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Angloromani orAnglo-Romani (literally "English Romani"; also known asAngloromany,Rummaness, orPogadi Chib) is aPara-Romani dialect spoken by theRomanichal, a subgroup of theRomani people in theUnited Kingdom and other parts of the English-speaking world.^[1] It is characterised by the presence ofRomani vocabulary and syntax in theEnglish used by Romanichal.

Romanichal used theRomani language from their arrival in the 16th century up until the late 19th century, when it was replaced, for the most part, by English as their everyday and family language. This resulted in the formation of Angloromani.

This differs from the presence of loanwords (such as that used locally inEdinburgh andNorthumberland) from the Romani language, such aslollipop (originally atoffee apple),pal (originally Romaniphral 'brother'), andchav (originallyćhavo 'boy').^[2]

A document from about the seventeenth century titled theWinchester Confessions indicates that the English Romani language was itself a dialect of the northern branch of Romani sharing a close similarity to theWelsh Romani language.^[3] However, the language in a modern context has changed from the Indic-based vocabulary, morphology, and influences from Greek and other Balkan languages of the seventeenth century to a Para-Romani dialect typical of modern Anglo-Romani with sentence endings influenced by English, while Welsh Romani retains the original grammatical system.

Historically, the variants of Welsh and English Romani constituted the same variant of Romani,^[4] share characteristics, and are historically closely related to dialects spoken in France, Germany (Sinti), Scandinavia, Spain, Poland, North Russia and the Baltic states. Such dialects are descended from the first wave of Romani immigrants into western, northern and southern Europe in the late Middle Ages.^[5] Few documents survive into modern times, theWinchester Confessions document c.1616 highlights the variant of English Romani and contains a high number of words still used in the modern Northern European Romani dialects and until recently also Welsh Romani;^[4] Examples include:balovas (pig meat bacon),lovina (beer, alcohol),ruk (tree),smentena (cream),boba (beans) andfolaso (glove), and all such words occur in all western dialects of Romani, with few English loanwords present.^[6]

However, theWinchester Confessions document indicates that English grammatical structures were influencing speakers of English Romani (within a London context where the document was sourced) to adopt an (adjective-noun) configuration rather than the (noun-adjective) configuration of other Romani dialects, including modern Welsh Romani. The document suggests a complete separation betweenThieves' Cant, and the variant of English Romani of the early seventeenth century.^[7] This has particular implications when dating the origin and development of Anglo-Romani and its split from Welsh Romani. The author of one such study^[3] believes English Romani gradually lost its distinctive syntax, phonology and morphology while other scholars^[8] believe Anglo-Romani developed relatively quickly after the Romanis' arrival in England in the sixteenth century, in a development similar to the Pidgin or Creole languages.^[8]

Anglo-Romani was already developing in the seventeenth century although the change from the original English Romani is unclear. TheWinchester Confessions document disproves a sudden morphological change,^[9] and lends support to a strict linguistic separation between aCanting language and English Romani whose speakers used a separate and distinct Romani language when speaking amongst themselves. A situation which existed one hundred years later as testified by James Poulter 1775: "the English Gypsies spoke a variant of their own language that none other could understand," indicating the language was distinct from the common "Canting tongue" of England. Romani of that time was a language of everyday communication, of practical use, and not a secret language.

The originalRomani was used exclusively as a family orclan language, during occasional encounters between various Romani clans. It was not a written language, but more a conversational one, used by families to keep conversations amongst themselves in public places such as markets unintelligible to others. It was not used in any official capacity in schools or administrative matters, and so lacked the vocabulary for these terms. Such terms were simply borrowed from English. However, to keep the language undecipherable to outsiders, the Romani speakers coined new terms that were a combination or variation of the original English terms. For example, a forester is calledveshengro, from the Romani word for forest,vesh; a restaurant is ahabbinkerr from the wordshabbin, food, andkerr, house, thus literally "food-house"; and a mayor is agavmoosh, from the wordsgav, village, town, andmoosh, man, literally "town-man". Gradually, the British Romani began to give up their language in favour of English, though they retained much of the vocabulary, which they now use occasionally in English conversation – as Angloromani.^[2]

The origins of the Romani language are inIndia, and the core of the vocabulary and grammar still resemble modernIndic languages likeHindi,Kashmiri, andPunjabi.Linguists have been investigating thedialects of Romani since the second half of the eighteenth century, and although there are no ancient written records of the language, it has been possible to reconstruct the development of Romani from the medieval languages of India to its present forms as spoken inEurope. Although the language remains similar at its core, it is sometimes quite difficult forRomani people from different regions to understand one another if they have not had any exposure to other dialects before.

Anglo-Romani is amixed language, with the base languages beingRomani andEnglish (something referred to asPara-Romani in Romani linguistics). Alternatively, it has also been classified as acreole language,^[10] but many linguists reject this nowadays, arguing that the circumstances of its origin as well as the structural make-up of the language militate against such a classification.^[11]

Some English lexical items that arearchaic or only used inidiomatic expressions in Standard English survive in Anglo-Romani, for examplemoniker andswaddling.

