Ananagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase, typically using all the original letters exactly once.[1] For example, the wordanagram itself can be rearranged into the phrase "nag a ram"; which is anEaster egg suggestion inGoogle after searching for the word "anagram".[2]
The original word or phrase is known as thesubject of the anagram. Any word or phrase that exactly reproduces the letters in another order is an anagram. Someone who creates anagrams may be called an "anagrammatist",[3] and the goal of a serious or skilled anagrammatist is to produce anagrams that reflect or comment on their subject.
Anagrams can be traced back to the time of the ancient Greeks, and were used to find the hidden and mystical meaning in names.[7]They were popular throughout Europe during theMiddle Ages, for example with the poet and composerGuillaume de Machaut.[8] They are said to date back at least to the Greek poetLycophron, in the third century BCE; but this relies on an account of Lycophron given byJohn Tzetzes in the 12th century.[9]
Any historical material on anagrams must always be interpreted in terms of the assumptions and spellings that were current for the language in question. In particular, spelling in English only slowly became fixed. There were attempts to regulate anagram formation, an important one in English being that ofGeorge Puttenham'sOf the Anagram or Posy Transposed inThe Art of English Poesie (1589).
As a literary game when Latin was the common property of the literate, Latin anagrams were prominent.[11] Two examples are the change ofAve Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum (Latin: Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord [is] with you) intoVirgo serena, pia, munda et immaculata (Latin: Serenevirgin, pious, clean andspotless), and the anagrammatic answer toPilate's question,Quid est veritas? (Latin: What is truth?), namely,Est vir qui adest (Latin: It is the man who is here). The origins of these are not documented.
Latin continued to influence letter values (such as I = J, U = V and W = VV). There was an ongoing tradition of allowing anagrams to be "perfect" if the letters were all used once, but allowing for these interchanges. This can be seen in a popular Latin anagram against theJesuits:Societas Jesu turned intoVitiosa seces (Latin: Cut off the wicked things). Puttenham, in the time ofElizabeth I, wished to start fromElissabet Anglorum Regina (Latin: Elizabeth Queen of the English), to obtainMulta regnabis ense gloria (Latin: By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown); he explains carefully that H is "a note ofaspiration only and no letter", and that Z inGreek or Hebrew is a mere SS. The rules were not completely fixed in the 17th century.William Camden in hisRemains commented, singling out some letters—Æ, K, W, and Z—not found in the classicalRoman alphabet:[12]
The precise in this practice strictly observing all the parts of the definition, are only bold with H either in omitting or retaining it, for that it cannot challenge the right of a letter. But the Licentiats somewhat licentiously, lest they should prejudice poetical liberty, will pardon themselves for doubling or rejecting a letter, if the sence fall aptly, and "think it no injury to use E for Æ; V for W; S for Z, and C for K, and contrariwise.
