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Angul (mythology)

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Legendary ancestor of the Angles and Danes

Angul (orAngel) is a figure inNordic mythology who, according to theGesta Danorum was the ancestor of theDanes, along with his brotherDan. He was also the ancestor of theAngles (or English) inDenmark, who latermigrated to Great Britain, naming the land they settledEngland.

Attestations

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Gesta Danorum

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Saxo Grammaticus'Gesta Danorum describes how the two sons of Humble, Angul andDan, are the forefathers and founders of theDanes. Together, they became rulers of their realm through the support of their kinsmen but did not use the term "king".^[1]

Angul is then described as also being the ancestor of theAngles, who latermigrated to Britain, naming the regionEngland ultimately after Angul:

Latin text^[2]	Elton &Powell translation^[1]	Friis-Jensen and Fisher translation^[3]
Ex quibus Angul, a quo gentis Anglicae principia manasse memoriae proditum est, nomen suum provinciae, cui praeerat, aptandum curavit, levi monumenti genere perennem sui notitiam traditurus. Cuius successores postmodum Britannia potiti priscum insulae nomen novo patriae suae vocabulo permutarunt. Magni id factum a veteribus aestimatum. Testis est Beda, non minima pars divini stili, qui in Anglia ortus sanctissimis suorum voluminum thesauris res patrias sociare curae habuit, aeque ad religionem pertinere iudicans patriae facta litteris illustrare et res divinas conscribere.	Of these two, Angul, the fountain, so runs the tradition, of the beginnings of theAnglian race, caused his name to be applied to the district which he ruled. This was an easy kind of memorial wherewith to immortalise his fame: for his successors a little later, when they gained possession ofBritain, changed the original name of the island for a fresh title, that of theirown land. This action was much thought of by the ancients: witnessBede, no mean figure among the writers of the Church, who was a native of England, and made it his care to embody the doings of his country in the most hallowed treasury of his pages; deeming it equally a religious duty to glorify in writing the deeds of his land, and to chronicle the history of the Church.	Old reports maintain that theEnglish race arose from this Angel, who had his name given to the region he governed, resolving to pass on an undying recognition of himself by an easy kind of memorial. His descendants later conqueredBritain and substituted the new title of theirown land for the island's original name. This action was highly thought of in past ages. One witness to this isBede, a major contributor to Christian literature, who as an Englishman, took pains to bring his country's history into the sacred treasury of his books, considering it in equal piety both to pen the deeds of his motherland and to write about religion.

The family tree oflegendary Kings of the Danes, according to theGesta Danorum (Books I to VII)

Kings of the Danes are in bold and marked with a crown (♕). Kings of the Swedes are marked with a dagger (†). Superscript numbers before a name indicate in which books ofGesta Danorum the individual is mentioned.

