Antigua and Barbuda[d] is asovereignarchipelagic country in theCaribbean composed ofAntigua,Barbuda, andnumerous other small islands. Antigua and Barbuda has a total area of 440 km2 (170 sq mi), making it one of the smallest countries in the Caribbean. The country is mostly flat, with the highest points on Antigua being in theShekerley Mountains and on Barbuda theHighlands. The country has a tropical savanna climate, with pockets of tropical monsoon in Antigua's southwest. Its most populated city isSt. John's, followed byAll Saints andBolans. Most of the country resides in the corridor between St. John's andEnglish Harbour.
Hunter-gatherers settled the islands starting around 3000 BC, likely arriving on canoes from Central and South America. They were followed by theArawaks ofVenezuela during theCeramic Period. In 1493,Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which resulted in an attempt at Spanish settlement in 1520. Antigua remained uncolonised until 1632 when Edward Warner and his small party created the first successful British colony. Barbuda was under the control of theCodrington family until the 1860s. Antiguan independence was first proposed byPrince Klaas in 1728, who attempted to make the island an independent kingdom. After emancipation in 1834, Antigua's autonomy slowly increased, while Barbuda was slowly integrated into Antigua. The first democratic elections were held in 1951, and by 1981, Antigua and Barbuda was independent. From 1960 until 2004, the Bird family dominated thearchipelago's politics with only one interruption, which ended with the election ofBaldwin Spencer to the premiership.
Antigua is Spanish for 'ancient' andbarbuda is Spanish for 'bearded'.[12] The island of Antigua was originally calledWaladli by theArawaks, and theCaribs possibly called BarbudaWa'omoni.Christopher Columbus, while sailing by in 1493, may have named itSanta Maria la Antigua, after an icon in the SpanishSeville Cathedral. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there.[13] The termWadadli is a corrupted form of the original Arawak name, emerging from a misspelling in a popular 1970s song. The term is sometimes used in Antiguan and Barbudan Creole to refer to the island's original name.[14][15]Aanteega an' Baabyuuda is the Creole endonym for the country, deriving from the English name.
Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493.[16][17] The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the native population;smallpox was probably the greatest killer.[22]
The English settled on Antigua in 1632;[17][16] Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685.[17][16] Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves transported from West Africa, who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers.[16]
The English maintained control of the islands, repulsing an attempted French attack in 1666.[16] The brutal conditions endured by the slaves led to revolts in 1701 and 1729 and a planned revolt in 1736, the last led byPrince Klaas, though it was discovered before it began and the ringleaders were executed.[23][24]Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, affecting the economy.[17][16] This was exacerbated by natural disasters such as the 1843 earthquake and the 1847 hurricane.[16] Mining occurred on the isle ofRedonda, however, this ceased in 1929 and the island has since remained uninhabited.[25]
The first two decades of Antigua's independence were dominated politically by the Bird family and the ABLP, withVere Bird ruling from 1981 to 1994, followed by his sonLester Bird from 1994 to 2004.[16] Though providing a degree of political stability, and boosting tourism to the country, the Bird governments were frequently accused of corruption, cronyism and financial malfeasance.[17][16]Vere Bird Jr., the elder son, was forced to leave the cabinet in 1990 following ascandal in which he was accused of smuggling Israeli weapons to Colombian drug-traffickers.[27][28][17] Another son,Ivor Bird, was convicted of possessingcocaine in 1995.[29][30]
Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 byHurricane Irma, which brought winds with speeds reaching 295 km/h (185 mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.[36]Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 million,[37] the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law ofcommunal land ownership by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "disaster capitalism".[38]
Limestone formations, rather than volcanic activity, have had the most impact on the topography of both Antigua and Barbuda, which are both relatively low-lying islands. Boggy Peak, also known as Mt. Obama from 2008 to 2016, is the highest point on both Antigua and Barbuda. It is the remnant of a volcanic crater and rises a total of 402 meters. Boggy Peak is located in the southwest of Antigua (1,319 feet).[12][16]
Both of these islands have very irregularly shaped coastlines that are dotted with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbours. There are reefs and shoals that surround the islands on all sides. Because of the low amount of rainfall, there are not many streams. On neither of these islands can sufficient quantities of fresh groundwater be found.[12]
Redonda is a small, uninhabited island located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) to the south-west of Antigua. Redonda is a rocky island.[16]
In Antigua and Barbuda,forest cover is about 18% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,120 ha of forests in 2020, down from 10,110 ha in 1990.[39][40]
Antigua and Barbuda consists mostly of its two namesake islands,Antigua, andBarbuda. Other than that, Antigua and Barbuda's biggest islands are Guiana Island and Long Island off the coast of Antigua, andRedonda island, which is far from both of the main islands.
