 Angampora gripping technique at Korathota Angam Maduwa | |
| Focus | Striking,Grappling,Wrestling |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Sri Lanka |
| Famous practitioners | Ten Giant Warriors |
| Olympic sport | No |
| Meaning | Body-combat |
Angampora is a Sinhalesemartial art that combines combat techniques,self-defense,sport, exercise, and meditation.[1][2] A key component of angampora is the namesakeangam, which incorporates hand-to-hand fighting, andillangam, involving the use of indigenous weapons such as theethunu kaduwa, staves, knives and swords.[3][4] Another component known asmaya angam, which uses spells andincantations for combat, is also said to have existed.[5] Angampora's distinct feature lies in the use ofpressure point attacks to inflict pain or permanently paralyze the opponent. Fighters usually make use of bothstriking andgrappling techniques, and fight until the opponent is caught in a submissionlock that they cannot escape. Usage of weapons is discretionary. Perimeters of fighting are defined in advance, and in some of the cases is a pit.[5][6]
A number of paintings related to angampora are found atBuddhist temples in Sri Lanka. These includeEmbekka Devalaya, Gadaladeniya Rajamaha Viharaya,Temple of the Tooth,Saman Devalaya (Ratnapura) andLankathilaka Rajamaha Viharaya.[7][8]
The name 'Angampora' is derived from theSinhalese wordanga- a root word for 'body', denoting physical combat andpora, meaning fight. It loosely means the martial, which uses limbs without the use of weapons.[9] (unarmed combat)[5]
According to apocryphalSinhalese folklore, angampora's history stretches to as far back as 33,000 years,[10][dead link] with theYaksha tribe (one of the four "hela" - the ancient tribes that inhabited the island) being identified as originators. Two ancient scripts named the Variga Purnikawa and Pancha Rakkhawaliya go further, identifying nine hermits as founders.[10] Folklore goes on to describe Rana Ravana, a mythical warrior said to have lived 5,000 years ago, as the most feared angam warrior of all time.[11]
Practice thrived during Sri Lanka'smedieval period whenBhuvanekabahu VI of Kotte's successful campaign to conquer theJaffna Kingdom included fighters who excelled in this art.[12] Descendants of a heroine named Menike or Disapathiniya who lived around this time are credited with the art form's survival in the ensuing centuries: dressed in male attire, she is said to have defeated the killer of her father in a fight inside a deep pit known asUra Linda (pig's pit), during a historic fight.[1][13] Angampora fighters also fought alongside the army ofMayadunne of Sitawaka in the 1562Battle of Mulleriyawa.[14] Tikiri Banda akaRajasinha I of Sitawaka, who succeeded Mayadunne, became a faithful sponsor of this art.[11]
There were two major schools of Angampora, Maaruwaliya, and Sudhaaliya, which routinely fought each other (in fights known asangam-kotāgæma), in the presence of the king.[15] The leaders of the schools were known as Maruwalliya Muhandiram Nilame and Sudhalaye Muhandiram Nilame, respectively.[7] The huts used by angampora fighters for training were known asangam madu, and were built according to the concepts ofGebim Shasthraya, the traditional philosophical system of architecture.[16]
Angam techniques were used by the locals in their resistance against the early colonial occupants of the island's coastal areas.[17]
With the advent of colonial rule over the entirety of the island in 1815, Angampora fell into disuse and has been claimed to have nearly been lost as a part of the country's heritage. A widespread internet claim states that theBritish colonial administration underRobert Brownrigg, shortly before it had taken full control of the whole island by 1818,[18] allegedly issued agazette banning the practice in 1817, "figuring that a populace trained in hand-to-hand combat would be more difficult to control."[19] The alleged measures against practitioners included burning down anyAngam Madu (practice huts devoted to the martial art) and shooting the knees of offenders, crippling them.[12][20]
Contrary to 21st-century claims of the martial art having been banned or persecuted, no contemporary accounts of such a decree have been made available. However, a British report on the pre-colonial government of the Kandi Kingdom mentions two court-recognized combat schools rivaling each other, called theMaaruwaliya andSudaaliya, each of them led by a champion. They were assisted by ten weapon masters spread through the lands, who trained future practitioners. Practitioners would perform gladiatorial battles for the court, which would occasionally lead to conflicts, tensions, and unrest between the adherents of the schools.[21] For this reason, the British administration abolished the court positions of theSudaluya andMaruwaleya martial art champions as "unnecessary" in 1818, as part of their restructuring of the local government.[22]
