Ana Mendieta | |
|---|---|
 Ana Mendieta | |
| Born | (1948-11-18)November 18, 1948 Havana, Cuba |
| Died | September 8, 1985(1985-09-08) (aged 36) New York City, US |
| Citizenship |
|
| Known for |
|
| Spouse | |
Ana Mendieta (November 18, 1948 – September 8, 1985) was a Cuban-American performance artist, sculptor, painter, andvideo artist who is best known for her "earth-body" artwork. She is considered one of the most influential Cuban-American artists of the post–World War II era. Born inHavana, Cuba, Mendieta left for the United States in 1961.[1]
Mendieta died on September 8, 1985, in New York City, after falling from her 34th-floor apartment. She lived there with her husband of eight months, minimalist sculptorCarl Andre. The circumstances surrounding her death have been the subject of controversy. Neighbors heard Mendieta shouting "no" immediately before the fall.
Mendieta was born on November 18, 1948, in Havana, Cuba,[2] to a wealthy family prominent in the country's politics and society.[3] Her father,Ignacio Alberto Mendieta de Lizáur, was an attorney and the nephew ofCarlos Mendieta, who was installed as president byFulgencio Batista for just under two years. Her mother,Raquel Oti de Rojas, was a chemist, a researcher, and the granddaughter ofCarlos María de Rojas, a sugar mill owner celebrated for his role in thewar against Spain for Cuban independence.[4][5][6] Ana, aged 12, and her 15-year-old sister Raquelin were sent to the United States by their parents to live inDubuque, Iowa,[7] throughOperation Peter Pan, a collaborative program run by the US government and theCatholic Charities for Cuban children to fleeFidel Castro's government.[8] Ana and Raquelin were among 14,000 children who migrated to the United States through this program in 1961. The sisters were able to stay together during this time due to apower of attorney signed by their parents, which mandated that they not be separated.[9] The two sisters spent their first weeks in refugee camps, and then moved between several institutions and foster homes throughoutIowa.[2] In 1966, Mendieta was reunited with her mother and younger brother. Her father joined them in 1979, having spent 18 years in a political prison in Cuba for his involvement in theBay of Pigs invasion.[2]
In Cuba, Ana Mendieta grew up as a sheltered, upper-class child. She attended an all-girls Catholic private school. When she and her sister were sent to Iowa, they were enrolled in areform school because the court wanted to avoid sending them to a state institution.[10] When Mendieta studied English in school, her vocabulary was very limited. In junior high school, she discovered a love for art.[9] Mendieta was first a French major and art minor, but when she transferred to theUniversity of Iowa, she was inspired by theavant-garde community and the hills of Iowa's landscape.[11] She earned a BA (enrolled 1969–1972) and MA in painting, and an MFA (enrolled 1972–1977) inIntermedia under the instruction of acclaimed artistHans Breder.[12] She faced a great deal of discrimination while in art school. In college, Mendieta's work focused on blood andviolence toward women. Her interest in spiritualism, religion, and primitiverituals developed during this time.[13] After graduate school, she moved toNew York City.[9] “Seeing her in New York was always a joy because she always had friends around her,” said her longtime friend Sherry Buckberrough, a retired art history professor. “She networked very well, so there was always some event that we would go to. And there would always be a party later, that’s for sure.”[14]
In the course of her career, Mendieta created works in Cuba, Mexico, Italy, and the United States.[12] Her work was somewhat autobiographical, drawing from her history of being displaced from her native Cuba, and focused on themes includingfeminism, violence, life, death, identity, place, and belonging.[15] Many of her works included ephemeral outdoor performances and photographs, sculptures and drawings.[16] Her works are generally associated with the fourClassical elements. Mendieta often focused on a spiritual and physical connection with the earth. She felt that by uniting her body with the earth she could become whole again: "Through my earth/body sculptures, I become one with the earth ... I become an extension of nature and nature becomes an extension of my body. This obsessive act of reasserting my ties with the earth is really the reactivation of primeval beliefs ... [in] an omnipresent female force, the after image of being encompassing within the womb, is a manifestation of my thirst for being."[17] During her lifetime, Mendieta produced more than 200 works of art using earth as a sculptural medium.[18] Her techniques were mainly influenced byAfro-Cuban traditions.[19]
Mendieta's first use of blood to make art was in 1972, when she performedUntitled (Death of a Chicken). In this performance, she stood naked in front of a white wall holding a freshly decapitated chicken by its feet as its blood spattered her naked body.[20] In 1973, Mendieta performedRape Scene, which commented on the rape and murder of a fellow student that had been committed on the University of Iowa campus by another student.[21][22] In the performance, Mendieta invited friends and other students to visit her in her Moffitt Street apartment.[22] Upon arriving at her apartment, viewers were confronted with the image of Mendieta, naked from the waist down, smeared with blood, bent over, and bound to a table.[22] Mendieta recalls that after encountering her body, her audience "all sat down, and started talking about it. I didn’t move. I stayed in position about an hour. It really jolted them."[23] The interaction between the people who stayed to observe and talk about her work (rape scene) and the artist herself (Ana Mendieta) was a means of processing the actual crime that had occurred at the University of Iowa.[24]
