Anita Sarkeesian (/sɑːrˈkiːziən/sar-KEE-zee-ən; born 1983) is a Canadian-Americanfeministmedia critic. She is the founder ofFeminist Frequency, a website that hosts videos and commentary analyzing portrayals of women inpopular culture. Her video seriesTropes vs. Women in Video Games, examinestropes in the depiction of female video game characters.Media scholar Soraya Murray calls Sarkeesian emblematic of "a burgeoning organized feminist critique" of stereotyped and objectified portrayals of women in video games.[3]
In 2012, Sarkeesian was targeted by an online harassment campaign following her launch of aKickstarter project to fund theTropes vs. Women in Video Games series. The threats and harassment generated widespread media attention, and resulted in the project far exceeding its funding goal. The media coverage placed Sarkeesian at the center of discussions aboutmisogyny invideo game culture and online harassment. She has spoken toTEDxWomen,XOXO Festival, and theUnited Nations' Broadband Working Group on Gender, and appeared onThe Colbert Report discussing her experiences of harassment and the challenge of attempting to improve gender inclusivity in gaming culture and the media.
Sarkeesian launched the nonprofit organization and websiteFeminist Frequency in 2009, while a student at York University.[10] She created the site in an effort to create accessible feminist media criticism.[9][11] Videos created for the site analyzed social and cultural gender structure and popular culture from a feminist standpoint, such as applying theBechdel test to pictures nominated for the84th Academy Awards in 2012 and highlightingLego's role in reinforcing cultural norms.[12][13][14]
In March 2012, Sarkeesian and her blog were listed in the journalFeminist Collections's quarterly column on "E-Sources on Women & Gender".[17] Her blog has been utilized as material for university-levelwomen's studies courses, and she has spoken at universities on the topic of female characters in pop culture.[18]
Sarkeesian was inspired to start a video series on female representation in video games after she was invited to speak to developers atBungie.[9] On May 17, 2012, she began aKickstarter campaign to fund a series of short videos that would examinegender tropes in video games.[19] The threats and harassment she received in response generated widespread media attention, and resulted in the project ultimately far exceeding its initial funding goal of $6,000,[3] which it reached in less than a day.[10] The final amount raised was $158,922, over 26 times its initial goal.[19][20]While stating that the support Sarkeesian has received "stands at a counter" to the harassment, Sal Humphreys and Karen Orr Vered, writing inTelevision & New Media, suggest that the harassment Sarkeesian received may ultimately serve to discourage other women from following Sarkeesian's lead for fear of being subjected to similar attacks.[21]
Title card used in theTropes vs Women videos
Sarkeesian initially planned to release theTropes vs. Women in Video Games series in 2012 but pushed it back explaining that the additional funding allowed her to expand the scope and scale of the project. The first video in theTropes vs Women in Video Games series was released on March 7, 2013.[22]The first three videos discuss examples of the "Damsels in Distress" trope, in which passive and often helpless female characters must be rescued by the male hero.[11][16] Chris Suellentrop ofThe New York Times referred to the first four videos of the series as "essential viewing for anyone interested in video games", and cites it as the reason why he asked Nintendo producerShigeru Miyamoto about the themes of damsels present in his games, to which he responded "I haven't given it a lot of deep thought over the years".[23]
Colin Campbell writes atPolygon thatFeminist Frequency has had a demonstrable effect on the games industry, stating, "video games have seen a rise in the number of positive women and minority protagonists and a decrease in the tropes [Sarkeesian] discusses" since the launch of the project.[24] In January 2015, as part of a $300 million effort to increase diversity and inclusivity in the technology sphere,Intel announced it would partner withFeminist Frequency and other groups to help promote increased career opportunities, engagement and positive representation for women and minorities in technology and gaming.[10][25][26]
In January 2015, the nonprofit announced they were planning two new video series tackling the "positive" portrayal of women in video games, as well as the "portrayal of masculine identities in games".[27][28]
In March 2016,Feminist Frequency launched a crowdfunding campaign for an animated video series calledOrdinary Women: Daring to Defy History. The planned 5-episode series will explore the lives of historical women such asIda B. Wells andEmma Goldman.[29][30] The video series was released in 2017.[30]
In March 2016,Feminist Frequency began a formal partnership with theCrash Override Network, agreeing to serve as its fiscal sponsor. Crash Override is a support group for victims of large scale online abuse formed by game developersZoë Quinn and Alex Lifschitz in the wake of theGamerGate harassment campaign.[31][non-primary source needed]
TheTropes vs. Women in Video Games series ended with its final episode, "The Lady Sidekick", posted on April 27, 2017. Sarkeesian announced thatFeminist Frequency would produce another series.[32] In March 2019,Feminist Frequency returned with a three part miniseries on Queer Tropes in Video Games that is similar toTropes vs. Women in Video Games.[33] Sarkeesian gave a talk at the 2022Game Developers Conference, where she said that makingTropes vs. Women in that era would be "not impossible, but harder," because "the pattern is less egregious."[34]