Rainfall averages 990 mm (39 in) per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season. In general, the wettest period is between September and November. The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts. Temperatures average 27 °C (80.6 °F), with a range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 29 °C (84.2 °F) in the winter to from 25 °C (77.0 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) in the summer and autumn. The coolest period is between December and February.
Hurricanes are common, including the powerfulCategory 5Hurricane Irma, on 6 September 2017, which damaged 95% of the structures on Barbuda.[41] Some 1,800 people were evacuated to Antigua.[42]
Officials quoted byTime indicated that over $100 million would be required to rebuild homes and infrastructure. Philmore Mullin, Director of Barbuda's National Office of Disaster Services, said that "all critical infrastructure and utilities are non-existent – food supply, medicine, shelter, electricity, water, communications, waste management". He summarised the situation as follows: "Public utilities need to be rebuilt in their entirety... It is optimistic to think anything can be rebuilt in six months ... In my 25 years in disaster management, I have never seen something like this."[43]
Like otherisland nations, Antigua and Barbuda faces unique environmental issues created by its proximity to the ocean, and small size. These include pressures on drinking water resources, natural ecosystems, and deforestation more generally.
Not only do these issues threaten the residents of the island, but also interfere with the economy – where tourism is 80% of the GDP.[45] The 2017 hurricane season was particularly destructive, withHurricane Maria andHurricane Irma, repeatedly damaging vulnerable infrastructure on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.[46]
TheNational Bureau of Statistics estimated a population of 105,182 in 2025, making Antigua and Barbuda one of the least populated countries in the Caribbean. This is an increase of 24% from the 2011 census.[47] Between 2008 and 2020, Antigua and Barbuda had an average of 1,188 live births per year, or one birth every seven hours.[48] In 2011, 62% of Antiguans and Barbudans aged fifteen or over were never married, 27% were married, 5% were divorced or separated, and 3% were widowed.[49] In 2022, thetotal fertility rate stood at 1.6 children per woman, significantly lower than the average of Caribbean small states.[50] The main driver of population growth in Antigua and Barbuda is immigration.[51]
Antigua and Barbuda's population density of 211 people per square kilometre is considerably low for the region, with Barbuda being among the least densely populated islands in the Caribbean.[52] Antigua and Barbuda is one of the least urbanized countries in the world, with only 24% of the country inhabiting an urban area in 2023. The rural population is considered to be growing.[53] Most of the country resides in the All Saints road corridor between St. John's and English Harbour.[54] The centre of population for 2011 was inSt. Claire.
