Anthony Collins | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Collins byJonathan Richardson | |
| Born | (1676-07-01)1 July 1676O.S. |
| Died | 24 December 1729(1729-12-24) (aged 53) O.S. London, England |
| Spouses |
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| Education | |
| Alma mater | King's College, Cambridge |
| Philosophical work | |
| Era | Modern philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| Main interests | History,philosophy,theology |
Anthony Collins (21 June 1676O.S. – 13 December 1729 O.S.) was anEnglishphilosopher andessayist,[1] notable for being one of the early proponents ofDeism inGreat Britain.[2]
Collins was born inHeston, nearHounslow inMiddlesex,England, the son of lawyer Henry Collins (1646/7–1705) and Mary (née Dineley).[3] He had two sisters: Anne Collins (born 1678), who married Henry Lovibond (born 1675), and Mary Collins (born 1680), who married Edward Lovibond (1675–1737), a merchant and Director of the East India Company. Mary and Edward's son was the poetEdward Lovibond.
Collins was educated atEton College andKing's College, Cambridge, and studied law at theMiddle Temple.[4] The most interesting episode of his life was his intimacy withJohn Locke, who in his letters speaks of him with affection and admiration. In 1715 he settled inEssex, where he held the offices of justice of the peace and deputy-lieutenant, which he had previously held in Middlesex. He died at his house inHarley Street, London.
His writings gather together the results of previous Englishfreethinkers. The imperturbable courtesy of his style is in striking contrast to the violence of his opponents; and, in spite of his unorthodoxy, he was neither anatheist nor anagnostic. In his own words, "Ignorance is the foundation of atheism, and freethinking the cure of it" (Discourse of Freethinking, 105).
His first notable work was hisEssay concerning the Use of Reason in Propositions the Evidence whereof depends on Human Testimony (1707), in which he rejected the distinction between "above reason" and "contrary to reason", and demanded that revelation should conform to man's natural ideas of God. Like all his works, it was published anonymously, although the identity of the author was never long concealed.
Six years later appeared his chief work,A Discourse of Freethinking, occasioned by the Rise and Growth of a Sect called Freethinkers (1713). Notwithstanding the ambiguity of its title, and the fact that it attacks the priests of all churches without moderation, it contends for the most part, at least explicitly, for no more than must be admitted by every Protestant. Freethinking is a right which cannot and must not be limited, for it is the only means of attaining a knowledge of truth, it essentially contributes to the well-being of society, and is not only permitted but enjoined by the Bible. In fact the first introduction of Christianity and the success of all missionary enterprise involve freethinking (in its etymological sense) on the part of those converted.
In England this essay, which was regarded and treated as a plea forDeism, caused a great sensation, eliciting several replies, from among othersWilliam Whiston, Bishop Hare, BishopBenjamin Hoadly, andRichard Bentley, who, under the signature of "Phileleutherus Lipsiensis", roughly handles certain arguments carelessly expressed by Collins, but triumphs chiefly by an attack on the trivial points of scholarship, his own pamphlet being by no means faultless in this very respect.Jonathan Swift also, being satirically referred to in the book, made it the subject of a caricature.
In 1724, Collins published the treatiseDiscourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, withAn Apology for Free Debate and Liberty of Writing prefixed. Ostensibly it is written in opposition to Whiston's attempt to show that the books of theOld Testament did originally contain prophecies of events in theNew Testament story, but that these had been eliminated or corrupted by the Jews, and to prove that the fulfilment of prophecy by the events of Christ's life is all "secondary, secret, allegorical, and mystical," since the original and literal reference is always to some other fact. Since, further, according to him the fulfilment of prophecy is the only valid proof of Christianity, he thus secretly aims a blow at Christianity as a revelation. The canonicity of the New Testament he ventures openly to deny, on the ground that the canon could be fixed only by men who were inspired.
No less than thirty-five answers were directed against this book; the most noteworthy of which were those of BishopEdward Chandler, Arthur Sykes andSamuel Clarke. To these, but with special reference to the work of Chandler, which maintained that a number of prophecies were literally fulfilled by Christ, Collins replied with hisScheme of Literal Prophecy Considered (1727). An appendix contends against Whiston that the book of Daniel was forged in the time ofAntiochus Epiphanes.
In philosophy, Collins takes a foremost place as a defender ofnecessitarianism. His briefInquiry Concerning Human Liberty (1717) has not been excelled, at all events in its main outlines, as a statement of the determinist standpoint.
He was attacked in an elaborate treatise bySamuel Clarke, in whose system the freedom of will is made essential to religion and morality. During Clarke's lifetime, fearing perhaps being branded as an enemy of religion and morality, Collins made no reply, but in 1729 he published an answer, entitledLiberty and Necessity.
Besides these works he wrote
Collins became renowned as one of the best read men in England. He was abibliophile andbook collector who amassed one of the largest private libraries of the time, consisting of some 6,906 books on all subjects, but particularly favoring works on history, theology, and philosophy.
It has been argued (see Jacobson, "The England Libertarian Heritage") that Collins was the unknown author of ten of "The Independent Whig" essays.
Collins married first Martha Child (1677–1703) a daughter of SirFrancis Child MP (1642–1713) and Elizabeth,née Wheeler (1652–1720). They had two sons both of whom died young, the eldest in infancy, the second was Anthony Collins (c. 1701 – 1723); and two daughters: Elizabeth Collins (bornc. 1700) who, in 1738, married Walter Cary; and Martha Collins (c. 1700 – 1744) who, in 1741, marriedRobert Fairfax, 7th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1706–1793). His second marriage was to Elizabeth Wrottesley (bornc. 1680), a daughter of Walter Wrottesley, 3rdBaronet Wrottesley (1659–1712) and Eleanora,née Archer (1661–1692).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Collins, Anthony".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 691–692. Works by or aboutAnthony Collins atWikisource