In 1971, design work commenced on the project, which was initially referred to asIzdeliye 400 (Product #400), at theAntonov Design Bureau in response to a shortage in heavy airlift capability within theMilitary Transport Aviation Command (Komandovaniye voyenno-transportnoy aviatsii or VTA) arm of theSoviet Air Forces. Two separate final assembly lines plants setup for the aircraft, one atAviastar-SP (ex. Ulyanovsk Aviation Industrial Complex) inUlyanovsk,Russia and the other was theKyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT, in Ukraine. Assembly of the first aircraft begun in 1979; the An-124 (which was sometimes referred to as theAn-40 inthe West) performed itsmaiden flight on 24 December 1982. The type made its first appearance in the Western world at the 1985Paris Air Show. Viktor Tolmachev was the Chief engineer of An-124 and An-225.[6] After the dissolution of theSoviet Union, commercial operations were quickly pursued for the An-124, leading to civil certification being obtained by Antonov on 30 December 1992. Various commercial operators opted to purchase the type, often acquiring refurbished ex-military airlifters or stored fuselages rather than new-build aircraft.
By July 2013, 26 An-124s were reportedly in commercial service while a further ten airlifters were on order.[7] During 2008, it was announced that Russia and Ukraine were to jointly resume production of the type. At one point, it looked as if Russia would order 20 new-build airlifters. However, in August 2014, it was reported that the planned resumption of manufacturing had been shelved due to thepolitical tensions between Russia and Ukraine.[8] In 2019, there were 26 An-124s in commercial service.
During the 1970s, theMilitary Transport Aviation Command (Komandovaniye voyenno-transportnoy aviatsii or VTA) arm of theSoviet Air Forces had a shortfall in strategic heavy airlift capacity. Its largest aircraft consisted of about 50Antonov An-22 turboprops, which were used heavily for tactical roles. A declassified 1975 CIA analysis concluded that the USSR did "...not match the US in ability to provide long-range heavy lift support."[9] Soviet officials sought not only additional airlifters, a substantial increase in payload capacity was also desirable so that the same task could be completed with fewer trips.[10]
In 1971, design work on the project commenced at theAntonov Design Bureau; the lead designer of the An-124 (and the enlargedAn-225 derivative) wasViktor Tolmachev.[11][12] During development, it was known asIzdeliye 400 (Product #400) in house, andAn-40 inthe West. The design produced broadly resembled theLockheed C-5 Galaxy, an American strategic airlifter, but also incorporated numerous improvements, the greater use ofcarbon-fibrecomposites in its construction (comprising around 5% of the aircraft's total weight) and the more extensive use oftitanium being amongst these benefits.Aluminiumalloys make up the primary material used in its construction, limited use ofsteel and titanium alloys were also made.[10] Unlike the C-5, it lacks a fully-pressurised cargo bay or the ability toreceive fuel in-flight.[13]
In 1973, the construction of the necessary facilities to produce the new airlifter began. Two separate final assembly lines plants were established to produce the airlifter: the companyAviastar-SP (ex. Ulyanovsk Aviation Industrial Complex) inUlyanovsk,Russia and by theKyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT, in Ukraine. Furthermore, the programme used components, systems, and various other elements drawn from in excess of 100 factories across the Eastern world. In 1979, manufacturing activity on the first airframe began.[14]
On 24 December 1982, the type performed itsmaiden flight. Three years later, the An-124 made its first appearance in the Western world when an example was displayed at the 1985Paris Air Show.[10] Following the fall of theSoviet Union, commercial operations of the An-124 became an increasingly important area of activity; to this end, civil certification was sought for the type by Antonov; this was issued on 30 December 1992.[15]
Sales of the An-124 to various commercial operators proceeded throughout the 1990s and into the mid 2000s; many of these were former military aircraft that were refurbished by Antonov prior to delivery, or unfinished fuselages that had been preserved, rather than producing new-build aircraft.[16] During the early 2000s, the cargo operatorVolga-Dnepr opted to upgrade its An-124 freighter fleet, these works included engine modifications to conform with chapter fournoise regulations, various structural improvements that increased service life, and numerous avionics and systems changes to facilitate four person operations, reducing the crew needed from six or seven.[17]