Every region where Angloromani is spoken is characterised by a distinct colloquial English style; this often leads outsiders to believe that the speech of Romanichals is regional English. The distinctrhotic pronunciation of the Southern Angloromani variety also means that many outsiders perceive Southern Romanichal Travellers to be from theWest Country because West Country English is also rhotic. Indeed, many Romanichal Travellers from the South of England or the Midlands region have a slightly West Country sounding accent; in fact it is a Southern Romanichal Traveller accent.

Among Anglo-Romani speakers, there is variation depending on where groups originally settled before learning English:

• Southern Angloromani (Spoken across the Southwest, Southeast, East Anglia, West Midlands, East Midlands and South Wales).
• Northern Angloramani (Spoken across the Northwest, Northeast, Yorkshire, Northeast Wales and Scottish Borders).

The members of these groups consider that not only do their dialects/accents differ, but also that they are of different regional groups. The speakers of Southern Angloromani took the regional identity of Southern Romanichal Travellers and the speakers of Northern Angloromani took the regional identity of Northern Romanichal Travellers. At the time of settlement, these divisions were somewhat reflective of geographic location. They did travel, but until travel became modernized, the migrations were relatively local.^[12]

Overall, Anglo-Romani consonants reflect the standard British English consonantal system with the exception that the rhotic is trilled[r] and /x/ appears in certain dialects. Anglo-Romani may sometimes berhotic and in other cases is non-rhotic like English non-rhotic dialects; for example, in Romaniterno "young" (passing through the stagetarno) can be rendered astawno.^[13][14]

In the sixteenth century, the Romani language was an inflected language, employing two genders, plurality and case marking.

Anglo-Romani is first referenced in 1566–1567.

In the late nineteenth century, Romani personal pronouns became inconsistently marked, according toLeland, who also notes that case distinction began fading overall, and gender marking also disappeared.George Borrow notes that in 1874, some Romani speakers were still employing complete inflection, while some were adopting the English syntax with a Romani lexicon. It seems to be around 1876 that gender distinction was no longer seen; however, the continued use of Romani plural forms was noted, along with English verb conjugation. By 1923, some plural endings were still being used on nouns, but English prepositions were used instead of Romani postpositions. Current usage has lost almost all Romani morphology and instead uses English morphology with Romani lexical items.

Romani allowed for two word orders – Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) and Verb-Subject-Object (VSO).

Negation in Anglo-Romani is achieved through the use of the wordkek:

• măndī can kek ker lĭs ('I can't do it')
• there's kekə pani left in kŭvə kurī ('there's no water left in this bucket')

"Be" is optionally deleted:

• tūte kūšta diken muš ('you are a fine-looking man')
• tūte rinkna râne ('you are a pretty lady')

Reduplication is employed for emphasis:

• dūvrī ('distant')
• dūvrī-dūvrī ('very distant')

The Anglo-Romani Project, an initiative of the Romani community of Blackburn and the Lancashire Traveller Education Service, has samples of Anglo-Romani conversation as well as documentation, which it has collected with the aim of documenting the Anglo-Romani lexicon in its regional and dialectal variation. Samples of conversation and their meaning can be found on their website.^[15] A dictionary of Anglo-Romani words and their etymology can be found on the Romani Project website.^[16]

An example of a phrase in Angloromani isThe mush was jalling down the drom with his gry ('The man was walking down the road with his horse').^[17]

• Polari

• Acton, Thomas. 1989. The Value of “Creolized” Dialects of Romanes. In International Symposium Romani Language and Culture. Sarajevo.
• Acton, Thomas and Gerwyn Davis. 1979. Educational Policy and Language Use Among English Romanies and Irish Travellers (Tinkers) in England and Wales. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 19-22: 91-110.
• Acton, Thomas, Vangelis Marselos, and Laszlo Szego. 2000. The Development of Literary Dialects of Romanes, and the Prospects for an International Standard Dialect. In Language, Blacks, and Gypsies, ed. Thomas Acton and Morgan Dalphinis. London: Whiting and Birch.
• Borrow, George. 1923. Romano Lavo-Lil. London: Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Ld.
• Deterding, David. 1997. The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British English pronunciation. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 27: 47-55.
• Hancock, Ian. 1996. Duty and Beauty, Possession and Truth: The Claim of Lexical Impoverishment as Control. In Gypsies: A book of interdisciplinary readings, ed. Diane Tong. New York: Garland Publishers.
• "Anglo-Romani"University of Washington US
• Manchester University Romani ProjectROMANI Project - Manchester

• Speakromany.com a project from English Gypsies reviving their language
• Distribution of Romani dialect by region
• AngloRomani Linguistic Information

• Immigrant languages of the United States
• Languages of the United Kingdom
• Languages of Australia
• Romani in Australia
• Romani in the United Kingdom
• Romani in the United States
• Para-Romani
• Languages of South Africa
• Languages of New Zealand
• English-based pidgins and creoles
• Romanichal

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