Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 byJohn Allen andElisha Rumsey. It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands ofbur oak trees they found at the site of the town. TheUniversity of Michigan was established in Ann Arbor in 1837,[10] and the city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century.
Acollege town, Ann Arbor is currently home to the University of Michigan, which significantly shapes the city's economy, employing about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in itsmedical center. The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure.[11] The city has been a center for progressive politics as well as several social and religious movements.
The region was once inhabited by severalNative American tribes, the most prominent being theAnishinaabe people of the Three Fires: theOdawa,Ojibwe, andPotawatomi. The Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor in about 1774.[12] Other tribes that inhabited the area included theFox,Wyandots, andSauk.[13] These peoples established several trails that converged on present-day Ann Arbor. The land that included Washtenaw County was ceded to the U.S. by the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot in theTreaty of Detroit of 1807.[14]
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculatorsJohn Allen andElisha Walker Rumsey.[15][16] On May 25, 1824, the townplat was registered withWayne County as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name.[17][18] Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands ofbur oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 (equivalent to $23,000 in 2024[19]) from the federal government at $1.25 per acre.[20] The localOjibwa named the settlementkaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen'ssawmill.[21]
Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827[22] and was incorporated as a village in 1833.[23] The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid toLansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of theUniversity of Michigan.[24]
Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked.[25] The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of theMichigan Central Railroad, and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor toToledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878.[26] Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish,[27] and Black people.[28] In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city,[29] though the city showed a drop in population during theDepression of 1873.[26] It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth,[30] with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland.[31]
Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly inmilling.[31] Ann Arbor'sJewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue,Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.[32]
Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.[33]
In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3 millionbond issue (equivalent to $18 million in 2023[34]) to build the current city hall, which was designed by architectAlden B. Dow. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.[35]
During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism andanti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus groupStudents for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S.teach-in against theVietnam War.[36] During the ensuing 15 years, manycountercultural andNew Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city.[37] These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of theHuman Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneeringantidiscrimination ordinances,measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and arent-control ordinance.[38]
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values,gentrification, andurban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside.[41] On November 4, 2003, voters approved agreenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development.[42] Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits.[43] Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year.[44]
ProQuest's headquarters on Eisenhower Parkway in Ann Arbor
In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four.[45] Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years. Beginning in 2018 the city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years. To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.[46]
In 2020, partly as a response to theCOVID-19 pandemic, the city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles toemergency vehicles during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a largepedestrian mall, these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating.[47] These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing the schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning.[48][49]
The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near theHuron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd.[53]Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at42°13.38′N83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W /42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).[54] Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks.[55] Into the early 2000s, theemerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500ash trees.[56]
The city contains over 160 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas such asBuhr Park.[57] Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River.[58] Fuller Recreation Area, near theUniversity Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian andbike paths, and swimming pools. Opened in the summer of 2014, the city-fundedAnn Arbor Skatepark is a 30,000 sq ft (2,787.1 m2)skatepark located within Veterans Memorial Park.[59] The city is also home to theWashtenaw County-ownedCounty Farm Park. TheNichols Arboretum, owned by theUniversity of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha)arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus.[60] Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university'sMatthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.[61] Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such asAnn Arbor Public Schools.[62][63]
Pedestrianized Main StreetFirst Congregational Church
The cityscape of Ann Arbor is heavily influenced by theUniversity of Michigan, with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university.[64][65] The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city—including the President's House, built in 1840—and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts.[66][67] These other three districts,Kerrytown, State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near the northwestern corner of the university.[68]
Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include theMichigan Theater,The Diag, andTower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building that is the city's tallest building.[69] Downtown is also home to severalFairy Doors and other public art installations.[70]
Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road,Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side.[71] Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as afarmers' market in the Kerrytown district.[72] The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.[73]
Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs toranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number ofkit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district.[71] Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.[74]
Ann Arbor has a typicallyMidwesternhumid continental climate (KöppenDfa), which is influenced by theGreat Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around 34 °F (1 °C). Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around 81 °F (27 °C) and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experienceslake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter.[75] The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934.[76]
Climate data for Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMich, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
Map of racial distribution in Ann Arbor, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Multiracial⬤ Native American/Other
Ann Arbor has seen consistent growth in population between all decennial censuses since 1860 with the exception of the 2010 census which reported almost no growth from the previous census. As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 123,851 people and 49,337 households residing in the city, with a population density of 4,391.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,695.7/km2).[4] The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 67.6%White, 6.8%Black, 0.2%Native American, 15.7%Asian, 0.1%Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.8% fromother races, and 7.9% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino residents of any race made up 5.5% of the population.[82] Ann Arbor has a small population ofArab Americans, including students as well as localLebanese andPalestinians,[83] and a large community ofJapanese nationals.[84]
According to the 2022American Community Survey estimates, out of 49,337 households, 33.8% were married-couple households, 9.8% werecohabiting couple households, 26.1% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 30.4% had a female householder with no spouse present. 18.4% of the households had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 20.1% had individuals over age 65 living in them. The average household size was 2.22 people and the average family size was 2.78 people.[85] The median age was 25.9; 12.2% of the population was under age 18, and 12.3% was age 65 or older.[86] The percentage of city residents age 25 years or older with at least ahigh school degree was 97.8% while 77.5% had abachelor's degree or higher, which is higher than the U.S. national percentage of 89.1% for persons age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree and 34.3% with a bachelor's degree or higher.[4]
Themedian household income in 2022 was $78,740 (versus the U.S. national figure of $75,149),[4] with family households having a median income of $126,292.[87] Theper capita income for the city was $52,276, which is higher than the U.S. national per capita income of $41,261.[4] Males workingfull-time jobs had median earnings of $86,970 compared to $61,543 for females.[87] Out of the 109,973 people with a determined poverty status, 23.1% were below thepoverty line compared to the U.S. national poverty rate of 11.1%;[4] the age group with the highest percentage below the poverty level was persons between 18 and 34 years at 43.0% while other age groups have percentages between 2.7% and 7.7%. Further, 3.5% of minors and 7.7% of seniors were below the poverty line.[88]
According to theUniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program in 2022, Ann Arbor had 371 reportedviolent crimes (which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 2069 reportedproperty crimes (which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft). With a violent crime rate of 309.5 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is lower than Michigan's rate of 461 per 100,000 people and the U.S. national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. However, Ann Arbor's property crime rate, at 1726.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Michigan's property crime rate of 1536.8 per 100,000 people and lower than the U.S. national property crime rate of 1954.4 per 100,000 people.[92][note 2]
The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates.High tech, health services andbiotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city.[94]Automobile manufacturers, such asGeneral Motors andVisteon, also employ residents.[95]
High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, whenInternational Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933).[96] Current firms includeArbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems),Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software),JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive),Truven Health Analytics, andProQuest, which includesUMI.[97] Duo Security, a cloud-based access security provider of two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.[98] It was formerly aunicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition byCisco Systems.[99] In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment companyKLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor.[100]
Ann Arbor is the home toInternet2 and theMerit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street.[101] The city is also home to a secondary office of Google'sAdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream.[102] As of 2022,[update] Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes.[103] The city plays host to a regional chapter of theInternational Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.[104]
Michigan Theater is the location of the Ann Arbor Film Festival, the Ann Arbor Symphony, and the Ann Arbor Concert Band
Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as aremuseums dedicated to art,archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, theUniversity Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown.[115] Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, theAnn Arbor Symphony Orchestra,The Ark,[116] andPerformance Network Theatre.[117]State Theatre and the adjacentMichigan Theater are amovie palace and aperforming arts center, respectively.[116] Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is thefairy doors. These small portals are examples ofinstallation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.[118]
Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is theAnn Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors.[123] Another is theAnn Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.[124]
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization ofcannabis, the large number ofmedical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street fromMichigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annualHash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.[125]
A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town".[126] Withtongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor"[127] or "25 square miles surrounded by reality."[128] InA Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor,Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants."[129] Ann Arbor sometimes appears oncitation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with theacademic degreeMI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.[130]
In semi-professional sports Ann Arbor is represented in theNPSL byAFC Ann Arbor, a soccer club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.[136]
