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| Anim | |
|---|---|
| Fly River | |
| Geographic distribution | Fly River, central southernNew Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans-New Guinea?
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Anim |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | anim1240 |
 Map of the Anim languages in relation to other language families onNew Guinea. The Anim families Other Trans–New Guinea families Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited | |
TheAnim orFly River languages are alanguage family in south-centralNew Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).[1] The names of the family derive from theFly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.[1]
The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:[2]
The moribundAbom language, previously considered a member of theTirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinctKarami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to theInland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).
Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[3]
| Language | Subgroup | Location | Population | Alternate names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marind | NuclearMarind | centralMerauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia) | 7,000 | |
| Bian | NuclearMarind | northeastMerauke Regency (Indonesia) | 2,900 | |
| Yaqay | Yaqay | easternMappi Regency (Indonesia) | 10,000 | |
| Warkay-Bipim | Yaqay | southAsmat Regency (Indonesia) | 300 | |
| Kuni-Boazi | Lake Murray (Boazi) | westLake Murray (PNG) | 4,500 | |
| Zimakani | Lake Murray (Boazi) | southwestLake Murray across border (PNG) | 1,500 | |
| Tirio | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south bank of lowerFly River (PNG) | 1900 | Makayam |
| Bitur | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south bank of lowerFly River (PNG) | 860 | Mutum,Paswam,Bituri |
| Adulu | Tirio (Lower Fly) | southGogodala Rural LLG (PNG) | 220 | Aturu |
| Lewada-Dewara | Tirio (Lower Fly) | Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) | 700 | Were |
| Baramu | Tirio (Lower Fly) | south bank of lowerFly River (PNG) | 850 | |
| Ipiko | Ipiko (Inland Gulf) | West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG) |
| Proto-Anim | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Anim languages |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]
| *m | *n | ||
| *p | *t | *k | |
| *mb | *nd | *ŋg | |
| *ɸ | *s | ||
| *w | *r | *j |
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):[1]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *na- | *ni- |
| 2 | *ŋga- | *ja |
| 3 | *(u)a- | *ja |
By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branchAwyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:[2]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *no, *na- | *ni, *na-/*ni- |
| 2 | *ŋgo, **ŋga- | *[i/e]o, *[i/e]a- |
| 3m | *e, *e- | *i, *i- |
| 3f | *u, *u- |
The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.[2]
Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:[1]
| gloss | Proto-Anim |
|---|---|
| ‘house’ | *aɸ(a,o) |
| ‘younger sibling’ | *am(o)=e/*am=u |
| ‘laugh’ | *awend(V) |
| ‘thigh’ | *mboɸo |
| ‘breast’ | *mbumb(V) |
| ‘tree’ | *nde |
| ‘navel’ | *ndekum(u) |
| ‘sago’ | *ndou |
| ‘build a nest’ | *ewes |
| ‘bone’ | *ɸia(u) |
| ‘rain’ | *ŋg(a,o)e |
| ‘night’ | *ŋgap(o) |
| ‘eat, drink’ | *ŋg(e,a)i |
| ‘root’ | *itit(i) |
| ‘lip’ | *itup(u) |
| ‘cry’ | *iwo |
| ‘tooth’ | *kam(V) |
| ‘egg, seed’ | *kan(a,e) |
| ‘paddle’ | *kawea |
| ‘mouth, teeth’ | *maŋg(a,o)t(o) |
| ‘come’ | *mano |
| ‘speech, voice’ | *mean(V) |
| ‘two’ | *measi |
| ‘fruit, seed’ | *moko(m) |
| ‘heart’ | *muki(k) |
| ‘mosquito’ | *naŋg(a,i)t(i) |
| ‘banana’ | *napet(o) |
| ‘sleep’ | *nu |
| ‘forearm’ | *piŋgi |
| ‘stand’ | *ratinV |
| ‘hand’ | *seŋga |
| ‘tongue’ | *sas(a) |
| ‘meat, fish’ | *sawa(i) |
| ‘tail feathers’ | *sum(V) |
| ‘fire, tree’ | *tae |
| ‘wing’ | *taɸ(u) |
| ‘nape’ | *temuk(u) |
| ‘lie down’ | *tenV |
Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).[2]
| gloss | Proto- Fly River | Proto- Inland Gulf | Proto- Lower Fly River | Proto- Lake Murray | Proto- Marind-Yaqay | Proto- Marind | Proto- Yakhai-Warkay | Proto- Yakhai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | *gia | *pa | *muku | |||||
| hair | *duɾumə; *duɾum | |||||||
| ear | *tu; *jeja | *towap | *kambet | *kembet, *kambet | *k[e]mbet | |||
| eye | *kindV[C] | *kuɸino | *baɾid | *kind | *kind | *kind | ||
| nose | *dasi | *miw | *aŋgi₂p | *s[e/a]maŋg | ||||
| tooth | *kam | *ta; *bese | *suwə; *kam; *su | *kam | *maŋg[e/a]t | *maŋgat | *maŋg[e/a]t | |
| tongue | *sas | *koda; *sasa | *jimə; *jim | *naseam; *sas | *inVm | *inum | *in[e/a]m | |
| leg | *idini | *tegu | ||||||
| louse | *n[u]m[u]ŋg | *uani | *oɾ[eae]n | *[num]uŋg | *nambun | *nahun; *mba[m/mb] | *nambun | |
| dog | *gaso | *s[eae]; *diɾean | *gaɣo | *ŋgat | ||||
| pig | *mbasik | *maɸa | *m[i/e]nawə | *basik | *basik | *basik | *basik | |
| bird | *ewesa | *dawod | *ujub | *pet[e/a]ɣau | ||||
| egg | *kanV | *ɸutu; *usu | *sVɣaɾə | *mogaw; *kan[a] | *magaw | *mo[k/ɣ]a | ||
| blood | *nauɾə | *kouk | *do | |||||
| bone | *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u] | *ɸia | *naɾak(ə); *baig | *bajag | *hia[u] | *haiau, *hiau | *hia | *ia |
| skin | *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo | *ŋgusum | *ugu | |||||
| breast | *jono | *bub | *toto | *bub | *abut | |||
| tree | *nde | *de | *naukə | *tae | *de | *de | *de | |
| man | *anem | *aneme | *anem(ə) | *anem | *anem | *anem | ||
| woman | *anum | *anumu | *anum(ə) | *anum | *anum | *anum | *sau | |
| sun | *nowumu; *siwio | *manom | *kaia | *katane | ||||
| moon | *bubei | *manom | *mandou | *kam[e/o] | ||||
| water | *ogo | *mau[g/k]ə | *neia, *naia | *adika | *adeka | *adika | *maⁱ | |
| fire | *tae | *maɸi; *ta[j]e | *j[i]au | *tae | *tekaw | *tekaw | *teka | |
| stone | *didigə | *seŋgV | *ketaɾ; *seŋga | *seŋgV | *seŋgi | |||
| path | *jigei | *ewean | *isas | |||||
| name | *jiga | *gag | *ij | *[i/e]g[i/e]j | *igij | *[e][k/ɣ][e] | ||
| eat | *tamu | *ɣawi[ɣ] | *bae | |||||
| one | *ija (?) | *jaigio | *ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k] | *koapo | *ija[kod] | *ijako[d]; *ijakod | ||
| two | *meas[i] | *measi | *mis | *inah | *[k/ɣ]aiaɣamat |