In August 2023, Sarkeesian announced that the nonprofit would close, citing "exhaustion and burnout", with operations ceasing at the turn of the year.[10][35] The nonprofit's programs would cease operations in early 2024,[36] while theFeminist Frequency Radio podcast would continue to be presented by co-host Kat Spada; past episodes would remain accessible online, along with Sarkeesian's previous media criticism video series includingTropes vs Women andThe FREQ Show.[37][38]
Other work
In 2011, Sarkeesian co-authored the essay "Buffy vs.Bella: The Re-Emergence of the Archetypal Feminine in Vampire Stories" for the anthologyFanpires: Audience Consumption of the Modern Vampire.[39] She spoke at conferences and workshops about media criticism andvideo blogging, and was interviewed by UK Sunday newspaperThe Observer in March 2012 about modern media culture, stating: "I think to the extent that it could be creating authentic, human female characters, it is a push towards a more feminist media."[40]
In October 2022, Sarkeesian began a new video series on online streaming serviceNebula calledThat Time When, which "looks at the moments when pop culture and politics collide in modern history". She said, "Given the abuse and vitriol I receive whenever I create media online, releasing my show as a Nebula Original allowed me to make a series that felt more sincere, more playful, and less bogged down with endless counterarguments."[41] The series has nine episodes about topics such as theSatanic Panic, theHollywood blacklist,Nipplegate, theDixie Chicks' comments on George W. Bush, the racial politics ofStar Trek, thecoming out ofEllen DeGeneres, and the films ofLois Weber. The final episode discusses GamerGate and Sarkeesian's own experiences of harassment, which she said she was "really tired of talking about."[42]
TheTropes vs Women project triggered a campaign of misogynistic harassment against Sarkeesian that included rape and death threats, hacking of her webpages and social media, anddoxing.[19] Attackers posted disparaging comments online, vandalized Sarkeesian's article onWikipedia with racial slurs and sexual images, and sent Sarkeesian drawings of herself being raped by video game characters.[43]
One attacker created abrowser game calledBeat Up Anita Sarkeesian, which prompted players to bloody a picture of Sarkeesian by clicking the mouse.[19][44][45] Toronto feminist Stephanie Guthrie received death andrape threats for criticizing theBeat Up Anita Sarkeesian game.[19][46][47][48][49] The resultingcriminal trial against critic Gregory Alan Elliott is regarded as having significant implications for onlinefreedom of speech in Canada.[50][51] Sarkeesian responded to the threats against Guthrie in a statement to theToronto Standard, condemning the widespread harassment she and other women have faced online.[52][53]Speaking atTEDxWomen in 2012, Sarkeesian argued that many of her attackers saw harassing her as a game, describing her experience as "accidentally [becoming] the villain of a massively online game in real life".[19]
In March 2014, Sarkeesian was scheduled to speak and receive an award at the 2014Game Developers Choice Awards. The organizers later revealed that they had received an anonymous bomb threat and that San Francisco police had swept theMoscone Center hall before the event proceeded.[54]
In August 2014,Feminist Frequency issued a newTropes vs Women in Games episode. This coincided with the ongoing harassment ofZoë Quinn as part of the online harassment campaign known asGamerGate. The increased volume and specificity of the harassment (including death threats) prompted Sarkeesian to leave her home. San Francisco Police confirmed that they had passed the case file to theFBI for investigation.[55][56]
On October 14, 2014, Sarkeesian andUtah State University received terrorist threats pertaining to her planned lecture at the university the following day. The threats, one of which was issued by a person who claimed to be affiliated with GamerGate,[57] specifically cited the 1989École Polytechnique massacre inMontreal, Quebec, Canada as inspiration. The university and police did not believe the threats were credible inasmuch as they were consistent with others Sarkeesian had received, but scheduled enhanced security measures nonetheless. Sarkeesian canceled the event, however, feeling the planned security measures were insufficient given that the university could not prohibit handguns in the venue per Utah state law.[58]
The threats resulted in public attention to misogynistic and violent harassment on the Internet, along with the propriety of concealed weapons on university campuses. In an editorial,The Salt Lake Tribune wrote that the threats "would seem to support Sarkeesian's point about a link between some video games and violent attitudes toward females" and called on the state to allow universities "to ban firearms from venues where they are not just inappropriate, but destructive of the mission of an institution of higher learning".[59]
In an August 2015 interview withThe Guardian, Sarkeesian remarked of dealing with the pervasive harassment (her "new normal") that older mentors and feminists told her "We were dealing with that, but they were throwing rocks at us."[60]Soraya Murray describes the attack as a "watershed moment" in the "culture war" being fought over representations of women and minorities in video games.[3]
