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Antipope

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Person who claims to be the legitimate pope
For the book by Robert Rankin, seeThe Antipope.
Not to be confused withAnti-Papalism.

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    Anantipope (Latin:antipapa) is a person who claims to beBishop of Rome and leader of theRoman Catholic Church in opposition to the officially electedpope.[1] Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church itself andsecular rulers. While modern claimants to the papacy still take place, they are rarely given serious consideration by either the public or the Church.

    Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case ofPope Leo VIII andPope Benedict V.[2]

    History

    [edit]

    Hippolytus of Rome (d. 235) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome againstPope Callixtus I.[3] Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor,Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured assaints by the Catholic Church with a sharedfeast day on 13 August. Whether two or more persons have been confused in this account of Hippolytus[4] and whether Hippolytus actually declared himself to be the Bishop of Rome remains unclear, since no such claim by Hippolytus has been cited in the writings attributed to him.

    Eusebius quotes[5] from an unnamed earlier writer the story ofNatalius, a3rd-centurypriest who accepted the bishopric of theAdoptionists,[6] a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully beggedPope Zephyrinus to receive him into communion.[7][8]

    Novatian (d. 258), another third-century figure, certainly claimed theSee of Rome in opposition toPope Cornelius, and if Natalius and Hippolytus were excluded because of the uncertainties concerning them, Novatian could then be said to be the first antipope.

    The period in which antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the popes and theHoly Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees to further their own causes. The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants (anti-kings) in Germany to overcome a particular emperor.

    TheWestern Schism – which began in1378, when the French cardinals, claiming that the election ofPope Urban VI was invalid, elected antipopeClement VII as a rival to the Roman Pope – led eventually to two competing lines of antipopes: theAvignon line as Clement VII moved back toAvignon, and thePisan line. The Pisan line, which began in1409, was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the (Pisan) council had elected antipopeAlexander V as a third claimant. To end the schism, in May1415, theCouncil of Constance deposed antipopeJohn XXIII of the Pisan line.Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415. In1417, the council also formally deposed antipopeBenedict XIII of Avignon, but he adamantly refused to resign. Afterwards,Pope Martin V was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area of influence of Benedict XIII.

    List of historical antipopes

    [edit]

    The following table gives the names of the antipopes included in the list of popes and antipopes in theAnnuario Pontificio, with the addition of the names of Natalius (in spite of doubts about his historicity) andAntipope Clement VIII (whose following was insignificant).[9]

    An asterisk marks those who were included in the conventional numbering of later popes who took the same name. More commonly, the antipope is ignored in later papal regnal numbers; for example, there was anAntipope John XXIII, but the new Pope John elected in 1958 was also calledJohn XXIII. For the additional confusion regarding popes named John, seePope John numbering.

    The list of popes and antipopes in theAnnuario Pontificio attaches the following note to the name ofPope Leo VIII (963–965):

    At this point, as again in the mid-11th century, we come acrosselections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those oftheology andcanon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors ofSaint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the popes.[10]

    Thus, because of the obscurities about mid-11th-century canon law and the historical facts, theAnnuario Pontificio listsSylvester III as a pope, without thereby expressing a judgement on his legitimacy. TheCatholic Encyclopedia places him in itsList of Popes,[11] but with the annotation: "Considered by some to be an antipope". Other sources classify him as an antipope.[12]

    As Celestine II resigned before being consecrated and enthroned in order to avoid a schism, Oxford'sA Dictionary of Popes (2010) considers he "...is classified, unfairly, as an antipope",[13] an opinion historianSalvador Miranda also shares.[14]

    Those with asterisks (*) were counted in subsequent papal numbering.