During April 2008, it was announced that Russia and Ukraine had agreed to resume the production of the An-124 in the third quarter of 2008.[18] One month later, a new variant — the An-124-150 — was announced; it featured several improvements, including a maximum lift capacity of 150tonnes.[19] However, in May 2009, Antonov's partner, the RussianUnited Aircraft Corporation announced it did not plan to produce any An-124s in the period 2009–2012.[20] During late 2009, Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedev ordered production of the aircraft resumed; at this point, Russia was expected to procure 20 new-build An-124s.[21][22] In August 2014,Jane's reported that, Russian Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade Yuri Slusar announced that production of the An-124 had been stopped as a consequence of the ongoingpolitical tensions between Russia and Ukraine.[8]
In late 2017, multiple An-124s were upgraded by theAviastar-SP plant inUlyanovsk, Russia, three of which were reportedly scheduled to return to flight during the following year.[citation needed] AsRussia–Ukraine relations continued to sour, Antonov begun to source new suppliers while also pushing towesternize the An-124.[17] During 2018, the American engine manufacturerGE Aviation was studyingreengining it withCF6s forCargoLogicAir, a Volga-Dnepr subsidiary. It was believed that this would likely provide arange increase; as Volga-Dnepr Group operated 12 aircraft, the change would imply purchasing between 50 and 60 engines withspares.[17] The Russian engine specialistAviadvigatel also indicated that a further development of its PD-14, which was intended for use on an upgraded model of the Russian-manufactured An-124, designated PD-35, generated 50% more power than the present UkrainianProgress D-18T engines.[citation needed]
During January 2019, Antonov revealed its plans to restart production of the An-124 without support from Russia.[23]
AtMAKS Air Show in 2017, theCentral Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) announced its An-124-102Slon (Elephant) design to replace the similar An-124-100. The design was detailed in January 2019 beforewind tunnel testing scheduled for August–September. It is intended to be produced at theAviastar-SP factory in Ulyanovsk. It should transport 150 t (330,000 lb) over 3,800 nmi (7,000 km) (up from 1,675 nmi, 3,102 km), or 180 t (400,000 lb) over 2,650 nmi (4,910 km) at 460 kn (850 km/h). TheRussian MoD wants a range of 4,100 nmi (7,600 km) with fiveSprut-SDM-1 light tanks and their 100 crew, or 300 armed soldiers.[24]
The planned An-124-102 is larger at 82.3 m (270 ft) long from 69 m (227 ft), with an 87–88 m (286–290 ft) span versus 73.3 m (240.5 ft) and 24.0 m (78.7 ft) high compared with 21.0 m (68.9 ft).[25] A new higheraspect ratio, composite wing and a 214–222 t (472,000–489,000 lb) airframe would allow a 490–500 t (1,080,000–1,100,000 lb)gross weight. It should be powered by RussianPD-35s developed for theCR929 widebody, producing 35 tf (77,000 lbf) up from 23 tf (51,000 lbf). Two fuselages are planned, one for Volga-Dnepr with a width of 5.3 m (17.4 ft) from the An-124's 4.4 m (14.4 ft), and one for the Russian MoD of 6.4 m (21 ft) wide to carry vehicles in two lines.[24]
On 5 November 2019, the TsAGI released pictures of a 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) long and 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) wide model, ahead ofwindtunnel testing.[26][27][28] On 26 March 2020, TsAGI released new pictures of a wind tunnel model, announcing that the researchers of the Institute had completed the first cycle of aerodynamic testing; the results confirmed the characteristics laid down during preliminary studies.[29]
An-124-100 kneeling with front ramp down (nose undercarriage retracted)
Kneeling detail
Not kneeling – nose gear extended
The Antonov An-124 Ruslan is a large,strategic airlift,four-engined aircraft. An aircraft with a similar role, it externally bears numerous similarities to the AmericanLockheed C-5 Galaxy, having a double fuselage to allow for a rear cargo door (on the lower fuselage) that can open in flight without affectingstructural integrity, as well as the arrangement of flight control surfaces, such as theslats,flaps, andspoilers, resembling the layout of the C-5.[30][13] The An-124 has a slightly shorter fuselage, has a slightly greater wingspan, and is capable of carrying a 17 percent larger payload. In place of the C-5'sT-tail, the An-124 is furnished with a conventionalempennage, similar in design to that of theBoeing 747. The An-124 features afly-by-wire control system.[31] This is a hybrid control system, as it also implements conventional mechanical controls for some aspects; these have been arranged in a manner that provides redundancy against the failure of a singlehydraulic circuit.[10]
