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 Scottish Canadian animatorNorman McLaren drawing on film, 1944 | |
| Occupation | |
|---|---|
Occupation type | Art |
Activity sectors | Film, television, internet, mass media, video games |
| Description | |
| Competencies | Drawing, fine arts, acting, computer software |
Fields of employment | Animation |
Ananimator is an artist who creates images, known as frames, which give an illusion of movement calledanimation when displayed in rapid sequence. Animators can work in a variety of fields including film, television, and video games. Animation is closely related tofilmmaking and like filmmaking is extremely labor-intensive, which means that most significant works require the collaboration of several animators. The methods of creating the images or frames for an animation piece depend on the animators' artistic styles and their field.
Other artists who contribute toanimated cartoons, but who are not animators, includelayout artists (who design the backgrounds, lighting, and camera angles),storyboard artists (who draw panels of the action from the script), andbackground artists (who paint the "scenery"). Animated films share somefilm crew positions with regular live action films, such as director, producer, sound engineer, and editor, but differ radically in that for most of the history of animation, they did not need most of the crew positions seen on a physical set.
In hand-drawn Japanese animation productions, such as inHayao Miyazaki's films, the key animator handles both layout and key animation. Some animators in Japan such asMitsuo Iso take full responsibility for their scenes, making them become more than just the key animator.
Animators often specialize. One important distinction is betweencharacter animators (artists who specialize in character movement,dialogue, acting, etc.) andspecial effects animators (who animate anything that isnot a character; most commonly vehicles,machinery, and natural phenomena such as rain, snow, and water).
Stop motion animators do not draw their images, instead they move models or cut-outs frame-by-frame,[1] famous animators of this genre beingRay Harryhausen andNick Park.
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In large-scale productions by major studios, each animator usually has one or more assistants, "inbetweeners" and "clean-up artists", who make drawings between the "key poses" drawn by the animator, and also re-draw any sketches that are too roughly made to be used as such. Usually, a young artist seeking to break into animation is hired for the first time in one of these categories, and can later advance to the rank of full animator (usually after working on several productions).
Historically, the creation of animation was a long and arduous process. Each frame of a given scene was hand-drawn, then transposed onto celluloid, where it would be traced and painted. These finished "cels" were then placed together in sequence over painted backgrounds and filmed, one frame at a time.[2]
Animation methods have become far more varied in recent years.[3] Today's cartoons could be created using any number of methods, mostly using computers to make the animation process cheaper and faster. These more efficient animation procedures have made the animator's job less tedious and more creative.
Audiences generally find animation to be much more interesting with sound. Voice actors and musicians, among other talent, may contribute vocal or music tracks. Some early animated films asked the vocal and music talent to synchronize their recordings to already-extant animation (and this is still the case when films aredubbed for international audiences). For the majority of animated films today, the soundtrack is recorded first in the language of the film's primary target market and the animators are required to synchronize their work to the soundtrack.[3]
As a result of the ongoing transition fromtraditional 2D to 3Dcomputer animation, the animator's traditional task of redrawing and repainting the same character 24 times a second (for each second of finished animation) has now been superseded by the modern task of developing dozens (or hundreds) of movements of different parts of a character in a virtual scene.
Because of the transition to computer animation, many additional support positions have become essential, with the result that the animator has become but one component of a very long and highly specialized production pipeline. In the 21st century, visual development artists design a character as a 2D drawing or painting, then hand it off tomodelers who build the character as a collection of digital polygons.Texture artists "paint" the character with colorful or complex textures, andtechnical directors set uprigging so that the character can be easily moved and posed. For each scene, layout artists set up virtual cameras and roughblocking. Finally, when a character's bugs have been worked out and its scenes have been blocked, it is handed off to an animator (that is, a person with that actual job title) who can start developing the exact movements of the character's virtual limbs, muscles, and facial expressions in each specific scene.
At that point, the role of the modern computer animator overlaps in some respects with that of his or her predecessors in traditional animation: namely, trying to create scenes already storyboarded in rough form by a team of story artists, and synchronizing lip or mouth movements to dialogue already prepared by a screenwriter and recorded by vocal talent. Despite those constraints, the animator is still capable of exercising significant artistic skill and discretion in developing the character's movements to accomplish the objective of each scene. There is an obvious analogy here between the art of animation and the art of acting, in that actors also must do the best they can with the lines they are given; it is often encapsulated by the common industry saying that animators are "actors with pencils".[4] In 2015,Chris Buck noted in an interview that animators have become "actors withmice."[5] Some studios bring in acting coaches on feature films to help animators work through such issues. Once each scene is complete and has been perfected through the "sweat box" feedback process, the resulting data can be dispatched to arender farm, where computers handle the tedious task of actuallyrendering all the frames. Each finished film clip is then checked for quality and rushed to a film editor, who assembles the clips together to create the film.
While early computer animation was heavily criticized for rendering human characters that looked plastic or even worse, eerie (seeuncanny valley), contemporary software can now render strikingly realistic clothing, hair, and skin. The solid shading of traditional animation has been replaced by very sophisticated virtual lighting in computer animation, and computer animation can take advantage of many camera techniques used in live-action filmmaking (i.e., simulating real-world "camera shake" throughmotion capture of a cameraman's movements). As a result, some studios now hire nearly as many lighting artists as animators for animated films, while costume designers, hairstylists, choreographers, and cinematographers have occasionally been called upon as consultants to computer-animated projects.
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