    PontificateCommon English nameRegnal (Latin) namePersonal namePlace of birthAge at election/
    Death or resigned
    Years as
    antipope
    (days)
    NotesIn opposition to
    c. 199 – c. 200NataliusNataliusNataliusc. 159Rome,Roman Empire38 / 481 year, 0 days (365)Later reconciled (see above)Zephyrinus
    20 Dec 217 – 28 Sep 235Saint HippolytusHippolytusHippolytus170Rome,Roman Empire45 / 65 (†66)17 years, 282 days (6491)Later reconciled withPope Pontian (see above)Callixtus I
    Urban I
    Pontian
    Mar 251 – Aug 258NovatianNovatianusNovatianc. 200Rome,Roman Empire51 / 58 (†93)7 years, 153 days (2710)Founder ofNovatianismCornelius
    Lucius I
    Stephen I
    Sixtus II
    20 Apr 309 – 16 Aug 310HeracliusHeracliusHeracliusc. 265Rome,Roman Empire45 / 461 year, 118 days (483)Eusebius
    355 – 26 Nov 365Felix II*Felix secundusFelixc. 270Rome,Roman Empire80 / 9010 years, 329 days (3982)Installed byRoman emperorConstantius IILiberius
    1 Oct 366 – 16 Nov 367UrsicinusUrsicinusUrsinusc. 300Rome,Roman Empire66 / 671 year, 46 days (411)Damasus I
    27 Dec 418 – 3 Apr 419EulaliusEulaliusEulaliusc. 370Rome,Roman Empire38 / 39 (†42)1 year, 46 days (411)Boniface I
    22 Nov 498 – Aug 506/08LaurentiusLaurentiusLorenzo Celioc. 460Rome,Roman Empire38 / 46 (†48)9 years, 283 days (3569)Supported byByzantine emperorAnastasius ISymmachus
    22 Sep 530 – 14 Oct 530DioscorusDioscurusDióskorosc. 450Alexandria70 / 7022 days (22)Boniface II
    16 Jun 687 – 21 Sep 687TheodoreTheodorusTheodorec. 599Rome,Duchy of Rome88 / 88 (†92)97 days (97)Sergius I
    21 Sep 687 – 27 Dec 687Paschal (I)PaschalisPascalec. 598Rome, Duchy of Rome89 / 89 (†94)97 days (97)
    28 Jun 767 – 6 Aug 768Constantine IIConstantinus secundusKonstantinusc. 700Rome, Duchy of Rome67 / 68 (†69)1 year, 39 days (405)BetweenPaul I andStephen III
    31 Jul 768PhilipPhilippusPhilipc. 701Rome, Duchy of Rome68 / 68 (†99)0 days (0)Installed by envoy ofLombard KingDesideriusStephen III
    25 Jan – 31 May 844John VIIIJoannes octavusGiovannic. 800Rome,Papal States44 / 44 (†91)151 days (151)Elected byacclamationSergius II
    Jan 855 – 31 Mar 855Anastasius III BibliothecariusAnastasius tertiusAnastasiusc. 810Rome,Papal States45 / 45 (†68)89 days (89)Benedict III
    3 Oct 903 – 27 Jan 904ChristopherChristophorusChristoforoc. 850Rome,Papal States53 / 54116 days (116)BetweenLeo V andSergius III
    6 December 963 – 26 February 964Leo VIII*Leo octavusLeonec. 915Rome,Papal States48 / 4982 days (82)Installed byemperorOtto the Great, opposed toJohn XII, later succeededBenedict V as a legitimate PopeJohn XII
    Jul 974Boniface VII*BonifaciusFranco Ferruccic. 900Rome,Papal States73 / 73 and 84 / 8530 days (30)
    334 days (334)
    total 364 days (364 days)
    BetweenBenedict VI andBenedict VII
    20 Aug 984 – 20 Jul 985BetweenJohn XIV andJohn XV
    Apr 997 – Feb 998John XVI*JoannesJohn Filagattoc. 941Rossano,Calabria,Papal States (Italy)56 / 56 (†59)1 year, 0 days (365)Supported byByzantine emperorBasil IIGregory V
    Jun 1012Gregory VIGregorius SextusGregorioc. 960Rome,Papal States52 / 52 (†60)29 days (29)Benedict VIII
    4 Apr 1058 – 24 Jan 1059Benedict X*Benedictus DecimusGiovanni Mincio deiConti di Tusculoc. 1000Rome,Papal States,58 / 59 (†80)295 days (295)Supported by theCounts of TusculumNicholas II
    July 1061 – 31 May 1064Honorius IIHonorius SecundusPietro Cadalus1010Verona,Papal States51 / 54 (†62)2 years, 335 days (1065)Supported byAgnes, regent of the Holy Roman EmpireAlexander II
    25 Jun 1080, 21 Mar 1084 – 8 Sep 1100Clement IIIClemens TertiusGuibert of Ravennac. 1029Parma,Papal States51 / 51, 54 / 7120 years, 44 days (7348)Supported byHenry IV, Holy Roman EmperorGregory VII
    Victor III
    Urban II
    Paschal II
    8 Sep 1100 – Jan 1101TheodoricTheodoricusTheodoroc. 1030Rome,Papal States,70 / 71 (†72)121 days (121)Successor toClement IIIPaschal II
    Jan 1101 – Feb 1102Adalbert or AlbertAdalbertusAlbertc. 1046Atella, Campania,Papal States,55 / 56 (†85)31 days (31)Successor toTheodoric
    8 Nov 1105 – 11 Apr 1111Sylvester IVSylvester QuartusMaginulfc. 1050Rome,Papal States49 / 55 (†56)5 years, 324 days (31)Supported byHenry V, Holy Roman Emperor
    10 Mar 1118 – 22 Apr 1121Gregory VIIIGregorius OctavusMaurice Burdainc. 1057Limousin,Occitania, France61 / 65 (†72)3 years, 43 days (1139)Gelasius II
    Callixtus II
    16 Dec 1124Celestine IICœlestinus SecundusTeobaldo Boccapeccic. 1050Rome,Papal States74 / 74 (†86)0 days (0)Honorius II
    14 Feb 1130 – 25 Jan 1138Anacletus IIAnacletus SecundusPietro Pierleonic. 1090Rome,Papal States48 / 487 years, 345 days (2902)Innocent II
    25 Jan 1138 – 28 Mar 1138Victor IVVictor QuartusGregorio Contic. 1057Ceccano,Papal States81 / 81 (†90)63 days (63)Successor toAnacletus II
    7 Sep 1159 – 20 Apr 1164Victor IVVictor QuartusOttavio di Montecelioc. 1095Tivoli,Papal States64 / 694 years, 226 days (1687)Supported byFrederick I, Holy Roman EmperorAlexander III
    22 Apr 1164 – 28 Sep 1168Paschal IIIPaschalis TertiusGuido di Cremac. 1110Crema, Lombardy,Papal States54 / 584 years, 159 days (1620 days)
    Sep 1168 – 29 Aug 1178Callixtus IIICallixtus TertiusGiovanni of Strumac. 1090Arezzo,Papal States78 / 88 (†90)9 years, 362 days (3649 days)
    29 Sep 1179 – Jan 1180Innocent IIIInnocentius TertiusLanzo of Sezzac. 1120Sezze,Papal States59 / 60 (†63)95 days (95 days)
    12 May 1328 – 12 Aug 1330Nicholas VNicolaus QuintusPietro Rainalduccic. 1258Corvaro,Papal States70 / 742 years, 92 days (822 days)Supported byLouis IV, Holy Roman EmperorJohn XXII
    20 Sep 1378 – 16 Sep 1394Clement VIIClemensRobert of Geneva1342Annecy,France36/5215 years, 361 days (5840 days)AvignonUrban VI
    Boniface IX
    28 Sep 1394 – 23 May 1423Benedict XIIIBenedictusPedro de Luna25 November 1328Illueca,Aragon65/9428 years, 237 days (10463 days)Avignon
    Innocent VII
    Gregory XII
    Martin V
    25 Jun 1409 – 3 May 1410Alexander V*AlexanderPietro Philarghic. 1339Crete,Republic of Venice70 / 71312 days (312 days)PisaGregory XII
    25 May 1410 – 29 May 1415John XXIIIIoannes Vicecimus TertiusBaldassare Cossac. 136545 / 50 (†54)5 years, 6 days (1832 days)Pisa
    10 Jun 1423 – 26 Jul 1429Clement VIIIClemens OctavusGil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón1370Teruel,Aragon52 / 59 (†77)6 years, 49 days (2241 days)AvignonMartin V
    1424–1430Benedict XIVBenedictus Quartus DecimusBernard Garnier1370France54 / 59 (†89)6 years, 211 days (2403 days)Claimed successor toBenedict XIII – aka "The hidden pope"  
    1430–1437Benedict XIVBenedictus Quartus DecimusJean Carrierc. 1370France59 / 667 years, 242 days (2799 days)
    5 Nov 1439 – 7 Apr 1449Felix VFœlixDuke Amadeus VIII of Savoy4 September 1383Chambéry,Savoy56/65 (†67)9 years, 153 days (3441)Elected by theCouncil of BaselEugene IV
    Nicholas V