The martial art re-surfaced from an area known as Beligal Korale, aroundKegalle, after the end of British colonial rule in 1948.[1] The Jathika Hela Angam Shilpa Kala Sangamaya, the highest governing body of the art today, was established in 2001.[12] Sri Lanka's Ministry of Culture and the Arts has also taken action to support the survival and preservation of Angampora:[7] Several public exhibitions have been mounted to increase public awareness of it and fuel interest in it.[23] A collection of weaponry used in Angampora is also kept on display at theNational Museum of Colombo.[24]
Angampora has been the subject of several films and television dramas in Sri Lanka. One such film,Angam, directed by Anjula Rasanga Weerasinghe, explored the origins of the art through traditional folk stories and scientific examination.[25][26] Jayantha Chandrasiri's tele-dramas Dandubasnāmānaya and Akāla Sandhya also featured angampora.[3][27][28] These depictions have boosted the art's recent revival.[3]
The angam component is divided into three main disciplines,gataputtu (locks and grips),pora haramba (strikes and blocks) andmaru kala(nerve point attacks). Gataputtu are placed on an opponent using the fighter's hands, legs or head. Pora Haramba include approximately eighteen forms of offensive strikes and seven of defensive blocks. Maru kala is the component that incorporates nerve-point attacks capable of inflicting pain on the opponent, causing serious injury or timed death.(This means that according to the strike and pressure applied, the death of the person can be decided, sometimes the time can range from few minutes to many months of suffering)[29]
Several locks:[29]
Several offensive strikes:[29]
Before a practice session starts, the student is expected tomeditate and offermerit to the master. The student lights three lamps as he enters to the angam maduwa.[12] Students also make a pledge to use the technique solely for purposes of self-defense and the defense of his family or country.[3] Practice begins with basic warm-up exercises, gradually moving on to special exercises. Foot movement techniques are the cornerstone of this art of fighting, and a foot exercise calledmulla panina is the first skill taught, with minor mistakes being stiffly disciplined.[30] This exercise is followed next by more advanced techniques like Gaman Thalawa.
The hand fighting technique known asamaraya is a step into the next level of training.[12] A student learns to observe the weaknesses of the opponent, and to attack weak points with experience. Weapons such as thesuruttuwaluwa/velayudaya (an apparatus made of four long flexible pieces of metal, with sharp edges on both sides), the combat sword,keti kaduwa (a short sword), and cane sticks are used for fighting, together with thepaliha (shield). In total, there are sixty-four types of weapon, including thirty-two sword variants.[31] Some deadly, higher-level Angam attacks involve thenervous system; others if executed properly, can halt the bloodflow to vital organs, leading toparalysis or even death.[1] Alongside such techniques students learn anayurvedic practice known asbeheth pārawal, or medical shots, for reversing the effects of such strikes.[5]
A graduation ceremony known as the Helankada Mangalya is the apex of the life of an angampora fighter, held within a Buddhist temple.[3]Panikkirala, or fencing master, is the highest position in angampora, denoting the head of a particular school.[15][32] A distinctive feature is the lack of the use of rank insignia like belts to denote degree of competence: male fighters usually fight bare-chested. Although angampora is designed to kill, it requires the practitioner to adhere at all times to stringent discipline.[1] In extreme cases, fights are held inside deep holes.[4]
.jpg)
![Angampora fighter with sword[33]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aAngam_guru_ajantha_mahantharachchi.JPG)
![Angampora fighter with sword and shield[34]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aAngampora_sword_fighter_-_ajantha_mahantharachchi.jpg)
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Angampora re-creation | |
| Angampora re-creation |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