A single An-124 is capable of carrying up to 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of cargo internally in a standard military configuration; it can also carry 88 passengers in an upper deck behind the wing centre section. The forward area of this upper deck is where the flight deck and the crew are accommodated; movement between the upper and lower decks is via a pair of foldable internal ladders.[10] The cargo compartment of the An-124 is 36×6.4×4.4 m (118×21×14 ft), ca. 20% larger than the main cargo compartment of the C-5 Galaxy, which is 36.91×5.79×4.09 m (121.1×19.0×13.4 ft). Largely due to the limited pressurisation of its main cargo compartment (24.6 kPa, 3.57 psi),[32][31] the airlifter has seldom been used to deployparatroopers or to carry passengers, as they would typically require oxygen masks and cold-weather clothing in such conditions.[33] In comparison, the upper deck is fully pressurised.[10] The floor of the cargo deck is entirely composed oftitanium, a measure that is usually prohibited by the material cost.[31] It is suitable for carrying almost any heavy vehicle, including multiplemain battle tanks.[10]
The An-124 is powered by fourLotarev D-18turbofan engines, each capable of generating up to 238–250 kN of thrust. To reduce the landing distance required,thrust reversers are present.[10] Pilots have stated that the airlifter is relatively light on the controls and is easy to handle for an aircraft of its size.[34] A pair of TA18-200-124auxiliary power units (APUs) are accommodated within the main landing gear fairings.[10] As a consequence of the heat and blast effects produced by these APUs, some airports require pavement protection to be deployed.[35] Thelanding gear of the An-124 is outfitted with anoleo strut suspension system for its 24 wheels. This suspension has been calibrated to allow for landing on rough terrain and is able to kneel, which allows for easier loading and unloading via the front cargo door.[30][10] Other features intended to ease loading including an onboardoverhead crane in the cargo deck, capable of lifting up to 30 tonnes, while items up to 120 tonnes can bewinched on board.[36][10] Two separateradar units are typically present, one is intended for ground mapping and navigation purposes, while the other is forweather.[10]
An-124 during unloading of anAtlas V rocket main stage
During the 2000s, Germany headed an initiative to lease An-124s forNATOstrategic airlift requirements. Two aircraft were leased from SALIS GmbH as a stopgap until theAirbus A400M became available.[37] Under NATOSALIS programmeNAMSA is chartering six An-124-100 transport aircraft. According to the contract An-124-100s ofAntonov Airlines andVolga-Dnepr are used within the limits of NATO SALIS programme to transport cargo by requests of 18 countries: Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. Two An-124-100s are constantly based on full-time charter in theLeipzig/Halle airport, but the contract specifies that if necessary, two more aircraft will be provided at six days' notice and another two at nine days' notice.[38] The aircraft proved extremely useful for NATO especially with operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[39]
Mobile air traffic control tower loaded onto an An-124 to Haiti
United Launch Alliance (ULA) contracts the An-124 to transport theAtlas V launch vehicle from its facilities inDecatur, Alabama toCape Canaveral. ULA also uses the An-124 to transport the Atlas V launch vehicle andCentaur upper stage from their manufacturing facility in Denver, Colorado to Cape Canaveral andVandenberg Space Force Base.[40] Two flights are required to transfer each launch vehicle (one for the Atlas V main booster stage and another for the Centaur upper stage).[41] It is also contracted bySpace Systems Loral to transport satellites from Palo Alto, CA to the Arianespace spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana[42] and bySpaceX to transport payload fairings between their factory inHawthorne, California and Cape Canaveral.[43]
By 2013, the An-124 had reportedly visited 768 airports in over 100 countries.[44]
By late 2020, three civil operators of the An-124 remained.Antonov Airlines with seven aircraft,Volga-Dnepr Airlines with 12, andMaximus Air Cargo with one. In November 2020, Volga-Dnepr reported that it was indefinitely grounding its fleet of An-124 aircraft to inspect the 60 engines (including spares) following the 13 November 2020 unconfined engine failure atNovosibirsk.[45] As of 29 December 2020, the first Volga-Dnepr An-124-100 was back in service.[46]