In 2011, the majority of Antiguan and Barbudan homes were detached (84%), with eight percent being apartments or condos, and the remainder primarily being duplexes or townhouses.[55] Forty-five percent of homes were owned outright, thirty percent were rented private, and thirteen percent were owned with a mortgage.[56]
Largest ethnic group by enumeration district in Antigua, 2011
African
White
Other mixed
Uninhabited
Respondents in the 2011 census self-reported over fifteen ethnic identities.[51] In order of population, the major pan-ethnic groups chosen wereAfrican (87.27%),other mixed (3.80%),Hispanic (2.75%),white (1.65%),Indian (India) (1.11%), other (0.94%),mixed black/white (0.93%), not stated (0.88%), andSyrian or Lebanese (0.67%).[57] The following groups were put in the category of "other": Amerindian (0.37% of the total population), Chinese (0.17%), Asian (0.14%), and Portuguese (0.11%). The remaining were some other ethnicity (0.13%).[58]
By proportion, Antigua and Barbuda has the highest foreign-born population in the Americas, with immigrants making up 30% of the population in 2011. Due to this high immigrant population, people among the African descendant population tend to identify with place of origin rather than with their ethnicity. The largest immigrant groups in Antigua and Barbuda areGuyanese (7.12%),Jamaicans (5.22%),Dominica (4.31%),Americans (3.07%), andDominican Republic (2.46%).[59] Most immigrants to the country are of African ethnicity, with a notable exception being Dominican Republic immigrants who are mostly of Hispanic origin.[60] Immigrants to Antigua and Barbuda, particularly those from lower-income countries, face significant discrimination in all aspects of society, although foreign-born persons have risen to the ranks of prime minister (Lester Bird)[61] and governor-general (Wilfred Jacobs).[62]
Antigua and Barbuda has no official language.[63] The most spoken language in the country is Antiguan and Barbudan Creole, with three of its seven varieties native to the country:North Antiguan, the standard variety spoken in most of the country;South Antiguan, a partially-intelligible variety spoken in an area known as "Round South", andBarbudan, spoken only in Barbuda.[64] The unofficial working language of the country isAntiguan and Barbudan English, which is used by all agencies of government and is the main language of business and academic communication. Virtually all persons who speak Antiguan and Barbudan Creole can also speak English, making nearly all people in the country bilingual.[65] As of 2011, the population used the following as their main language: North Antiguan (57.06%), South Antiguan (8.05%), Guyanese Creole (7.11%), standard English (6.12%), Jamaican Patois (5.21%), Spanish (2.45%), and Barbudan Creole (1.71%). 0.67% spoke an unidentified variety of Antiguan and Barbudan Creole, and the remainder primarily spoke other Caribbean dialects.
Antigua and Barbuda has a centralised primary and secondary education system supervised by the Director of Education, currently Clare Browne.[68] Education is free and compulsory for all children between ages five and sixteen.[69] Primary education starts inkindergarten and continues through grades one to six.[70] In the sixth grade, most students sit the Grade Six National Assessment that determines their secondary school placement– with the top one-hundred performers nationwide having the option to attend Antigua Grammar School or Antigua Girls' High School and the lowest performers attendingClare Hall Secondary School geography-permitting.[71][72][73] Following primary school, students attend secondary school, which is divided into five forms.[74] Most students terminate their education at fifth form, and among Antiguans and Barbudans aged twenty-five and over in 2011, 16.55% had only a primary school education, 48.34% had only a secondary education, and 27.24% finished their education in a tertiary institution such as a college or university.[75] In 2023, 3.1% of Antigua and Barbuda's GDP went to education.[76]
Themeeting place of the Parliament of Antigua and BarbudaThe Office of the Prime Minister, the headquarters of the executive branch–funds to build an official residence for the Prime Minister were instead used to build theSir Vivian Richards StadiumGovernment House, the official residence and working place of the Governor-General
The executive branch has two primary leaders. TheGovernor-General, currentlyRodney Williams, exercises the functions of theMonarch of Antigua and Barbuda, in whom executive power is vested in. The Governor-General serves at the pleasure of the Monarch,[83] and usually serves a similar term to that of thePrime Minister. The Prime Minister, currentlyGaston Browne, is thehead of government, and is appointed by the Governor-General. The Prime Minister must be a member of theHouse of Representatives, and must be the member of the House of Representatives who is most likely to command the support of the majority of members. The Governor-General has the ability to dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister, or when the majority of the members of the House of Representatives pass a motion of no confidence, and the Prime Minister does not within seven days resign or advise the Governor-General to dissolve Parliament.[83]