    Quasi-cardinal-nephews

    [edit]
    Main article:List of cardinal-nephews

    Many antipopes created cardinals, known asquasi-cardinals, and a few createdcardinal-nephews, known asquasi-cardinal-nephews.

    Quasi-cardinalNephew ofElevatedNotes
    Giacomo AlbertiAntipope Nicholas V15 May 1328Excommunicated byPope John XXII.[15]
    Amedeo SaluzzoAntipope Clement VII23 Dec 1383AbandonedAntipope Benedict XIII after having been deposed by him on 21 October 1408; participated in theCouncil of Pisa, the election ofPope Alexander V (now regarded as an antipope), theCouncil of Constance, and the conclave ofPope Martin V.[15]
    Tommaso BrancaccioAntipope John XXIII6 Jun 1411Attended theCouncil of Constance, and the conclave ofPope Martin V.[16]
    Gil Sánchez MuñozAntipope Clement VIII26 Jul 1429Submitted toPope Martin V after his uncle abdicated.[17]

    Modern minor claimants

    [edit]

    The concept of the antipope has continued into the modern day, with most current claimants being adherents to theSedevacantist movement, a loose collection oftraditionalist Catholics who consider the more liberal decisions made during the 1962–1965Second Vatican Council to be heretical, rendering all subsequent popes illegitimate.[18] However, the term "antipope" is rarely used in reference to these modern pretenders, likely due to their small followings and lack of influence in the mainstream Roman Catholic Church. ProfessorMagnus Lundberg of theUniversity of Uppsala coined the term "Alternative Popes" to refer to these modern minor Popes.[19]

    Modern Popes include:

