Andrew Humphreys | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Member of theUnited States House of Representatives fromIndiana's2nd congressional district | |
| In office December 5, 1876 – March 3, 1877 | |
| Preceded by | James D. Williams |
| Succeeded by | Thomas R. Cobb |
| Member of theIndiana Senate | |
| In office 1896-1900 1878-1882 1874-1876 | |
| Member of theIndiana House of Representatives | |
| In office 1857 1849-1852 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1821-03-30)March 30, 1821 |
| Died | June 14, 1904(1904-06-14) (aged 83) |
| Resting place | Moss Cemetery Linton, Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | Politician farmer |
Andrew Humphreys (March 30, 1821 – June 14, 1904) was aU.S. Representative fromBloomfield,Greene County,Indiana, who served in theForty-fourth Congress. Prior to theAmerican Civil War, Humphreys was as a member of theIndiana House of Representatives (1849 to 1852, and January 8 to March 9, 1857), and an Indian agent forUtah. In 1864 Humphreys was a defendant in a controversial trial by a military commission that convened on October 21 atIndianapolis, where he and three others were convicted of treason. Humphreys was sentenced to hard labor for the remainder of the war, but the sentence was modified three weeks later to allow for his release (Humphreys was required to remain within two specific townships in Greene County, and could not participate in any acts that opposed the war). At the end of the war, Humphreys resumed a career in politics, which included terms in Forty-fourth Congress (December 5, 1876 to March 3, 1877) and theIndiana Senate (1874 to 1876, 1878 to 1882, and 1896 to 1900).
Born nearKnoxville, Tennessee, Humphreys moved with his parents toOwen County, Indiana, in 1829. Afterwards, the family relocated toPutnam County, nearManhattan, where Humphreys attended the common schools. He moved toGreene County in 1842.[1]
Humphreys, who was aDemocrat, settled inBloomfield, Greene County, Indiana,[2] and served as a member of theIndiana House of Representatives from 1849 to 1852, and from January 8 to March 9, 1857. He was appointed Indian agent forUtah byPresident Buchanan in 1857.[1]
During theAmerican Civil War, Humphreys was critical of Indiana'sRepublicangovernor,Oliver P. Morton, andPresidentAbraham Lincoln's conduct of the war.Harrison H. Dodd, "grand commander" of theSons of Liberty in Indiana, chose Humphreys as one of his major generals in a secret society who opposed the war.[3]
On September 17, 1864,GeneralAlvin Peterson Hovey, commander of the Military District of Indiana, authorized a military commission to meet on September 19 atIndianapolis, Indiana, to begin trials of Dodd and others placed under military arrest.[4] On October 7, 1864, Humphreys was arrested and imprisoned in the Federal Building at Indianapolis, where he became one of the defendants in the Indianapolis treason trials before the military commission.[5] Among the other men accused of treason were DemocratsLambdin P. Milligan, a lawyer living inHuntington, Indiana;William A. Bowles ofFrench Lick, Indiana; and Stephen Horsey ofMartin County, Indiana.[6]
The military commission for the trial of Humphreys, Milligan, Horsey, and Bowles convened at Indianapolis on October 21, 1864, to consider five charges against the men: conspiracy against the U.S. government; offering aid and comfort to theConfederates; incitinginsurrections; "disloyal practices"; and "violation of the laws of war."[7][8] The defendants were alleged to have established a secret organization that planned to liberate Confederates from Unionprisoner-of-war camps inIllinois, Indiana, andOhio; seize an arsenal to provide the freed prisoners with arms; raise an armed force to incite a general insurrection; join with the Confederates to invade Indiana and Illinois; and make war on the U.S. government.[7][8][9]
Democrats charged that the arrests and trials by military commission were politically motivated amid a climate of bitter political disputes between Democrats and Republicans about the conduct of the war. Scholars who studied the trials, which were highly publicized in the press, have proposed that they were prompted by partisan politics, convened before commission of biased military officers, failed to follow the rules of evidence, and used questionable informers as witnesses.[10] The controversial proceedings led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case known asEx parte Milligan. The Court ruled the application ofmilitary tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.[11]
On December 10, 1864, the commission found Humphreys, Milligan, Horsey, and Bowles guilty on all charges. Humphreys was sentenced to hard labor for the remainder of the war.[12] Compared to the others accused as co-conspirators, the case against Humphreys was weaker and his sentence was less severe. (Milligan, Bowles, and Horsey were sentenced to hang, but the sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in May, 1865.) Three weeks after his conviction, and with President Lincoln's support, General Hovey modified Humphreys's sentence, allowing his release. Humphreys was required to remain within two specific townships in Greene County and could not participate in any acts that opposed the war.[13] After theU.S. Supreme Court handed down their ruling inEx parte Milligan on April 3, 1866, the men were released from custody.[12][14]
Humphreys was the first of the defendants from the Indianapolis treason trials to turn to the civilian courts seeking damages from his arrest, trial, and confinement. On February 1, 1866, he filed a complaint in a circuit court inSullivan County, Indiana, against Samuel McCormick, the U.S. Army captain who arrested him.[15] Humphrey won the suit and was awarded $25,000 in damages, but the case bogged down during its appeal and he never collected the funds. After Congress amended theHabeas Corpus Suspension Act of March 3, 1863, ending further suits in the civil courts from those who had been arbitrarily arrested during the war, Humphreys returned to a career in politics. Although he lost his bid to win a seat in theIndiana General Assembly by a narrow margin in 1868,[16] Humphreys remained active in politics. He served as a delegate to theDemocratic National Convention in 1872 and 1888.[1]
Humphreys was elected to theIndiana Senate three times, serving from 1874 to 1876, from 1878 to 1882, and from 1896 to 1900.[1] Humphreys began his first term in the Indiana Senate in 1874, but resigned in 1876 to run for a seat in theU.S Congress.[16] Humphreys was elected as aDemocrat to theForty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation ofJames D. Williams and served from December 5, 1876, to March 3, 1877.[1] Humphreys returned to the Indiana Senate in 1878 and became chairman of its ways and means committee.[16] In 1896, at the age of seventy-four, the Democrats drafted Humphreys to run for another term in the Indiana Senate. Humphreys won the election and served until 1900.[17]
Although Humphreys continuedagricultural pursuits inGreene County, Indiana, he remained active in politics. Humphreys attended nearly every Democratic State convention during his political life.[1][16]
Humphreys died atLinton, Indiana, on June 14, 1904, and is interred in Moss Cemetery.[1][17]
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromBiographical Directory of the United States Congress.Federal government of the United States.
| U.S. House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromIndiana's 2nd congressional district 1876-1877 | Succeeded by |