The legislative power of Antigua and Barbuda is vested in Parliament, which is composed of the Monarch, theSenate, and theHouse of Representatives. The Senate is composed of seventeen members, who are appointed by the Governor-General. Ten of the members are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, these members being known as government senators. An eleventh government senator is also appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, who must be an inhabitant of Barbuda. Four of the members are appointed on the advice of theLeader of the Opposition, these senators being known as opposition senators. One of the members is appointed on the advice of theBarbuda Council, and an independent senator is appointed under the discretion of the Governor-General himself. The House of Representatives is currently composed of seventeen elected members, as well as theSpeaker of the House, who is elected by the members of the House itself. TheAttorney General, while currently an elected member of Parliament,Steadroy Benjamin, may also be appointed to the House of Representatives as anex officio member. The Attorney-General also attends sittings of the Senate. Any bill except money bills may be introduced in either chamber: money bills may only be introduced in the House. Parliament may not amend theBarbuda Local Government Act without the consent of the Barbuda Council.[83]
Since the 1990s, the two major parties in Antigua have been the centre-right (formerly left-wing)Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party, and the left-wing social democratic United Progressive Party. The Labour Party and its predecessors have traditionally been the dominant party on the national level since the1946 general elections, with brief pauses during theProgressive Labour Movement government (predecessor of the UPP) from 1971 to 1976, and the United Progressive Party government from 2004 until 2014.[89] On Barbuda, dominant party is traditionally theBarbuda People's Movement, being the only political grouping in the Barbuda Council since2021.[90][89]
Antigua and Barbuda is composed ofsix parishes and two dependencies.Saint John is the most populous parish, home to well over half of Antigua and Barbuda's population.[91] During colonial times, the parishes were governed by parish vestries, however, the parishes now lack any sort of government.[92] Since the 2023 general elections, various proposals have been made to establish parish councils, however, as of January 2025, none have been established.[93][94] The dependency of Redonda is part of the parish of Saint John under theRedonda Annexation Act, in Magistrates' District "A".[95]
Local government in Antigua and Barbuda is completely inactive, except for theBarbuda Council which is enshrined in the Constitution.[96] Antigua historically had a system ofvillage councils in the 1940s (although the legislation was never repealed), however, theGaston Browne administration has expressed opposition to all forms of local governance.[97][98] St. John's also historically had a city council during the late 1800s and early 1900s,[99][100] however the St. John's Development Corporation has since consumed most of its functions.[101]
Antigua and Barbuda's foreign policy has been described by Gaston Browne as "we are friends of all; enemies of none". Antigua and Barbuda has rejected the notion that it is in any country's "backyard".[109][110] Antigua and Barbuda usually maintains close relations with otherSmall Island Developing States, and has hosted various summits on that subject.[111] The United Nations has also praised Antigua and Barbuda for its "United Nations-based multilateralism" efforts.[112] Antigua and Barbuda also has close relations with many Caribbean countries and territories, especiallyMontserrat,[113] which Antigua and Barbuda accepted 3,000 refugees from in 1997 after theSoufrière Hills eruption.[114] Many policies adopted by the Antiguan and Barbudan government have also often had an impact on Montserrat, due to Antigua and Barbuda hosting the main transportation links into the territory.[115]
TheNational Security Council is responsible for the coordination of Antigua and Barbuda's national security. The National Security Adviser is a member of the council and is responsible for the gathering of intelligence and information on national security matters.[119]
Violations of human rights in Antigua and Barbuda have been increasingly reported since 2017. In particular,a land crisis caused by Hurricane Irma has resulted in a deterioration of the relationship between the two main islands, with the central government repeatedly threatening to abolish the communal land system and allow non-Barbudans to purchase land on the island.[123] Freedom of the press, while guaranteed by the constitution, is not fully protected in Antigua and Barbuda, and members of the government are known to frequently sue political opponents and independent media houses for defamation.[124][125][126] Due to attacks on freedom of the press, self-censorship is common in the media, especially in the state-controlled[127]Antigua Broadcasting Service.[128] Antigua and Barbuda has been considered a democracy since2004.[129][130][131]
Constitutionally, the death penalty is legal, however, the constitution explicitly protects against inhumane punishment. Freedom of movement, assembly, and property are all protected under the constitution.[83] The High Court legalizedsame-sex sexual activity in July 2022.[132][133] Abortion is illegal in Antigua and Barbuda except to save the mother's life, although 72% of women have an abortion by age 44 and a High Court ruling is pending as of 2025 to legalise it.[134][135][136] The court system is considered independent in Antigua and Barbuda, with the courts especially distancing themselves from the government since 2022.[137] Trial by jury was largely abolished in 2024.[138]
Antigua is a high end travel destination, as seen here in the marina of English Harbour . . .