When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English or other languages, there is a great deal of documented evidence of learned interest. The lawyerThomas Egerton was praised through the anagramgestat honorem ('he carries honor'); the physicianGeorge Ent took the anagrammatic mottogenio surget ('he rises through spirit/genius'), which requires his first name asGeorgius.[13]James I's courtiers discovered in "James Stuart" "a just master", and converted "Charles James Stuart" into "ClaimsArthur'sseat" (even at that point in time, the letters I and J were more-or-less interchangeable). Walter Quin, tutor to the future Charles I, worked hard on multilingual anagrams on the name of father James.[14] A notorious murder scandal, the Overbury case, threw up two imperfect anagrams that were aided by typically loose spelling and were recorded bySimonds D'Ewes: "Francis Howard" (forFrances Carr, Countess of Somerset, her maiden name spelled in a variant) became "Car findes a whore", with the letters E hardly counted, and the victimThomas Overbury, as "Thomas Overburie", was written as "O! O! a busie murther" (an old form of "murder"), with a V counted as U.[15][16]
William Drummond of Hawthornden, in an essayOn the Character of a Perfect Anagram, tried to lay down rules for permissible substitutions (such as S standing for Z) and letter omissions.[17]William Camden[18] provided a definition of "Anagrammatisme" as "a dissolution of a name truly written into his letters, as his elements, and a new connection of it by artificial transposition, without addition, subtraction or change of any letter, into different words, making some perfect sense appliable (i.e., applicable) to the person named."Dryden inMacFlecknoe disdainfully called the pastime the "torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways".[19]
"Eleanor Audeley", wife ofSir John Davies, is said to have been brought before theHigh Commission in 1634 for extravagances, stimulated by the discovery that her name could be transposed to "Reveale, O Daniel"[20] and to have been laughed out of court by another anagram submitted bySir John Lambe, thedean of the Arches, "Dame Eleanor Davies", "Never soe mad a ladie".[21][22]
An example from France was a flattering anagram forCardinal Richelieu, comparing him toHercules or at least one of his hands (Hercules being a kingly symbol), whereArmand de Richelieu becameArdue main d'Hercule ("difficult hand of Hercules").[23]
Examples from the 19th century are the transposition of "Horatio Nelson" intoHonor est a Nilo (Latin: Honor is from theNile); and of "Florence Nightingale" into "Flit on, cheering angel".[24] The Victorian love of anagramming as recreation is alluded to by the mathematicianAugustus De Morgan[25] using his own name as an example; "Great Gun, do us a sum!" is attributed to his sonWilliam De Morgan, but a family friendJohn Thomas Graves was prolific, and a manuscript with over 2,800 has been preserved.[26][27][28]
With the advent ofsurrealism as a poetic movement, anagrams regained the artistic respect they had had in theBaroque period. The German poetUnica Zürn, who made extensive use of anagram techniques, came to regard obsession with anagrams as a "dangerous fever", because it created isolation of the author.[29] The surrealist leaderAndré Breton coined the anagramAvida Dollars forSalvador Dalí, to tarnish his reputation by the implication of commercialism.
While anagramming is certainly a recreation first, there are ways in which anagrams are put to use, and these can be more serious, or at least not quite frivolous and formless. For example, psychologists use anagram-oriented tests, often called "anagram solution tasks", to assess theimplicit memory of young adults and adults alike.[30]
Natural philosophers (astronomers and others) of the 17th century transposed their discoveries into Latin anagrams, to establish their priority. In this way they laid claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication.
Galileo usedsmaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras forAltissimum planetam tergeminum observavi (Latin: I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form) for discovering therings of Saturn in 1610.[31][32] Galileo announced his discovery thatVenus hadphases like the Moon in the formHaec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur oy (Latin: These immature ones have already been read in vain by me -oy), that is, when rearranged,Cynthiae figuras aemulatur Mater Amorum (Latin: The Mother of Loves [= Venus] imitates the figures ofCynthia [= the moon]). In both cases,Johannes Kepler had solved the anagrams incorrectly, assuming they were talking about theMoons of Mars (Salve, umbistineum geminatum Martia proles) and ared spot on Jupiter (Macula rufa in Jove est gyratur mathem), respectively.[33] By coincidence, he turned out to be right about the actual objects existing.
In 1656,Christiaan Huygens, using a better telescope than those available to Galileo, figured that Galileo's earlier observations of Saturn actually meant it had a ring (Galileo's tools were only sufficient to see it as bumps) and, like Galileo, had published an anagram,aaaaaaacccccdeeeeeghiiiiiiillllmmnnnnnnnnnooooppqrrstttttuuuuu. Upon confirming his observations, three years later he revealed it to meanAnnulo cingitur, tenui, plano, nusquam coherente, ad eclipticam inclinato (Latin: It [Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic).[34]
WhenRobert Hooke discoveredHooke's law in 1660, he first published it in anagram form,ceiiinosssttuv, forut tensio, sic vis (Latin: as the extension, so the force).[35]
Anagrams are connected to pseudonyms, by the fact that they may conceal or reveal, or operate somewhere in between like a mask that can establish identity. For example,Jim Morrison used an anagram of his name inthe Doors song "L.A. Woman", calling himself "Mr. Mojo Risin'".[36] The use of anagrams and fabricated personal names may be to circumvent restrictions on the use of real names, as happened in the 18th century whenEdward Cave wanted to get around restrictions imposed on the reporting of theHouse of Commons.[37] In a genre such asfarce orparody, anagrams as names may be used for pointed and satiric effect.