Professor and art historianKaira Cabañas writes aboutUntitled (Rape Scene):
Her body was the subject and object of the work. She used it to emphasize the societal conditions by which the female body is colonized as the object of male desire and ravaged under masculine aggression. Mendieta's corporeal presence demanded the recognition of a female subject. The previously invisible, unnamed victim of rape gained an identity. The audience was forced to reflect on its responsibility; its empathy was elicited and translated to the space of awareness in which sexual violence could be addressed.[7]
In a slide series,People Looking at Blood Moffitt (1973), she poured blood and rags on a sidewalk and photographed people walking by without stopping until the man next door (the storefront window bears the name H.F. Moffitt) came out to clean it up.[21]
In 1978, Ana Mendieta joined the Artists In Residence Inc (A.I.R. Gallery) in New York, which was the first gallery for women to be established in the United States. The venture gave her the opportunity to network with other women artists at the forefront of the era'sfeminist movement.[25] During that time, Mendieta was also actively involved in the administration and maintenance of the A.I.R. In an unpublished statement, she noted, "It is crucial for me to be a part of all my art works. As a result of my participation, my vision becomes a reality and part of my experiences."[25] At the same time, after two years of involvement with A.I.R., she concluded that "American Feminism as it stands is basically a white middle class movement," and she sought to challenge the limits of this perspective through her art.[26] She met her future husbandCarl Andre at the gallery, when he served on a panel titled "How has women's art practices affected male artist social attitudes?"[27] Her resignation in 1982 is attributed, in part, to a dispute instigated by Andre over a collaborative art piece the couple had submitted. In a 2001 journal article, Kat Griefen, director of A.I.R. from 2006 to 2011,[28] wrote,
The letter of resignation did not cite any reasons for her departure, but a number of fellow A.I.R. artists remember the related events. For a recent benefit Mendieta and Carl Andre had donated a collaborative piece. As was the policy, all works needed to be delivered by the artist. Edelson recalls that Andre took offense, instigating a disagreement, which, in part, led to Mendieta's resignation. Even without this incident, according to another member, Pat Lasch, Mendieta's association with the now legendary Andre surely played some role in her decision.[25]
In 1983, Mendieta was awarded theRome Prize by theAmerican Academy in Rome. While living in Rome, Mendieta began creating art "objects", including drawings and sculptures.[29] She continued to use natural elements in her work.[30]
In herSilueta Series (1973–1985), Mendieta created female silhouettes in nature—in mud, sand, and grass—with natural materials ranging from leaves and twigs to blood, and made body prints or painted her outline orsilhouette onto a wall.[31] She did this to express herself becoming part of the earth and to embody a process of rituals (Abby, 2015).[32]
In a 1981 artist statement, Mendieta said:
I have been carrying out a dialogue between the landscape and the female body (based on my own silhouette). I believe this has been a direct result of my having been torn from my homeland (Cuba) during my adolescence. I am overwhelmed by the feeling of having been cast from the womb (nature). My art is the way I re-establish the bonds that unite me to the universe. It is a return to the maternal source.[33]
When she began herSilueta Series in the 1970s, Mendieta was one of many artists experimenting with the emerging genres ofland art,body art, and performance art. The films and photographs of Siluetas are in connection with the figures surrounding her body. Mendieta was possibly the first to combine these genres in what she called "earth-body" sculptures.[34] She often used her naked body to explore and connect with the Earth, as seen in her pieceImagen de Yagul, from the seriesSilueta Works, Mexico, 1973–1977.[35] TheSilueta Works, Mexico, 1973–1977 series was featured in the group showMy Body, My Rules at thePérez Art Museum Miami between 2020–2021.[36]
Untitled (Ochún) (1981), named for theSantería goddess of waters, once pointed southward from the shore atKey Biscayne, Florida.Ñañigo Burial (1976), with a title taken from the popular name for anAfro-Cuban religious brotherhood, is a floor installation of black candles dripping wax in the outline of the artist's body.[3] Through these works, which involve performance, film, and photography, Mendieta explored her relationship with a place as well as a larger relationship withMother Earth or the "Great Goddess" figure.[18]
Mary Jane Jacob suggests in her exhibition catalogAna Mendieta: The "Silueta" Series (1973–1980) that much of Mendieta's work was influenced by her interest in the religionSantería, as well as a connection to Cuba. Jacob attributes Mendieta's "ritualistic use of blood," and the use of gunpowder, earth, and rock, to Santería's ritualistic traditions.[37]