    Lay namePapal nameTime as antipopeAssociated ChurchNotes
    Michel CollinClement XV1950-1974Apostles of Infinite LoveIn 1950, Collin declared that he had received a vision that God had crowned him Pope, and took the name Clement XV. Despite technically existing in opposition toPius XII andJohn XXIII he supported their papacies, but believed they were being supressed by theRoman Curia and only openly opposedPaul VI.[20]
    Michel Lavallée, also known as Fr. Mathurin de la Mère de DieuGregory XVIIIJanuary 2012-presentThe chosen successor of Michel Collin after Jean-Gaston Tremblay split from the Apostles of Infinite Love.[21]
    Jean-Gaston TremblayGregory XVII (French:Grégoire XVII) also known as John-Gregory XVII (Jean-Grégoire XVII)May 1969-31 December 2011
    • Apostles of Infinite Love (formerly)
    • Canadian Apostles of Infinite Love
    Initially a follower of Michel Collin (Clement XV) and Collin's designated successor, he split with the Apostles of Infinite Love in 1968 and declared himself pope. According to him, God had not given him the title of "Pope", but rather "Shepard of the Church".[20]
    Guiseppe ZaniRabbi or Rabi1974-presentIndependentThe leader of a religious group located inBrescia which spiritually recognise Michel Collins as Clement XV, but are otherwise not connected to the Apostles of Infinite Love.[20]
    Timothy Joseph Blasio Atilan/a[note 1]1964–1998Legio MariaThe first Pope of the Legio Maria following the death of Simeo Ondeto.[22][note 2]
    Maria Pius Lawrence Jairo Chiaji Adera1998–2004The second Pope of the Legio Maria.[22]
    Raphael Titus Otieno2004-presentThe third Pope of the Legio Maria. His Papacy has been disputed by Romanus On’gombe since 2010.[22]
    Romanus Alphonsus On’gombe2010-presentA Pope in opposition to Raphael Otieno, whose Papacy he disputes. This has caused the Legio Maria to have two Popes, whose supporters violently clash with each other.[22]
    Clemente Domínguez y Gómez, also known as Fernando María de la Santa FazGregory XVII1978–2005Palmarian Catholic ChurchAn alleged seer, visionary, and mystic. Following the death ofPaul VI, he founded the Palmarian Catholic Church and declared himself the 263rd Pope in opposition toJohn Paul I and laterJohn Paul II.[23]
    Manuel Alonso Corral, also known as Isidoro María de la Santa FazPaul IIMarch 2005-July 2011The second Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church and claimed to be the 264th Pope in opposition toJohn Paul II andBenedict XVI.[23]
    Ginés Jesús Hernández y Martínez, also known as Sergio María de la Santa FazGregory XVIIIJuly 2011-April 2016The third Pope of the Palmarian church and claimed to be the 265th Pope in opposition toBenedict XVI andPope Francis. In April 2016 he abdicated and left the church, then reconciled with theVatican.[23]
    Markus Josef Odermatt, also known as Eliseo María de la Santa FazPeter IIIApril 2016-presentThe fourth Pope of the Palmarian church and claimed to be the 266th Pope in opposition toPope Francis andLeo XIV.[23]
    Gino FredianiImmanuel I1974-1984New Universal Church of the Sacred Heart of JesusHe claimed to receive a vision from the ProphetHabakkuk to build a Holy Church to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. He is the only Pope of the church, as his followers believe that he will return from Heaven to save them.[24]
    Chester Olszewski
    • Chriszekiel Elias
    • Christen Elias
    • Peter II
    31 May 1977-?Holy Family Catholic ChurchAnEpiscopalian priest from theUnited States, he became obsessed with a bleeding statue owned by a woman called Anne Poore, and believed it was his mission to restore Catholicism, declaring himself Pope and founding the Holy Family Catholic Church alongside some friends.[25]
    Francis Konrad SchuckardtHadrian VIIUnclear, post-1962Congregation of Mary Immaculate QueenAsedevacantist, he was one of the most well-known opponents ofVatican II and founded the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen. Although never publicly declaring himself as an antipope, an authorised biography by a member of the church refers to him as "Hadrian VII", and has an illustration of him receiving thePapal Tiara.[26]
    Aimé Baudet
    • Peter II
    • Peter Athanasius II
    c. 1984-?Palmarian Catholic Church (formerly)Possibly anurban legend, there are reports that this individual was crowned Pope atSt. Peter's Tomb in 1984.[27]
    Pierre-Henri DuboisPeter IIn/aErroneously reported as an antipope, he was in fact elected asPatriarch of Belgium under the name Peter IV.[27]
    Olinto Vestini, also known as Valeriano VestiniValerian I1990-1995Missionary Order for the Salvation of SoulsPreviously a member of theCapuchin order, he was informed by seers that he had been elected as Pope by divine intervention. He then created the Missionary Order for the Salvation of Souls and declared himself antipope in opposition toJohn Paul II, but in 1995 left the mission and rejoined the Capuchins.[28]
    Maurice ArchieriPeter II (French:Pierre II)1995-2016IndependantHe received a vision where theHoly Ghost elected him Pope and called himself Paul II. He didn't oppose the Vatican per se, but believed that the Vatican Pope was the material head of a different religion and thus he was the true Pope.[29]
    Julius TischlerPeter IIc. 1998IndependantLittle is known about Julius, except that he was a German man who declared himself Pope in 1998,[30] however Joachim Bouflet asserts that this may be the pseudonym of Franz Engelhardt, or that Julius would be the last Pope to exist, being consecrated in 1998, based off a claim made in 1972.[31]
    Thsung Zhong Huai-de, also known as Robert ChungPius XIV1999-2002Independant (Traditionalist)He claimed to have been elected as Pope inTaipei in a 1999 Conclave with 75 traditionalist clergy present.[30]
    Reinaldus Michael Benjamins, also known as Brother Raymond of the TrinityGregory XIX2001-c. 2005IndependantA clergyman fromMalone, New York, he declared himself Pope in 2001 and was active till at least 2005.[30]
    Mathias ViganChristopher XVIII (French:Christophe XVIII)2012-presentThe Most Holy Church of Jesus Christ, Banamè Mission (French:La Très Sainte Église de Jésus-Christ, Mission de Banamè)Previously aCatholic Priest, during an exorcism of a woman called Vicentia Tchranvoukinni she convinced him of a mission to "renew" the Catholic Church. When the pair were declared heretics and apostates in 2011, Vicentia crowned Vigan as Pope.[32]
    William Kamm, also known as Little PebblePeter IIThe futureOrder of Saint CharbelKamm and his followers do not directly oppose the Vatican, instead they believe that Kamm will eventually succeed the Pope as the prophesised Peter II, and lead the Papacy during the apocalypse.[33]