Pseudonyms adopted by authors are sometimes transposed forms of their names; thus "Calvinus" becomes "Alcuinus" (here V = U) or "François Rabelais" = "Alcofribas Nasier". The name "Voltaire" of François Marie Arouet fits this pattern, and is allowed to be an anagram of "Arouet, l[e] j[eune]" (U = V, J = I) that is, "Arouet the younger". Other examples include:
The tapes for the revival of theBBC showDoctor Who were labeled with the anagramTorchwood, which later went on to be used as the name for aspin-off show. In multi-episode shows, the program occasionally substitutes the anagram of an actor's name for the actual name to prevent revealing the true identity of the role (for instance, The Master) being played by the actor.
Brian Eno's albumBefore and After Science includes a song entitled "King's Lead Hat", an anagram of "Talking Heads", a band Eno has worked with.
Juan Maria Solare's piano ballad "Jura ser anomalía" (literally "he/she swears to be an anomaly") is an anagram of the composer's full name. His composition forEnglish horn titled "A Dot in Time" is an anagram of "Meditation", which describes the piece. The title of his piano piece that is a homage to Claude Debussy is "Seduce Us Badly".
Bill Evans'soverdubbed piano elegy for fellow jazz pianistSonny Clark is titled "N.Y.C.'s No Lark", and another composition, "Re: Person I Knew" is a tribute to his producer,Orrin Keepnews.
Progressive rock groupRush published a song on their 1989 albumPresto titled "Anagram (for Mongo)" that makes use of anagrams in every line of the song.
The title of the fifth album by American rock bandInterpol,El Pintor, is an anagram of the band's name and also Spanish for "the painter".
Many of the song titles on Aphex Twin's...I Care Because You Do are anagrams of either "Aphex Twin", "The Aphex Twin", or "Richard D. James".
InDisney's 1964 filmMary Poppins,Dick Van Dyke played Mr. Dawes Sr. as the anagram of his name, Navckid Keyd. In the credits, the words unscrambled themselves to reveal his name.
Anagrams are in themselves a recreational activity, but they also make up part of many other games, puzzles and game shows. TheJumble is a puzzle found in many newspapers in the United States requiring the unscrambling of letters to find the solution.Cryptic crossword puzzles frequently use anagrammatic clues, usually indicating that they are anagrams by the inclusion of a descriptive term like "confused" or "in disarray". An example would beBusinessman burst into tears (9 letters). The solution,stationer, is an anagram ofinto tears, the letters of which haveburst out of their original arrangement to form the name of a type ofbusinessman.
Numerous other games and contests involve some element of anagram formation as a basic skill. Some examples:
InAnagrams, players flip tiles over one at a time and race to take words. They can "steal" each other's words by rearranging the letters and extending the words.
In a version ofScrabble calledClabbers, the name itself is an anagram of Scrabble. Tiles may be placed in any order on the board as long as they anagram to a valid word.
On the British game showCountdown, contestants are given 30 seconds to make the longest word from nine random letters.
InBoggle, players make constrained words from a grid of sixteen random letters, by joining adjacent cubes.
On the British game showBrainTeaser, contestants are shown a word broken into randomly arranged segments and must announce the whole word. At the end of the game there is a "Pyramid" which starts with a three-letter word. A letter appears in the line below to which the player must add the existing letters to find a solution. The pattern continues until the player reaches the final eight-letter anagram. The player wins the game by solving all the anagrams within the allotted time.
