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Annobonese Creole is aPortuguese creole known to its speakers asFa d'Ambu orFá d'Ambô (Portuguese:Fala de Ano-Bom). It is spoken on theAnnobón andBioko Islands off the coast ofEquatorial Guinea,^[2] mostly by people of mixedAfrican,Portuguese andSpanish descent. It is calledannobonense orannobonés inSpanish.

The attitude in Equatorial Guinea towards this language is positive. It is taught in special courses in the capital city ofMalabo.^[3]

Annobonese originated sometime during the 16th century as an offshoot ofForro Creole, while this stage of Annobonese isunattested remaining linguistic traces show this.^[4] The creole language was spoken originally by the descendants ofintermixing betweenPortuguese men andAfrican womenslaves imported from other places, especially from São Tomé and Angola, and therefore descends from Portuguese and Forro, the creole of the freed slaves of São Tomé. The government of Equatorial Guinea financed anInstituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) sociolinguistic study inAnnobón, which noticed strong links with the Portuguese creole populations in São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau.^[5]

The language was first attested in an article calledNegerportugiesische von Annobom.Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch (Negro Portuguese by Annobom. Meeting reports of the philosophical). Which was written by Hugo Schuchart in 1888.^[6]

The Annobonese population was relatively isolated from the outside world, as their island was too small to a major trade center and wasn't near any major trade routes. After Annobón island was taken over by the Portuguese the language absorbed very little influence fromSpanish. Though Spanish influence would gradually influence it as Annobón became further integrated.^[4]

Today Annobonese is a thriving language as it is the first language of nearly all of the Annobonese people. The language is used in all aspects of society but the language is never written. Practically all Annobonese are bilingual in other languages includingPidgin English, Spanish,Bubi andFang.^[4]

Diphthongs: Ej, Aj, Uj

The syllable structure of Annobonesesyllable structure is almost exclusively CV-CV-C(V) with that final vowel being omitted. Words that start with a vowel are rare but do exist, examples beingoyo meaning eye orabada meaning fruit.^[6]

Vowels are usually pronounced as short vowels but can be pronounced a long vowels though this rarely changes the meaning of alexeme. The majority of words in Annobonese are not dependent on tone but there are a few words that use tone to differentiate between different words. There are two tones use for this purpose and high tone and a low tone, long vowels are always pronounced with a hight tone.^[6]

Some features of the Creole:^[6]

Fa d’Ambô follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. Sentences that are ditransitive (they include a direct object pronoun as well as an indirect object pronoun) must place the indirect object before the direct object. An indirect object is not marked by a preposition in Fa d’Ambô. The table below displays one sentence translated across Fa d’Ambô, Portuguese, and English to further highlight this specific matter:

The word-for-word English translation ofPay da mina dyielu would be "Father give child money." In Portuguese, the prepositiona'to' precedes the indirect objecta menina'the child' (a +a contract intoà), forming the overall meaning "... to the child." Fa d’Ambô lacks the use of this type of prepositional marker before indirect objects.

Nouns of Annobonese Creole are generally invariable, without employing grammatical gender or class. However, to express the specific gender of an animate noun to differentiate something that is male versus female,napay (male, man) ormiela (female) may be added to the root word. For example:napay may be joined withmina (child) to formnapay mina (boy, son). Actually the correct form would be "mina napay" (child male) and "mina namay" (child female). The same may be done withmiela +mina =miela mina (girl, daughter). Again ("mina miela") - (young woman, an adolecense). In contrast, for a young male, na-nome (nanome) is used. In a sense, namay is female and miela is a woman. Nampay or nome is male.

The plurality of a noun in Annobonese Creole usually goes unmarked (Ø) due to the fact that it can be implied from the context in which the noun fits within a sentence or clause. If the plurality cannot be directly implied and a type of plurality marker is necessary, there are a few ways in which to do so:

1. Employ a plural demonstrative (i.e. these, those). Example:galafa (bottle) +-nensyi (those) =galafa nensyi (those bottles)
2. Employ a numeral adjective. Example:canoe (canoe) +tisyi (three) =canoe tisyi (three canoes)
3. Employ a quantitative adjective. Example:xadyi (house) +muntu (much) =xadyi muntu (many houses)
4. Reduplicate the noun (full reduplication). Note that this specific plurality marker indicates the inclusion of all members of a noun. Example:ngolo (shell) +ngolo =ngolo ngolo (all the shells)

Articles are only used in the language when speakers feel they are necessary. When they are included, they are positioned directly before the noun. The definite article utilizes one form for both the singular and plural forms of nouns,na. The indefinite article can appear as eitherwan oran for nouns in the singular form andzuguan for the plural counterparts. Example: The Annobonese sentenceNa may banku translates to English as "The white woman", wherena is the definite article "the",may signifies "woman", andbanku serves as the color adjective "white." The indefinite article is used in the example in the section above regarding word order, wherewan serves to mark an undefinedxat (letter):No skéve wan xat (We write a letter).

Combinations of articles with plurality markers (refer to plurality section above) are also common in the language. These combinations can aid to clarify the plurality of definite articles, seeing as they have no plural form on their own. Example:Na mina nensyi (These/those children).Nensyi serves as the plural demonstrative "these" or "those."Na mina, without the implementation of the plural demonstrative, could be interpreted as singular "the child" rather than plural "the children", assuming context is unknown.

Annobonese is analogous toForro. In fact, it may be derived from Forro as it shares the same structure and 82% of its lexicon.^{[citation needed]} AfterAnnobón passed toSpain, the language incorporated some words ofSpanish origin (10% of its lexicon),^{[citation needed]}, but it is often difficult to say from which language a word derives, given the similarity between Spanish and Portuguese.

• APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Fa d’Ambô

• Annobón
• Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles
• Languages of Equatorial Guinea
• Portuguese language in Africa
• Subject–verb–object languages

• Language articles citing Ethnologue 22
• CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles needing translation from Portuguese Wikipedia
• Articles containing Fa d'Ambu-language text
• Language articles with Linguasphere code
• Articles containing Portuguese-language text
• Articles containing Spanish-language text
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
• CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)