    David BawdenMichael IJuly 1990-August 2022The Vatican in ExileA leader of theconclavism movement, Bawden was elected Pope during a conclave in 1990 composed of his friends and family and subsequently established the Vatican in Exile, ordaining bishops and other clergymen.[34]
    Rogelio del Rosario Martinez Jr.Michael IIAugust 2023-presentThe second conclavist antipope after Bawden, Martinez was elected in a conclave held inVienna.[34]
    Victor Von PentzLinus IIJune 1994-2021Independant (Sedevacantist)An antipope elected at asedevacantist Papal election inAssisi who believed that the Popes elected followingVatican II were heretics.[35]
    Lucian Pulvermacher
    • Pius XIII
    • Peter II
    October 1998-2009Catholic Church[note 3] (Sedevacantist)A formerCapuchin elected in a small layman conclave inMontana, Pulvermacher became the head of the Catholic Church in exile. Following his death, the process of electing a new Pope began, but as of 2025, they haven't elected a new Pope.[36]
    Joaquín Llorens GrauAlexander IX2005-presentCongregación Mercedaria Sagrada Tradición Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Generala de los Ejércitos Celestiales, CorredentoraA part of the traditionalist missionary Congregación founded by Antonio Velasco, Grau was elected as Pope in the group's first conclave and opposesPope Francis andLeo XIV.[37]
    Oscar MichaelliLeo XIV2006-2008The Catholic Apostolic Remnant ChurchSupposedly three Argentinian priests that believed insedevacantism and were elected as subsequent Popes, the church is regarded as a hoax since it has never been able to prove its existence beyond a webpage.[38]
    Juan Bautista BonettiInnocent XIVMarch–May 2008
    Alejandro GreicoAlexander IX24 May 2008-present
    Bryan Richard ClaytonAthanasius I2011-? (possibly 2012)Hasidean Catholic ChurchA travelling exorcist, he held the belief that all Popes afterLeo XIII were antipopes sincePius X reformed theRoman Breviary. He held a conclave to elect himself as Pope Athanasius and founded the Hasidean Catholic Church, however some of his followers believe he excommunicated himself in 2012 when he changed the words he used in his Mass fromLatin ones toHebrew ones.[39]
    Douglas KuzellPetrus Romanus (Peter II)c. 2010-Faithful RemnantKuzell and his wife Teresa Jackson believe themselves to be the last two witnesses mentioned in theBook of Revelation, and additionally that Douglas is the last Pope, Petrus Romanus, mentioned in a prophecy about the Bible.[40]
    Antonio José HurtadoPeter II (Spanish:Pedro II)1939-1955IndependantA Colombian self-traineddentist, Hurtado believed he would be the Pope to succeedPius XI, however after getting mocked for his belief follow Pius' death and rejected by the Vatican, he declared himself the antipope and established a journal,El Emmanuel, to spread his beliefs, however he never gained much of a following outside his hometown ofBarbosa and was buried as a Roman Catholic.[41]
    Ubaldo RolónPedro Segundo (Spanish:Peter II)2007-2016The Church of JesusA "transcendentperonist" and member of theIron Guard, he received visions that he was "Peter, the Prince of the Apostles" and the last Pope. He subsequently declared himself Pedro Segundo and began to spread his teachings in a movement called The Church of Jesus until he died in 2016.[42]
    Giuseppe Maria Abbaten/a[note 4]1917-1963New Jerusalem Catholic ChurchAn Italian-American immigrant who ran a barbershop, Giuseppe believed he was divinely ordained to be the Celestial Messenger when he had a vision ofJesus walking into his barbershop, ordaining him as a priest, and telling him to found a new Church. Giuseppe did so, and directly opposed the Catholic Church and the Pope.[43]
    Adam Anthony OraczewskiAdam II1927-1973IndependantA suspended Roman Catholic priest, in 1927 he publishedAll in One True Faith which depicted himself wearing Papal robes and declared that he was Pope Adam II, and proposed a radical ecclesiastical reform that he believed would bring greater piety and human unity. He continued calling himself Adam II until his death in 1973.[44]
    Franz Engelhardt, also known as Ferenc Egerszégi and possibly as Julius TischlerPeter IIFutureIndependantHe claimed to be mystically present atFatimah during theMarian apparitions that happened in 1917, and that he was the 'fourth seer' who had received a message about the Apocalypse. He therefore claimed that he was the future Peter II, however when he was arrested by theBundesgrenzschutz and sentenced for the sexual abuse of minors, his followers dissapeared.[31]
    Ján Maria Michał Kowalskin/an/aCatholic Mariavite ChurchAlthough he never made the claim himself, his supporters saw him as the 'Slavic Pope' that Polish nationalist authors wrote about and subsequently viewed PopesBenedict XV andPius XI as illegitimate.[45]
    Mario Samuele MorciaSupreme Pontiff Samuele2015-presentThe Universal Christian Church of the New JerusalemElected as Supreme Pontiff following the establishment of the Universal Church, Samuele has opposedPope Francis, seeing him as illegitimate.[46]
    Eduardo Dávila GarzaEduardo I1933-1985Iglesia Católica Apostolica MexicanaBorn into the Iglesia Católica Apostolica Mexicana, Eduardo rose through the ranks until he succeeded Patriarch José Joquín Pérez Budar, where he subsequently assumed the title of "Pope and Supreme Pontiff of Mexico and the Americas". His church got into conflicts with the Roman Catholic church in Mexico, however after his death in 1985 the support for his movement dwindled and no-one was ever elected as his successor.[47]
    Tsietsi Daniel Makitin/a2017-presentGabola ChurchFormerly a priest of theOld Apostolic Church, he left that church after having a spiritual revelation to found a new church where individuals worship through the consumption ofalcoholic beverages. The Catholic Church has declared Makiti to be a heretic.[48]
    Philbert LondonEmmanuel?-2024Beacon Ministries and the House of MajestyAtelevangelist, he declared himself to be Pope Emmanuel and the true voice of God.[48]
    Valdir RosPedro II1985-1994Instituto Estrela MissionáriaConsidered to be mentally ill by Bishop Adriano Hypólito of the Nova Iguaçu diocese, Ros formed his own mission in his own house and began to host ever more charismatic sermons. When he was confronted by Bishop Adriano for preaching whilst not being ordained, he publicly declared that all Popes fromJohn XXIII toJohn Paul II were heretics and renouncedVatican II, declaring himself as Pope Pedro II. He continued to claim the Papacy up until his death in 1994, when his followers mostly dispersed.[49]