⁽¹⁾ Humble

KEY

⁽¹⁾Angul

⁽¹⁾Dan ♕

⁽¹⁾Grytha

Marriage or coupling

Parent and child

The Angles

⁽¹⁾Humble ♕

⁽¹⁾Lother ♕

⁽¹⁾ King of theSaxons

Succession by other or unclear means

⁽¹⁾Roar

⁽¹⁾Sigtryg, King of the Swedes†

⁽¹⁾Skiold ♕

⁽¹⁾Alfhild

⁽¹⁾ daughter of Roar

⁽¹⁾Bess

⁽¹⁾ sister of Gram

⁽¹⁾Gróa

⁽¹⁾Gram ♕†

⁽¹⁾Sumble, King of the Finns

⁽¹⁾ Wagnhofde

⁽¹⁾Signe

⁽¹⁾Henry, King of the Saxons

⁽¹⁾ Hakon, King of the Nitherians

⁽¹⁾Hardgrep

⁽¹⁾Swipdag ♕†, King of Norway

⁽¹⁾ sister of Guthorm

⁽¹⁾Guthorm ♕

^(1,2,5)Hadding ♕

⁽¹⁾ Ragnhild

⁽¹⁾ Asmund†

⁽¹⁾ Gunnhild

⁽¹⁾ Guthorm

^(1,2) Ulfhild

⁽²⁾Ubbe ♕

⁽¹⁾ Henry

⁽¹⁾ Uffe†

^(1,2) Hunding†

⁽²⁾ Thorhild

⁽²⁾ Scot

⁽¹⁾ daughter of Uffe

⁽²⁾ Ragnar†

⁽²⁾ Swanhwid

⁽²⁾ sisters of Swanhwid

⁽²⁾Handwan

⁽²⁾ Thorwald

^(2,5)Frode ♕

⁽²⁾ daughter of Handwan

^(2,3)Hothbrodd†

⁽²⁾Halfdan ♕

⁽²⁾ Ro

⁽²⁾ Skat

⁽²⁾ Thora

^(2,3)Helge ♕

⁽²⁾Ro ♕

^(2,3)Athisl†

⁽²⁾Urse

^(2,3) King Gewar

^(2,3)Rolf Krage ♕†

⁽²⁾ Rute

⁽²⁾Bjarke

⁽²⁾Skulde

^(2,3)Hiartuar †♕

^(2,3)Hother †♕

⁽³⁾Nanna

⁽³⁾ Herlek

⁽³⁾ Gerit

⁽³⁾ former King of Britain

⁽³⁾ mother of the King of Britain

⁽³⁾ a slave

⁽³⁾ a bondmaid

⁽³⁾Rorik Slyngebond ♕

⁽³⁾ Gerwendil

^(3,4) King of Britain

^(3,4) Queen of Britain

^(3,4) Gerutha

^(3,4)Horwendil

^(3,4)Feng

^(3,4) foster sister of Amleth

^(3,4) daughter of the King of Britain

^(3,4)Amleth

⁽⁴⁾Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland

⁽⁴⁾Wiglek ♕

⁽⁴⁾ son of Amleth

⁽⁴⁾Wermund ♕

⁽⁴⁾Frowin, governor of Sleswik

⁽⁴⁾Uffe ♕, aka Olaf the Gentle

⁽⁴⁾ daughter of Frowin

⁽⁴⁾Ket

⁽⁴⁾Wig

⁽⁴⁾Dan ♕

⁽⁴⁾Hugleik ♕

⁽⁴⁾Frode the Vigorous ♕

⁽⁴⁾Dan ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Kraka

⁽⁵⁾ Ragnar

⁽⁵⁾ Brak

^(4,5)Fridleif the Swift ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Hun, King of the Huns

⁽⁵⁾ Hun

⁽⁵⁾ Gotar, King of Norway

⁽⁵⁾ Westmar

⁽⁵⁾ Koll

⁽⁵⁾ Gotwar

⁽⁵⁾ Roller

^(5,6)Erik† Shrewd-spoken

⁽⁵⁾ Gunwar the Fair

⁽⁵⁾ Alfhild

^(5,6)Frode ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Hanund

⁽⁵⁾ Grep (eldest of three)

⁽⁵⁾ 11 other sons (two named Grep)

⁽⁶⁾ Hythin, King of Tellemark

⁽⁵⁾ Alf

⁽⁵⁾Eyfura

⁽⁵⁾Arngrim

⁽⁶⁾ Grubb

⁽⁶⁾Hiarn ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Amund, King of Norway

⁽⁶⁾ child of Hythin

⁽⁶⁾ Halfdan†

⁽⁵⁾ 12 sons, includingAnganty

⁽⁶⁾ Ane

⁽⁶⁾ Juritha

⁽⁶⁾Fridleif ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Frogertha

⁽⁶⁾ Hanef, King of Saxony

⁽⁶⁾Swerting, King of Saxony

⁽⁶⁾ Olaf

⁽⁶⁾Frode ♕

^(6,7) Siward†

⁽⁶⁾ sons of Swerting

⁽⁶⁾ sister of the sons of Swerting

^(6,7)Ingild ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Helga

⁽⁶⁾ Helge

⁽⁶⁾ Asa

^(6,7) Frode

^(6,7) Fridleif

^(6,7) Ingild

^(6,7)Olaf ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Karl, governor of Gothland

⁽⁷⁾ Ulfhild

⁽⁷⁾Frode ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Hather, a chief

⁽⁷⁾Harald ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Signe

⁽⁷⁾ Erik†

⁽⁷⁾ Thorhild

⁽⁷⁾Halfdan Biargramm ♕†

⁽⁷⁾ Harald

⁽⁷⁾ Asmund

Kings of Norway

Name spellings are derived fromOliver Elton's 1905 translation,The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus,via Wikisource.

