| Anāl | |
|---|---|
| Native to | India andMyanmar |
| Region | SoutheastManipur |
| Ethnicity | Anāl Naga |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2001 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin script,Meitei script (to lesser extent) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | anm |
qfs Langet | |
| Glottolog | anal1239 |
| ELP | Anal |
Anāl, also known asNamfau after the two principal villages it is spoken in, is a is aKuki-Chin language, belonging to theNorthwestern or "Old Kuki" subfamily,[2]spoken by theAnal people inIndia and a dwindling number inBurma. It had 13,900 speakers in India according to the 2001 census, and 50 in Burma in 2010.[1] The speakers of this language use theMeitei language as theirsecond language (L2) according to theEthnologue.[3]
TheDepartment of Language Planning and Implementation of theGovernment of Manipur offers a sum of₹5,000 (equivalent to₹8,500 or US$100 in 2023), to every individual who learns Anal language, under certain terms and conditions.[4]
Anal is also written in theLatin script,[5] with a literacy rate of about 74%.[1]
Langet may be a dialect, though its position within Kukish is uncertain (Shafer 1955:106).[needs update]
Anal is spoken in southeasternManipur, in theChandel district, on the banks of the Chakpi River in towns such asChandel andChakpikarong, and also in theTengnoupal district (Ethnologue).
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | ||
| voiced | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Approximant | voiced | ʋ | l | |||
| voiceless | l̥ | |||||
| Rhotic | voiced | r | ||||
| voiceless | r̥ | |||||
/dʒ/ can also be heard as a glide [j] in free variation.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
The following vocabulary exemplifies words in the language.[7]
| Anal | gloss | Anal | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| khol | 'deep hole'; 'social division' | ahno | 'kind of short skirt' |
| lunguin | 'kind of long shawl' | zupar | 'rice beer' |
| piruili | 'elopement' | Jol min | 'bride price' |
| ithin | 'divorce' | sinnuperu | 'adultery' |
| pakum | 'hearth' | mote | 'first-born' |
| kopu | 'second-born' | cakhow | 'brown rice' |
| khon | 'fifty rupees' | thunlon | 'grave' |
| dao | 'kind of iron blade' | shingkho | 'plate' |
| vopum | 'basket' | athiru | 'kind of bead necklace' |
| akarfo | 'kind of China necklace' | sanamba | 'kind of fiddle' |
| tilli | 'kind of flageolet' | tuklee | 'kind of loom' |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
| ||||
| East andSoutheast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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