    Other minor and less public antipopes exist, including controversial spiritual leaders who may face such accusations from their detractors. The Filipino priest Rufino S. Magliba, head of the Crusaders Divine Church of Christ inSan Fabian, Pangasinan,Philippines, has frequently been accused of being an antipope, but there are no reliable sources that he himself has ever made such claims.[citation needed]

    Antipopes of Alexandria

    [edit]

    ThePatriarch of Alexandria, the historical center of Christianity inEgypt since the Roman Empire, has historically also held thetitle of pope, and as a result, a person who claims that title in direct opposition to a generally accepted pope of Alexandria may be considered an antipope. The title is simultaneously claimed by theCoptic Orthodox Church, theGreek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, theCoptic Catholic Church, and theMelkite Catholic Church (the latter two, while being in full communion with Rome, still maintain the position of Patriarch of Alexandria as a significant church leader).

    In the modern day, with the rise ofecumenism and the recognition of Christianity's complicated history, these four men typically do not view one another as antipopes, but rather as successors to different lines ofapostolic succession resulting from theological disputes in the fifth century. However, there have been certain instances where the official declaration of an antipope has been deemed necessary. For example, in 2006 formerlector of the Coptic Orthodox Church Max Michel, who had previously formed the independent St. Athanasius Church, declared himself Archbishop of Egypt and the Middle East under the name Maximus I, effectively becoming an antipope of Alexandria. His claims to the Alexandrian papacy were formally dismissed in a joint statement by both the Coptic OrthodoxPope Shenouda III andPope Theodore II of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria.[50]

    On the other hand, some scholars are less willing to refer to such pretenders as "antipopes", as the term has historically been used in reference to those who claim to be the bishop of Rome, the apostolic successors toSaint Peter, while the patriarchate of Alexandria originated withSaint Mark.[51]

    Papal conspiracy theories

    [edit]

    Somesedevacantist conspiracy theorists consider the incumbent Pope to be the antipope, as, for various reasons, they believe that the incumbent Pope is illegitimate. For supporters of theGiuseppe Siri conspiracy theory, which holds that white smoke seen on the first day of the conclave was announcing the selection ofGiuseppe Siri as Pope Gregory XVII until he was forced to stand down, the Pope that was elected in Siri's place,John XXIII, was an antipope as Siri was still the lawfully elected Pope.[52] Similarly, for supports ofBenevacantism, (the belief that PopeBenedict XVI did not validly resign),Pope Francis would be considered an antipope.[53][54] A similar fringe theory, "Catholic survivantism" states that PopePaul VI (born 1897) is still alive, and thus all successive Popes are antipopes. Believers of this theory also believe that the "Paul VI" that died in 1978 was an actor, and the real Paul VI is being held in prison.[51]

    Forconclavists, the argument that the current Pope is illegitimate or an antipope (either wholly orsedeprivationally) is important as it lends their own claims and conclaves legitimacy. The most common conclavist claim is thatPius XII was the last true Pope, and that all subsequent Popes are antipopes, however some place the date even earlier, with the Papacy ending with John XXIII. All these claims center around the reforms ofVatican II or the publication of the revisedRoman Rite, however.[51]

    In fiction

    [edit]

    Antipopes have appeared as fictional characters. These may be either inhistorical fiction, as fictional portraits of well-known historical antipopes or as purely imaginary antipopes.