Interpretation and discussion

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Relationship to other Germanic tribal beginnings

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Though not mentioning Angul, his brother Dan is referred to in other medieval works as the ancestor of the Danes. In theChronicle of Lejre, Dan, the son of King Ypper ofUppsala, becomes king of the Danes, while his brothers Nori and Östen become kings ofNorway and theSwedes.^[4] Consistent with this, inJordanes'Getica, written in the 6th century, theDanes, of the same tribe as theSwedes, are said to have emigrated from Sweden to Denmark in ancient times.^[5] Unlike other accounts such as theProse Edda, Gesta Danorum makes the founders of the Danish royal line descended from humans rather thangods.^[6]

Inclusion by Saxo Grammaticus

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In contrast to many other writers at the time that traced the descent of the nation in question to the Trojans, Saxo favoured heathen forefathers from the land itself. This was possibly intended to show that the Danes were independent from, and equal, to the Romans.^[7]^[8] It has been argued that Dan and Angul resemblingRomulus and Remus, fitting into a wider system of parallels between the accounts in Gesta Danorum and Roman tradition.^[8] It is unclear when Saxo conceived of Dan and Angul as having lived, with the Chronicle of Lejre recording that Dan lived at the time ofEmperor Augustus, while Saxo puts them over twenty generations before him. This would be a further similarity with Romulus and Remus, with whom they would have been roughly contemporaries by his account.^[9]

It has been further proposed that Saxo included Angul in his account of the origin of the Danes to emphasise the close connection between the Danes and the English.^[10] This is consistent with earlier Old English literature that shows that the history of the Angles during and before the migration from the Danish region was remembered and seen as part of the history of the English more widely.^[11] It has also been noted that along with the works of Bede, Saxo refers to the writings ofDudo andPaul the Deacon who discuss the origins of theNormans and theLangobards, who, like the English, can be seen as having descended from the Danes.^[12]

Citations

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^^a ^bGD1 English.
^GD1 Latin.
^Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 18–21.
^Allport 2022.
^Getica, pp. 56–57.
^Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 18.
^Berend 2018, p. 82.
^^a ^bBailey 2002, pp. 59–61.
^Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 19–20.
^Chismol 2018, p. 12.
^Hordern 2004, pp. 15–16.
^Friis-Jensen & Fisher 2015, pp. 18–21, 594–597.

Bibliography

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Primary

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Friis-Jensen, Karsten; Fisher, Peter (2015).Gesta Danorum: the history of the Danes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780198205234.
Grammaticus, Saxo.The Danish History, Book 1. Translated by Elton, Oliver; Powell, Frederick. Retrieved30 April 2023.
Grammaticus, Saxo.Gesta Danorum, Liber 1, Caput 1. Retrieved30 April 2023.
Jordanes (1915).The Gothic history of Jordanes in English version;. Translated by Mierow, Charles. Princeton, Univ. Press. Retrieved8 May 2023.

Secondary

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Allport, Ben (2022)."The Prehistory of Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum: Connections with the Chronicon Lethrense and their Consequences".Neophilologus.106 (3):513–532.doi:10.1007/s11061-021-09723-4.hdl:11250/3001199.ISSN 0028-2677.
Bailey, Christopher (2002).Saxo Grammaticus: History and the Rise of National Identity in Medieval Denmark. Eastern Illinois University.
Berend, Nora (2018). "How many medieval Europes? The 'Pagans' of Hungary and Regional Diversity in Christendom".The medieval world (Second ed.). London. pp. 72–87.doi:10.4324/9781315102511-5.ISBN 9781315102511.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Chismol, Guillem (2018)."Estado, nación y sentimiento nacional en la Baja Edad Media".Mirabilia/MedTrans: Mirabilia/Mediterranean and Transatlantic Approaches to the Culture of the Crown of Aragon (in Catalan) (1):2–24.
Hordern, Kjersten Anne Talsnes (2004)."A postcolonial reading of the Middle English romance "Havelok the Dane"".University of Regina. Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Regina.

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Attestations

Gesta Danorum

Interpretation and discussion

Relationship to other Germanic tribal beginnings

Inclusion by Saxo Grammaticus

See also

Citations

Bibliography

Primary

Secondary