AtVidCon 2017, Sarkeesian appeared on a panel discussing online harassment directed towards women. A group ofYouTubers and bloggers who produce content critical of feminism andpolitical correctness sat directly in front of the stage and filmed Sarkeesian as part of a targeted harassment campaign against her.[61] Sarkeesian singled out British YouTuberCarl Benjamin, seated in the first row, as a serial harasser of hers.[62][63][24] Speaking directly to Benjamin, she said, "I hate to give you attention because you're a garbage human."[63] The event went viral among both critics and supporters of Sarkeesian.[62] Benjamin accused Sarkeesian of abuse andcyberbullying; in a blog post, Sarkeesian wrote:
[Benjamin] makes over $5,000 a month onPatreon for creating YouTube videos that mock, insult and discredit myself and other women online, and he's not alone. He is one of several YouTubers who profit from the cottage industry of online harassment and antifeminism.[63]
VidCon founderHank Green issued a statement that the group's actions were clear "intimidating behaviour" and apologised for the situation "which resulted in [Sarkeesian] being subjected to a hostile environment that she had not signed up for".[64][65]
In a retrospective forPolygon in December 2019, Sarkeesian wrote that "GamerGate's real goals were expressed in the explicit racism, sexism, and transphobia of the memes the movement generated, and the posts its supporters wrote on the message boards where they organized and strategized. Later, the flimsiness of the 'ethics in games journalism' pretense would become a mocking meme signifying a bad faith argument. It would almost be funny, if GamerGate hadn't done so much harm, and caused so much lasting trauma." She added that the video game industry was ultimately complicit in GamerGate "through its shameful silence in the face of a reactionary mob of 'gamers'".[66]
In 2020, Sarkeesian launched the Games and Online Harassment Hotline, a freenon-profit service that started development in 2019.[67] In 2023, it was announced that the hotline would cease operating in September along with the closure of Feminist Frequency.[35][36]
Media appearances
Sarkeesian speaking at Media Evolutions The Conference 2013
Sarkeesian and her work have come to much greater public attention following the announcement ofTropes vs. Women in Video Games and the harassment she subsequently faced. These events helped bring the issue of pervasivesexual harassment invideo game culture to mainstream media attention.[68] Discussions occurred in a range of publications and outlets, includingThe New York Times,The Guardian andNew Statesman.[69][70][71][72]Sarkeesian's elevated profile led to speaking engagements on sexual harassment and online communities at theTEDxWomen conference and several universities.[73][74]
Speaking at theXOXO Festival in September 2014, Sarkeesian described the allegation that she and other women fabricated harassment as itself being a form of harassment. "Harassment is the background radiation of my life," she later remarked in aBloomberg Businessweek cover story on her work and the video game industry.[75][76]
On October 29, 2014, Sarkeesian was interviewed onThe Colbert Report where she discussed the harassment she suffered as a result of GamerGate and her views on making video games more inclusive. She told Colbert that video games often portray women in a manner which "reinforces the cultural myth that women are sexual objects" and that her goal is not to censor video games, but to raise awareness of how women can be portrayed in more realistic, less stereotypical ways.[77][78][79]
The harassment of Sarkeesian and other women in gaming was featured in the January 14, 2015, edition ofNightline. When asked byABC News why there was so much anger, she responded "I think it comes from this idea that gaming is a male-dominated space, and that games are for men by men... it's a very misogynist backlash".[80] She appears in the 2015 documentaryGTFO.[81]
Awards and nominations
Sarkeesian'sFeminist Frequency blog was highlighted byFeminist Collections andMedia Report to Women.[17][82] In 2012,Gamasutra considered the harassment and success ofFeminist Frequency a catalyst that led to new attention on the importance of diversity and inclusion in the gaming culture and industry. They named this call for inclusion one of the "5 trends that defined the game industry in 2012".[68][83] In 2013,Newsweek magazine andThe Daily Beast named Sarkeesian one of their "125 Women of Impact".[84][85]
In 2014, Sarkeesian received the Ambassador Award at the 14th AnnualGame Developers Choice Awards for her work on the representation of women in video games, becoming the first woman to receive the award.[86][87] She was also nominated for the Ambassador Award atMicrosoft's 2014 Women in Gaming Awards for her work.[88][89]
After the Utah State University death threats,Rolling Stone called her "pop culture's most valuable critic," saying that "the backlash has only made her point for her: Gaming has a problem".[90] In December 2014,The Verge named her as one of "the 50 most important people at the intersection of technology, art, science, and culture".[91] In March 2015,Time magazine included Sarkeesian in its list of the thirty "Most Influential People on the Internet",[92] and in April of that year, chose her for theTime 100, the magazine's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world.[93] In May 2015,Cosmopolitan included her in its list of the "50 Most Fascinating People on the Internet".[4]
Feminist Frequency won aPeabody Award in the category of "Digital and Interactive Storytelling" in 2022.[10][94][95]
Selected publications
Sarkeesian, Anita; Cross, Katherine (2015). "Your Humanity is in Another Castle: Terror Dreams and the Harassment of Women". In Goldberg, Daniel; Larsson, Linus (eds.).The State of Play: Creators and Critics on Video Game Culture. New York: Seven Stories Press.ISBN978-1-60980-639-2.