In May 1987, an An-124 set a world record, covering the distance of 20,151 km (10,881 nmi) without refuelling.[47] The flight took 25 hours and 30 minutes; the takeoff weight was 455,000 kg.[citation needed]
In July 1985, an An-124 carried 171,219 kg (377,473 lb) of cargo to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and 170,000 kg to an altitude of 10,750 m (35,270 ft).[48]
In July 2010, an An-124 was used to transport four 35-foot and three 21-foot skimmer boats from France to the US to assist with the clean-up of theDeepwater Horizon oil spill.[52]
An An-124 was used in April 2011 to airlift a largePutzmeisterconcrete pump from Germany to Japan to help cool reactors damaged in theFukushima nuclear accident.[53] TheAn-225 was used to transport an even larger Putzmeister concrete pump to Japan from the US.[54]
An An-124 was used in May 2018 to transport an 87,000 lb die tool from Eaton Rapids, Michigan, US to Nottingham, England to restart Ford F-150 production after a fire in the Eaton Rapids Magnesium Casting Facility.[55]
Several An-124s were used by the GermanBundeswehr to airlift military equipment fromMazar-i-Sharif toLeipzig during the 2021 German troop withdrawal from Afghanistan. Among the equipment were twoNH-90 helicopters.[56][57]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic, several An-124s were used to cargo masks and other medical equipment fromChina to foreign countries. For example, Terio International Inc. dispatched their first one on June 7, 2020 betweenNanjing andMontréal, which was done as a direct flight.[58][59]
On 24 February 2022, an An-124 with registration numberUR-82009 was confirmed to be destroyed by Russian artillery during theBattle of Antonov Airport, Kyiv.[60] Five other Ukrainian An-124s were diverted to Leipzig at the conclusion of their commercial flights.[61]
On 3 March 2023, an An-124 delivered 101 tons of humanitarian aid forearthquake victims in Turkey and Syria.[62][63]
On 9 June 2023, an An-124 was seized by Canadian government authorities atToronto Pearson Airport. It had been stranded following closure of Canadianairspace to Russian air navigation.[64]
Version with a payload increased to 150 tonnes (maximum take-off weight 420 tonnes), with upratedLotarev D-18T series 4 engines; one An-124-100 converted[65]
Joint proposal withAir Foyle to meet UK's Short Term Strategic Airlifter (STSA) requirement, withRolls-Royce RB211-524H-T engines, each rated 60,600 lbf (264 kN) andHoneywell avionics—STSA competition abandoned in August 1999, reinstated, and won by theBoeing C-17A.
An-124-300
The -300 is planned variant with upgraded engines with higher thrust. Variant was ordered by theRussian Aerospace Forces in 2020.[66]
An-418
Proposed passenger version, to compete withAirbus A380, the project was canceled.
As of November 2020[update], five accidents with An-124hull losses have been recorded involving a total of 97 fatalities,[67][68] including:
On 13 October 1992, СССР-82002, operated byAntonov Airlines crashed nearKyiv, Ukraine during flight testing, suffering nose cargo door failure during high-speed descent (part of test program) resulting in total loss of control. The airplane came down in a forest near Kyiv, killing eight of the nine crew on board.[69]
On 15 November 1993, RA-82071, operated byAviastar Airlinescrashed into a mountain at 11,000 feet (3,400 m) while in a holding pattern atKerman, Iran. There were 17 fatalities.[70]
On 13 November 2020, the second engine ofRA-82042, operated byVolga-Dnepr Airlines, suffered anuncontained engine failure after takeoff fromNovosibirsk, Russia. Subsequently, after landing there, the aircraft suffered a runway excursion and the nose landing gear collapsed.[73] On 25 November, the airline voluntarily grounded its entire fleet of An-124 aircraft.[74] By 29 December, the first Volga-Dnepr An-124-100 was back in service.[46]
^Although the enlarged An-124-100M-150 version has a 7% higher payload than the operationalBoeing 747-8F, the 747-8F has over two times the range at 5,050 mi (8,130 km) with a payload of 295,800 lb (134,200 kg) compared to the An-124-100M-150 at the same payload. The An-124-100M-150 is able to carry less than half the payload at the same range.[3]
^Antonov's Heavy Transports. Midland Publishing.[page needed]
^Phillips, W. Scott (31 August 1999)."Fixed-Wing Aircraft".Federation of American Scientists Military Analysis Network.Archived from the original on 27 February 2006. Retrieved22 February 2006.
^Élise, Paradis; Thériault, Vincent; Thériault, François (November 2021).Made-To-Deliver: An inspiring entrepreneurial story of boldness and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic (1st ed.). Quebec, Canada: Self-Published.ISBN979-8-4824-0659-5.
_is_carefully_loaded_onto_a_Russian-built_An-124_Condor_(Antonov).jpg)
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