| Antonianism Antonine sect | |
|---|---|
 Kimpa Vita's statue inAngola | |
| Type | SyncreticBakongoCatholic movement |
| Region | Kingdom of Kongo |
| Founder | Beatriz Kimpa Vita |
| Origin | 1704 |
| Defunct | 1708 |
| Members | 20,000 |
Antonianism, orAntonine sect (Portuguese:Antonianismo), was asyncreticBakongoCatholic movement formed in theKingdom of Kongo between 1704 and 1708, as a development out of theCatholic Church in Kongo, yet without denying the authority of thePope. Its founder was a young charismatic woman namedBeatriz Kimpa Vita, who said she was possessed bySaint Anthony of Padua.[1][2] Beatriz became known for healing and other miracles. It was eventually suppressed by KingPedro IV of Kongo, and Dona Beatriz was burned at the stake as a heretic.[3]
Dona Beatriz (theBaptismal name of Kimpa Vita) was a young indigenous noblewoman born around 1684 in the Kongo.[3] The Kingdom of Kongo was the largest and most powerful kingdom in Central Africa, but its influence was waning; during the 17th century, Portugal became the region's dominant military and economic force. The Portuguese had begun converting the people of the Kongo to Catholicism as early as the 15th century. The nobility of the Kongo and the commoners both practised Catholicism.[4]
Roman Catholicism had been introduced toSub-Saharan Africa in the 15th century and had attracted a wide following in Kongo. Beatriz claimed Anthony had told her through a vision to create a new Kongolese Catholicism, and she incorporated various native practices and traditions into her movement. The major differences between Roman Catholicism and Antonianism were the rejection of the cross, as it was seen as being responsible for Christ's death, as well as the rejection of baptism, confession and prayer. Among her beliefs were thatJesus was a black man and that theKongo was the real home of Christianity.[5] She also held that heaven was forAfricans.[citation needed]
After an illness in 1704, Dona Beatriz began to preach that she had been possessed bySt. Anthony of Padua, who was a major Portuguese saint.
Dona Beatriz "was trained as annganga marinda, an individual who consults the supernatural world to solve problems within the community",[4] and acted as amedium, speaking the pronouncements of St. Anthony. The teachings were a mixture of Kongo religious rituals, nativism, and Catholicism:
According to this vision, Jesus was born inMbanza Kongo and baptized not atNazareth but in the northern province ofNsundi, while Mary's mother was a slave of the Kongo nobleman Nzimba Mpangi. Dona Beatriz also disclosed new versions of theAve Maria andSalve Regina that were more relevant to Kongolese modes of thought.[4]
Dona Beatriz prophesied a new golden age to her followers, one that would follow the end of European presence in the Kongo. European treasures would be found around the Kongo capital city ofMbanza Kongo by her followers, and trees would turn to silver and gold.[3] Dona Beatriz acknowledged papal authority, yet her cult was hostile to European missionaries, teaching that they were "corrupt and unsympathetic to the spiritual needs of Kongolese Catholics".[4]
The Antonians, led by Dona Beatriz, occupied the territory ofMbanza Kongo. It served as a base for Antonian missionaries, who were sent by Dona Beatriz to convert followers to her movement, and "to urge rulers of the divided Kongo territories to unite under one king".[4] She aimed to end the civil wars that had plagued the kingdom since the arrival of the Portuguese. Dona Beatriz' political influence was a threat to Pedro IV and the Portuguese administration that supported him. In 1706, Pedro IV had Dona Beatriz arrested and burned at the stake forheresy, under the urging of PortugueseCapuchin monks.[4] The movement of Antonianism did not immediately die when she did and in 1708 twenty thousand Antonians marched on King Pedro IV, who eventually defeated them and restored his kingdom.[6]
Although the movement had a short life under the leadership of Dona Beatriz, artifacts have survived, including St. Anthony figurines made of "ivory, brass, and wood ... affixed to crosses, used as staff finials, and worn as pendants.... these images, calledToni Malau or "Anthony of good fortune" inKiKongo, served to guard their bearers against illness and other misfortunes".[4]
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