    • Jean Raspail's novell'Anneau du pêcheur ("The Fisherman's Ring").[55]
    • Gérard Bavoux's novelLe Porteur de lumière ("The Light-bringer").[56]
    • The fictional synth-pop artistZladko Vladcik claims to be "The Anti-Pope" in one of his songs.[57]
    • Dan Simmons's novelsEndymion andThe Rise of Endymion feature the character of Father Paul Duré, who becomes PopeTeilhard I, but a few years later he is deposed and murdered by a secret group of high-ranking cardinals who disagree with his policies. They install a more tractable successor, and Duré is subsequently referred to by church leadership as the antipope. At the end of the last novel, it is mentioned that another person calling himself the pope of the Technocore loyal Catholics is recognized by very few even among that group, and he is also referred to as an antipope.
    • In theGirl Genius comics series, set in agaslamp fantasy version of Europe thrown into chaos by mad science (among other things), there is a brief reference to the existence of seven popes—all of whom apparently ordered a particular textburned.
    • Ralph McInerny's novelThe Red Hat features a schism between liberals and conservatives following the election of a conservative African Pope; the liberal faction elect an Italian cardinal who calls himself "Pius XIII".
    • In the video gameCrusader Kings II by Swedish developerParadox Interactive, Catholic rulers may appoint one of their bishops as an antipope. An emperor-tier ruler such as theHoly Roman Emperor may declare war on thePapal States to install their antipope as the "true" pope, therebyvassalizing the papacy.
    • In the video gameAge of Empires II, the third scenario in the game'sBarbarossa campaign is called "Pope and Antipope" and is based on theSiege of Crema and the subsequentWars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
    • In episode 3 ofThe Black Adder (set in the late 15th century), "The Archbishop",Baldrick remarks on selling counterfeit papal pardons, that one for the highest crimes requires the signatures of "both popes" (implying one pope and one antipope). At the end of the episode, theMother Superior of the localconvent informsEdmund that he has beenexcommunicated by "all three popes".
    • The Last Fisherman by Randy England features an anti-pope John XXIV elected in opposition to Pope Brendan I.
    • Bud McFarlane'sPierced by a Sword includes an anti-pope John XXIV who is elected when the assassination attempt on Pope Patrick (fictional successor toJohn Paul II) is believed to have succeeded. He commits suicide at the end of the book.
    • Chilling Adventures of Sabrina features an antipope who leads the Churches of Darkness. This antipope reigns in the Vatican Necropolis beneath Rome.
    • In the TV seriesThe New Pope, after the fictional Pius XIII is put in a coma, Pope Francis II is elected as a replacement. Francis II later dies and is replaced by John Paul III, the titular protagonist. Pius XIII later wakes up, creating a situation where both men have a claim on the Papacy.