Ann Arbor has acouncil–manager form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor electedat-large duringmidterm years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years.[144] The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor isChristopher Taylor, aDemocrat who was elected as mayor in 2014.[145] Day-to-day city operations are managed by acity administrator chosen by the city council.[146] While Democrats, as of 2024,[update] hold the mayorship and all ten council seats,[147] Ann Arbor has two major political factions.[148] A major source of this local divide is differences in views on the city's growth.[149]
Public schools are part of theAnn Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. For the 2021–2022 school year, 17,070 students were enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools.[151] Notable schools includePioneer,Huron,Skyline,Community high schools, Pathways to Success Academic Campus, andAnn Arbor Open School.[152] The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.[153] The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968.[154]
TheUniversity of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctivecollege-town character. University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.[157]
The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-basedBooth Newspapers chain, was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year daily print run in 2009 due to economic difficulties, and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor.com.[162] Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper.[163] The publication resumed using its former name in 2013, and also produces a daily digital edition named MLive.com.[164] Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was theAnn Arbor Paper, a free monthly.[165] TheAnn Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.[166]
Four majorAM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor areWAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station;WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station;WDEO 990, Catholic radio; andWTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city'sFM stations includeNPR affiliateWUOM 91.7; country stationWWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative stationWQKL 107.1. Freeform stationWCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming.[172] The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.[173]
Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market.WPXD channel 31, the owned-and-operated Detroit outlet of theION Television network, is licensed to the city. Until its sign-off on August 31, 2017,WHTV channel 18, aMyNetworkTV-affiliated station for theLansing market, was broadcast from a transmitter inLyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations.[174] Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be seen in parts of the area.[173]
TheUniversity of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by theDepartment of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor,[175] and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearbySuperior Township.[176]
The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from theHuron River and groundwater sources. There are twowater-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, fourpump stations, and twowater towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River—Argo,Barton,Geddes, andSuperior—of which Barton and Superior providehydroelectric power.[177][178]
The city also offers waste management services, withRecycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service.[179] Other utilities are provided by private entities.Electrical power andgas are provided byDTE Energy.AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area.Cable TV service is primarily provided byComcast.[180]
A plume of the industrial solventdioxane is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences, Inc. property on the westside of Ann Arbor.[181] As of 2021,[update] the average measured concentration was found to be 201.19 ppb, with the maximum being 6.000 ppm.[note 3] While theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency does not impose a federal limit on the level of the contaminant allowed in drinking water, theWorld Health Organization suggests a limit of 35ppb. The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor's drinking water sources, theHuron River, which flows through downtown Ann Arbor.[183]
The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to agrid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways:Interstate 94 (I-94), which runs along the southern and western portion of the city;U.S. Highway 23 (US 23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; andM-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways includeUS 12 (Michigan Avenue),M-17 (Washtenaw Avenue), andM-153 (Ford Road). Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas.[184] The Washtenaw CountyBorder-to-Border Trail connects Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti, mostly along the Huron River, for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized transportation.[185][186]
TheAnn Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA), which brands itself as "TheRide", operates publicbus services throughout the city and nearbyYpsilanti. The AAATA operates theBlake Transit Center on Fourth Ave. in downtown Ann Arbor, and the Ypsilanti Transit Center. A separatezero-fare bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses. In 2019, 36% of trips in Ann Arbor were taken by walking, biking or transit.[187]
Amtrak, which provides service to the city at theAnn Arbor Train Station, operates theWolverine train between Chicago andPontiac via Detroit. The present-day train station neighbors the city's old Michigan Central Depot, which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970.[193]Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small, city-rungeneral aviation airport located south of I-94.[194]
^"Station: Ann Arbor U of Mich, MI".U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived fromthe original on May 8, 2021. RetrievedMay 8, 2021.
^Hassoun, Rosina J. (October 24, 2005),Arab Americans in Michigan (Discovering the Peoples of Michigan), MSU Press, p. PT21,ISBN1609170466,However, there are other, smaller Arab-American communities in other cities in Michigan.[...]
^"About U-M SSW—Ann Arbor". University of Michigan School of Social Work. 2009.Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. RetrievedAugust 24, 2009.
^"About Our Programs". Ann Arbor Preschool & Family Center. 2009. Archived fromthe original on July 12, 2012. RetrievedDecember 4, 2009.
^"The Cubs of the Wolverines".Michigan Education Magazine. Winter 2018. pp. 16–17.Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. RetrievedNovember 23, 2020.
^"About our services". University of Michigan International Center.Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. RetrievedJuly 31, 2008.Our International Visitor Leadership Program coordinator also serves as the University of Michigan's official representative to the City of Ann Arbor's Sister City Program, which manages relationships with six sister cities: Tübingen, Germany; Hikone, Japan; Dakar, Senegal; Juigalpa, Nicaragua; Peterborough, Canada; and Belize City, Belize.
^Ann Arbor City Council Minutes (November 6, 2003). Ann Arbor City Government.
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