InBananagrams, players place tiles from a pool intocrossword-style word arrangements in a race to see who can finish the pool of tiles first.
Sometimes, it is possible to "see" anagrams in words, unaided by tools, though the more letters involved the more difficult this becomes. The difficulty is that for a word ofn different letters, there aren! (factorial ofn) differentpermutations and son! − 1 different anagrams of the word.Anagram dictionaries can also be used. Computer programs, known as "anagram search", "anagram servers", and "anagram solvers", among other names, offer a much faster route to creating anagrams, and a large number of these programs are available on the Internet.[42][43] Some programs use theAnatree algorithm to compute anagrams efficiently.
Theprogram orserver carries out an exhaustive search of a database of words, to produce a list containing every possible combination of words or phrases from the input word or phrase using ajumble algorithm. Some programs (such asLexpert) restrict to one-word answers. Many anagram servers (for example,The Words Oracle) can control the search results, by excluding or including certain words, limiting the number or length of words in each anagram, or limiting the number of results. Anagram solvers are often banned from online anagram games. The disadvantage of computer anagram solvers, especially when applied to multi-word anagrams, is their poor understanding of the meaning of the words they are manipulating. They usually cannot filter out meaningful or appropriate anagrams from large numbers of nonsensical word combinations. Some servers attempt to improve on this using statistical techniques that try to combine only words that appear together often. This approach provides only limited success since it fails to recognize ironic and humorous combinations.
Some anagrammatists indicate the method they used. Anagrams constructed without the aid of a computer are noted as having been done "manually" or "by hand"; those made by utilizing a computer may be noted "by machine" or "by computer", or may indicate the name of the computer program (usingAnagram Genius).
There are also a few "natural" instances: English words unconsciously created by switching letters around. The Frenchchaise longue ("long chair") became the American "chaise lounge" bymetathesis (transposition of letters and/or sounds). It has also been speculated that the English "curd" comes from the Latincrudus ("raw"). Similarly, the ancient English word for bird was "brid".
The French kingLouis XIII had a man namedThomas Billon appointed as his Royal Anagrammatist with an annual salary of 1,200livres.[44] Among contemporary anagrammers,Anu Garg, created an Internet Anagram Server in 1994 together with the satirical anagram-based newspaperThe Anagram Times. Mike Keith has anagrammed the complete text ofMoby Dick.[45] He, along with Richard Brodie, has publishedThe Anagrammed Bible that includes anagrammed version of many books of the Bible.[46] Popular television personalityDick Cavett is known for his anagrams of famous celebrities such as Alec Guinness and Spiro Agnew.[47]
^"Ars Magna".PBS. 1 July 2008.Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved9 January 2017.This Emmy-nominated short enters the obsessive and fascinating world of anagrams.[Original article's link to video is dead, but link in archived article works.]
^Of Anagrams, By H.B. Wheatley pg. 72, printed 1862 T. & W. Boone, New Bond Street, London
Thy genius calls thee not to purchase fame In keen iambics, but mild anagram: Leave writing plays, and choose for thy command Some peaceful province in acrostic land. There thou may'st wings display and altars raise, And torture one poor word ten thousand ways.
^H. W. van Helsdingen,Notes on Two Sheets of Sketches by Nicolas Poussin for the Long Gallery of the Louvre, Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, Vol. 5, No. 3/4 (1971), pp. 172–184.
^Friederike Ursula Eigler, Susanne Kord, The Feminist Encyclopedia of German Literature (1997), pp. 14–5.
^Java, Rosalind I. "Priming and Aging: Evidence of Preserved Memory Function in an Anagram Solution Task."The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 105, No. 4. (Winter, 1992), pp. 541–548.
^Howard, N. (2004). "Rings and Anagrams: Huygens's System of Saturn".The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America.98 (4):477–510.doi:10.1086/pbsa.98.4.24295740.
^Gjertsen, Derek (1986).The Newton Handbook. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 16.ISBN9780710202796.
.jpg)