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^"Antipope".Encyclopædia Britannica. 30 May 2023. Retrieved26 June 2023.
    2. ^Of Pope Leo VIII, theAnnuario Pontificio, theHoly See's yearbook, says: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes" (note 19 to the list of popes in theAnnuario Pontificio). Of Pope Benedict V it says: "If Pope Leo VIII was lawful Pope, [...] Benedict V is an antipope" (note 20 to the list of popes).
    3. ^"Saint Hippolytus of Rome".Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 January 2020. Archived fromthe original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved6 December 2021.
    4. ^Dal Covolo, Enrico (September 1997)."The catacombs the destination of the great jubilee".Tertium Millennium.Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved26 June 2023.
    5. ^Historia Ecclesiastica, V, 28
    6. ^Dix, Gregory; Chadwick, Henry (2013).The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St Hippolytus of Rome, Bishop and Martyr. Routledge. p. xvii.ISBN 978-1-1361-0146-5. Retrieved7 June 2017.
    7. ^Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature: Zephyrinus
    8. ^Chapman, John (1911)."Monarchians".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved3 September 2007 – viaNew Advent.
    9. ^"Pope Martin V".Catholic Encyclopedia – via New Advent.
    10. ^Annuario Pontificio. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2012. p. 12.ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0.
    11. ^"List of Popes".Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved20 August 2015 – via New Advent.
    12. ^Previté-Orton, Charles William (1952).The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 1 (1975 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 477.ISBN 978-0-5212-0962-5.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
    13. ^Kelly, J. N. D.; Walsh, Michael J., eds. (2010)."Celestine (d. 1124)".A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.).Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-1992-9581-4.
    14. ^Boccapecora Miranda, Salvatore (2018)."Boccapecora, Teobaldo".The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. Retrieved26 June 2023.
    15. ^abMiranda, Salvador (1998)."14th Century (1303–1404)".The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. Retrieved26 June 2023.
    16. ^Miranda, Salvador (1998)."Antipope] John XXIII (1410–1415): Consistory of 6 June 1411 (I)".The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Biographical Dictionary. Florida International University. Retrieved26 June 2023.
    17. ^Miranda, Salvador (1998)."15th Century (1404–1503)".The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University.
    18. ^Appleby, R. Scott (1995),Being Right: Conservative Catholics in America,Indiana University Press, p. 257,ISBN 978-0253329226
    19. ^Lundberg, Magnus."The Alternative Pope Project". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    20. ^abcLundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 2: Apostles of Infinite Love, France". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    21. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Apostles of Infinite Love". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    22. ^abcdLundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 4: The Legio Maria". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    23. ^abcdLundberg, Magnus (2015)."Palmar de Troya: Holy Catholic Apostolic Palmarian Church"(PDF).Partnership for Understanding World Religions and Spirituality at Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 6 April 2016.
    24. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 6: The New Universal Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    25. ^Lundberg, Magnus."The Pope of Eddystone, Pennsylvania". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    26. ^Lundberg, Magnus."New Research Report: Francis Schuckardt, the Papacy, and the Apocalypse". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    27. ^abLundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 9: Two Uncertain Cases". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    28. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 10: The Missionary Order for the Salvation of Souls". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    29. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Maurice Archieri: The French Vicar of Christ". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    30. ^abcLundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 12: Three Little Known Cases". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    31. ^abLundberg, Magnus."Franz Engelhardt: The Fourth Seer of Fatima and Future Pope Peter II". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    32. ^Lundberg, Magnus."New Study on Pope Christophe XVIII and La Très Sainte Église de Jésus-Christ, Mission de Banamè in Benin". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    33. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 14: William Kamm". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    34. ^abLundberg, Magnus."Pope Michael". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    35. ^Lundberg, Magnus."The Invisible Pope: Linus II and the 1994 Assisi Conclave". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    36. ^Lundberg, Magnus."The Invisible Pope: Linus II and the 1994 Assisi Conclave". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    37. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 19: The Catholic and Mercedarian Church". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    38. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 20: A Papal Hoax". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    39. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 21: Athanasius I". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    40. ^Lundberg, Magnus."The Faithful Remnant and the Canadian Last Pope". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    41. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 23: Colombian Pedro II". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    42. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Modern Alternative Popes 24: Argentinean Pedro Segundo". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    43. ^Lundberg, Magnus; Craig, James W. (2018).Giuseppe Maria Abbate: The Italian-American Celestial Messenger(PDF).Uppsala: Department of Theology, Uppsala University. Retrieved15 November 2025.
    44. ^Lundberg, Magnus (2025).A Polish-American Pope: Adam Oraczewsk -Adam II(PDF).Uppsala: Department of Theology, Uppsala University. Retrieved15 November 2025.
    45. ^Lundberg, Magnus."The Slavic Pope? Jan Maria Michał Kowalski and the Mariavites". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    46. ^https://magnuslundberg.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/bambino-gesu-finished3.pdf[bare URL PDF]
    47. ^Lundberg, Magnus."Eduardo Dávila – Pope Eduardo I". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    48. ^abLundberg, Magnus."Pope Tsietsi Makiti and the Gabola Church". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    49. ^Lundberg, Magnus."New Research Report on Valdir Ros – Pedro II: The Pope of Nova Iguaçu, Brazil". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    50. ^"Common Statement Between The Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa Regarding Max Michel"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 11 May 2008. Retrieved3 October 2016.
    51. ^abc"Modern Alternative Popes 1: Introduction". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    52. ^"Modern Alternative Popes 15: The Cardinal Siri Thesis". Retrieved15 November 2025.
    53. ^Heschmeyer, Joe."A Response to Patrick Coffin's "Seven Pieces of Evidence That Francis Is an Antipope"".Catholic Answers. Retrieved16 March 2025.
    54. ^Heschmeyer, Joe."Was Benedict XVI the True Pope the Whole Time?".Catholic Answers. Retrieved16 March 2025.
    55. ^Jean Raspail,L'Anneau du pêcheur, Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. 403 p.ISBN 2-226-07590-9
    56. ^Gérard Bavoux,Le Porteur de lumière, Paris: Pygmalion, 1996. p. 329ISBN 2-85704-488-7
    57. ^Zladko Vladcik – I am the Antipope. 21 January 2007.Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved20 August 2015 – via YouTube.
    1. ^The Legio Maria Popes do not assume Papal names but rather place "Pope" at the beginning of their full name,. ie: Raphael Titus Otieno would be Pope Raphael Titus Otieno, however sometimes this is shortened to Pope "last name" for convenience, ie: Pope Otieno.
    2. ^Simeon Ondeto is sometimes considered as the first Pope of the Legio Maria, but the group themselves refer to Ondeto as the Messiah, not a Pope.
    3. ^Strictly speaking, the Catholic Church considers itself to be the same as theCatholic Church, and emphasise that the "the" in "the Catholic Church" should remain uncapitalized.
    4. ^Abbate didn't have a Papal name, but rather used a variety of titles for himself including: Celestial Messenger (Italian:Messaggero Celeste), Celestial Father (Italian:Padre Celeste), Universal Protector, St. Michael the Archangel, the Prince of Peace, God’s Vicar on Earth, andthe Celestial King.

    External links and bibliography

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