^Sarkeesian, Anita (February 15, 2012)."The Oscars and The Bechdel Test".Feminist Frequency (video).Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. RetrievedNovember 25, 2019 – via YouTube.
^Johnson, Derek (November 13, 2014). "Chicks with Bricks: Building Creative Identities Across Industrial Design Cultures and Gendered Construction play". In Wolf, Mark J.P. (ed.).LEGO Studies: Examining the Building Blocks of a Transmedial Phenomenon. Routledge. pp. 90–94.ISBN978-1-317-93545-2.
Duggan, Padraic (March 4, 2012)."Feminist Frequency comes to SOU".The Siskiyou. Southern Oregon University.Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. RetrievedNovember 25, 2019.
Heron, Michael James; Belford, Pauline & Goker, Ayse (November 2014). "Sexism in the circuitry".ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society.44 (4):18–29.doi:10.1145/2695577.2695582.ISSN0095-2737.S2CID18004724.The simple launching of this project resulted in a staggering and continuing campaign of harassment, defamation and real life threats spectacularly out of proportion to the triggering incident.
Kyle, Catherine Bailey (2014). "Her Story, Too: Final Fantasy X, Revolutionary Girl Utena, and the Feminist Hero's Journey". In Jones, Norma; Bajac-Carter, Maja; Batchelor, Bob (eds.).Heroines of Film and Television. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 131–32.ISBN978-1-4422-3149-8.
^Kyle, Catherine Bailey (2014). "Her Story, Too: Final Fantasy X, Revolutionary Girl Utena, and the Feminist Hero's Journey". In Jones, Norma; Bajac-Carter, Maja; Batchelor, Bob (eds.).Heroines of Film and Television. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 131–32.ISBN978-1-4422-3149-8.
^Das, Sarmista (2014). "Leveling (Up) the Playing Field: How Feminist Gamers Self-Identify and Learn in Online Communities". In Venkatesh, Vivek; Wallin, Jason J.; Castro, Juan Carlos; Lewis, Jason Edward (eds.).Educational, Psychological, and Behavioral Considerations in Niche Online Communities. IGI Global. p. 82.ISBN978-1-4666-5207-1.
^Nadeau, Jean-Phillippe (October 6, 2015)."Procès pour harcèlement criminel sur Twitter" [Trial for criminal harassment on Twitter].ICI Radio Canada (in French).Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. RetrievedNovember 25, 2019.
^Alberty, Erin (October 16, 2014)."Anita Sarkeesian explains why she canceled USU lecture".The Salt Lake Tribune.Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. RetrievedOctober 18, 2014.After the mass shooting threat was sent to the school late Monday, a second threat arrived Tuesday. That one, USU spokesman Tim Vitale confirmed, claimed affiliation with the controversial and sometimes violent online video gamers' movement known as GamerGate.
Aghazadeh, Sarah A.; Burns, Alison; Chu, Jun; et al. (2018). "GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment". In Golbeck, Jennifer (ed.).Online Harassment. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 179–207.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_8.ISBN978-3-319-78582-0.LCCN2018939005.
^abAghazadeh, Sarah A.; Burns, Alison; Chu, Jun; et al. (2018). "GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment". In Golbeck, Jennifer (ed.).Online Harassment. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 179–207.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_8.ISBN978-3-319-78582-0.LCCN2018939005.
^abSettle, Amber; McGill, Monica M. & Decker, Adrienne (2013). "Diversity in the Game Industry: Is Outreach the Solution?".SIGITE '13: Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGITE annual Conference on Information Technology Education: October 10–12, 2013, Orlando, Florida, USA. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. p. 175.doi:10.1145/2512276.2512283.ISBN978-1-45032-239-3.S2CID14178125.
Marie, Meagan (2018). "Anita Sarkeesian: An Agent of Change Through Pop-Culture Critique".Women in Gaming: 100 Professionals of Play. London: DK Publishing. pp. 260–261.ISBN978-0-7440-1993-3.
Anita Sarkeesian, Undaunted,The New Yorker Radio Hour (2016)
Strategic Butt Coverings – Tropes vs Women in Video Games,Feminist Frequency (2016)
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
