (8–14 December 2015). "World Air Forces Directory".Flight International.188 (5517):26–53.
  • Stroud, John (1968).Soviet transport aircraft since 1945. London: Putnam.ISBN 0-370-00126-5.OCLC 68589..
  • Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1976).Jane's all the world's aircraft 1976-77. London: Jane's Yearbooks.ISBN 0-354-00538-3.OCLC 85999217.
  • Thisdell, Dan; Fafard, Antoine (9–15 August 2016). "World Airliner Census".Flight International.190 (5550):20–43.ISSN 0015-3710.
  • "Антонов Ан-24".russianplanes.net. Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2015.

External links

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