. . . but poverty is never far away.
Tourism dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP).[12][16] As a destination for the most affluent travelers, Antigua is well known for its extensive collection of five-star resorts. However, weaker tourist activity in lower and middle market segments since the beginning of the year 2000 has slowed the economy and put the government into a tight fiscal corner.[12] Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as abolishing personal income tax in 2016.[139][140]
The provision of investment banking and financial services also constitutes a significant portion of the economy. Major international financial institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank both maintain offices in Antigua. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG are some of the other companies in the financial services industry that have offices in Antigua.[141] In February 2009 the United States Securities and Exchange Commission leveled allegations against the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, part of theStanford Financial Group, which was owned by TexanAllen Stanford, of orchestrating a massive fraud that resulted in the theft of approximately $8 billion from investors.[142]
The nation, which consists of two islands, directs the majority of its agricultural production toward the markets that are found within the nation. This is done despite the fact that the nation has a limited water supply and a shortage of laborers as a result of the higher wages offered in the tourism and construction industries.[67]
Manufacturing comprises 2% of GDP and is made up of enclave-type assembly for export, the major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.[143] Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the United States,[67] from which about one-third to one-half of all tourists come.[144]
Access tobiocapacity is lower than world average. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares[145] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[146] In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares of biocapacity per person – theirecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Antigua and Barbuda contains. As a result, Antigua and Barbuda are running a biocapacity deficit.[145]
The Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) is the government authority responsible for processing all applications for Agent's Licenses as well as all applications for Citizenship by Investment made by applicants and their family members. This unit was established by the Prime Minister and is known as the Citizenship by Investment Unit.[147]
Antigua CarnivalTypical Antiguan homes inSaint MaryTypical Barbudan homes in Codrington
Themusic of Antigua and Barbuda has some African characteristics, with minimal influence from European music, but the music is distinct.[148] Records of music in Antigua and Barbuda dates back to Christopher Columbus' writings in 1493, when it was still home to Arawak and Carib people, still, very little research has been done on early music from the islands. African labourers are documented in history to have danced outside in the 1780s to the toombah (later tum tum), a drum adorned with tin and shell jingles, and the banjar (later bangoe, maybe related to the European banjo).[149] Antigua's indigenous music, known asBenna, came into being after slavery was abolished. Benna uses a call-and-response format, and its audience is typically interested in obscene gossip and rumours. Benna was widely utilised as a popular communication tool by the beginning of the 20th century, disseminating information around the island.[149][150]Benna has long been eclipsed by Calypso and increasingly Soca, which includes South Asian rhythms.
Theart of Antigua and Barbuda began with theArawak people. Their artwork included pictographs and petroglyphs. These geometric shapes, animals, and plant artworks are said to have been used for ceremonial or religious purposes. Painting, sculpture, and ceramics were among the artistic traditions that European settlers brought to Antigua and Barbuda. Local painters used European art forms to produce Antiguan and Barbudan art in their own unique styles. Social issues, nature, and Caribbean identity were the subjects of this artwork.[151] Traditional crafts from Antigua and Barbuda include scrimshaw, pottery, sculptures, ethnic dolls, and photography.[152]
Every year, on the island of Antigua, people celebrate their freedom from slavery with theAntigua Carnival modelled after European pre-Lent Carnival. Over thirteen days, there are brightly coloured costumes, talent events, beauty pageants and music. The celebration runs from late July to Carnival Tuesday, the first Tuesday in August. On the island, Carnival Tuesday and Monday are both observed as public holidays. In an effort to boost travel to Antigua and Barbuda, the Old Time Christmas Festival was replaced in 1957 by the Antiguan Carnival.[153][154][155] Another annual festival held in Antigua isAntigua Sailing Week. Sailing Week is a week-long yachtregatta held in the waters ofEnglish Harbour. Sailing Week was founded in 1967 and is known for being one of the top regattas in the world.[156][157] The main festival held in Barbuda is Caribana. Caribana takes place every year during Whit Monday weekend[158] and features various pageants, calypso competitions, and weekend beach parties.[159]
Antigua and Barbuda has eleven public holidays.[158] On the advice of the Cabinet, the Governor-General may also proclaim other holidays.[160] Historically, about three weeks before Christmas Day, carol singers would roam the various villages, carrying carol trees and lanterns. "John Bulls" are replicas of "masked African witch doctors", that often dominated the country's Christmas festivities. Jazz bands were also common sights, dressed in red and green clown costumes.[161]
The islands' cuisine is mostly of European origin (UK and Portugal) with regional ingredients. Fungee (pronounced "foon-jee") and pepperpot are the national dishes. Fungee is a cornmeal-based dish that resembles polenta.[162] Other national foods include saltfish (cod), lobster (from Barbuda), ducana (a sweet dumpling made from sweet potatoes and coconut), and seasoned rice, similar to Palau or arroz con pollo. Additionally, there are confections such as peanut brittle, sugar cake (made from coconut and sugar), fudge, and raspberry (local) and tamarind stew (sauce). TheAntigua black pineapple is prized for its juicy, sweet flesh. It is a well-liked fruit in the area and is included in many regional specialties and sweets. It is said to be the sweetest variety of pineapple.[163][164]
An important part of the Antiguan and Barbudan breakfast isAntigua Sunday bread. It is sold in many bakeries on both islands, and instead of being made with butter, it is made with lard. There are often decorative twists on the crust of the bread.[165][166]Antiguan raisin buns, often called "bun and cheese", is another traditional bread, which is sweet and most popular during Easter. It is sometimes made with spices such as nutmeg.[167]
^"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is thede facto national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda and is not codified in any legislation as of July 2025. Additionally, Antigua and Barbuda does not have a royal anthem.
^St. John's is the administrative centre by convention and the city's status is not defined in the law. Most diplomatic missions are located inMarble Hill.[1][2]
^English is the official language by convention, andde jure has no official status. SeeLanguages of Antigua and Barbuda for more information.[1]
^Murphy, Reg."Common Myths".Archaeology Antigua. Waladli versus Wadadli. Retrieved4 September 2014.
^abcdefghijklmnopqNiddrie, David Lawrence; Momsen, Janet D.; Tolson, Richard."Antigua and Barbuda".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved8 July 2019.
^Kras, Sara Louise (2008).Antigua and Barbuda. Cultures of the World. Vol. 26. Marshall Cavendish. p. 18.ISBN978-0-7614-2570-0.Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved11 September 2020.a cableway using baskets was built to transfer the mined phosphate to a pier for shipping
^"Antigua-Barbuda: Government Finally Orders Probe of Arms Shipment".IPS-Inter Press Service. 25 April 1990.
^Massiah, David (7 May 1995). "Younger Brother of Prime Minister Lester Bird Is Arrested on Cocaine Charges".Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press.
^Massiah, David (8 May 1995). "Prime Minister Lester Bird Promises No Intervention in Brother's Arrest".Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press.
^The World Bank - www.worldbank.org."Education Statistics".datatopics.worldbank.org. Archived fromthe original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved20 November 2025.
^"State-Sponsored Homophobia".International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. 20 March 2019.Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved16 August 2019.
^"Antigua and Barbuda Taxes for US Expats: A Complete Guide".greenbacktaxservices.com. Greenback Expat Tax Services. 24 April 2024.In 2016, the government of Antigua and Barbuda eliminated personal income tax entirely" [...] "[the policy offers] individuals and businesses a more favorable tax environment.
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