Jacob also points out the significance of the mother figure, referring to the Mayan deityIx Chel, the mother of the gods.[38] Many have interpreted Mendieta's recurring use of this mother figure and her own female silhouette asfeminist art. However, because Mendieta's work explores many ideas including life, death, identity, and place all at once, it cannot be categorized as part of one idea or movement.[39] Claire Raymond argues that theSilueta Series, as a photographic archive, should be read for its photographicity rather than merely as documentation of earthworks.[40]
InCorazon de Roca con Sangre (Rock Heart with Blood) (1975) Mendieta kneels next to an impression of her body that has been cut into the soft, muddy riverbank.[11]
As documented in the bookAna Mendieta: A Book of Works (edited byBonnie Clearwater), before her death, Mendieta was working on a series ofphoto-etchings of cave sculptures she had created at Escaleras de Jaruco,Jaruco State Park in Havana, Cuba.[41] She had returned to the island as a part of a cultural exchange group and was eager to begin exploring her birthplace after having spent 19 years in exile. The soft limestone and undulating landscapes provided a new scope for Mendieta's art as she began to explore the cultural identity that she had long been forsaken.[42] Her sculptures were entitledRupestrian Sculptures (1981)—the title refers to living among rocks[43]—and the book of photographic etchings that Mendieta created to preserve these sculptures is a testament to the intertextuality of her work. Clearwater explains that the photographs of Mendieta's sculptures were often as important as the piece they were documenting because the nature of Mendieta's work was so impermanent. She spent as much time and thought on the creation of the photographs as she did on the sculptures themselves.[41]
Although Mendieta returned to Havana for this project, she was still exploring her sense of displacement and loss, according to Clearwater.[44] TheRupestrian Sculptures that Mendieta created were also influenced by theTaíno people, "native inhabitants of the pre-HispanicAntilles", whom Mendieta became fascinated by and studied.[45]
Mendieta completed five photo-etchings of theRupestrian Sculptures before she died in 1985. The bookAna Mendieta: A Book of Works, published in 1993, contains both photographs of the sculptures and Mendieta's notes on the project.[46]
Body Tracks (Rastros Corporales) debuted on April 8, 1982, at the Franklin Furnace in New York City.[47] Mendieta wore a white long-sleeved shirt with the sleeves on the posterior side of her forearms soaked in blood. She stood close to the white wall with arms raised in a “Y” position. She then slowly dragged her arms, pressing them firmly against the wall, creating long, blurry tracks or marks.[7][48] The marks were made of a mixture of tempera paint and animal blood.[47][49]
The performance was documented in the 1987 filmAna Mendieta: Fuego de Tierra,[50] and described by scholar Alexandra Gonzenbach:
In the short piece, the artist enters the studio space, while Cuban music plays in the background. She dips her hands and forearms into animal blood, places her back to the camera, lifts her arms and places them on a large sheet of white paper attached to a wall, and then proceeds to slowly drag her arms down the page, until almost reaching the bottom. She then walks off screen and out of the performance space. The camera, documentation, and performance stops.[51]
The resultant pieces of paper were preserved by Mendieta after the event, and appear in the collection of theRose Art Museum atBrandeis University.[47] A still photo from the exhibit was the cover art of theThird Woman Press edition of the feminist anthologyThis Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (2002,ISBN 0943219221).
In the 1970s, Mendieta made several experimental films. These include:
In 2016, a traveling exhibition of her film work was mounted by theKatherine E. Nash Gallery of theUniversity of Minnesota with the titleCovered in Time and History: The Films of Ana Mendieta.[55]
The Estate of Ana Mendieta Collection, LLC, and family members found several films after her death while looking for work to be included in a retrospective at theNew Museum in 1987. In 2016, more films were uncovered and digitized in anticipation of a documentary directed by the artist's niece, Raquel Cecilia Mendieta.[56]
Mendieta presented a solo exhibition of her photographs at A.I.R. Gallery in New York in 1979.[2] She also curated and wrote the introductory catalog essay for an exhibition at A.I.R. in 1981 titledDialectics of Isolation: An Exhibition of Third World Women Artists of the United States, which featured the work of artists such asJudy Baca,Senga Nengudi,Howardena Pindell, andZarina.[57] The New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York hosted Mendieta's first survey exhibition in 1987. Since her death, Mendieta has been recognized with international solo museum retrospectives such asAna Mendieta,Art Institute of Chicago (2011); andAna Mendieta in Context: Public and Private Work, De La Cruz Collection, Miami (2012).[citation needed]
In 2004, theHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., organizedEarth Body, Sculpture and Performance, a major retrospective that traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York;Des Moines Art Center, Iowa; and Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida (2004).[2]
In 2017, her work was presented in the retrospective solo showAna Mendieta / Covered in Time and History atBildmuseet,Umeå University, Sweden.[58] In 2019, her work was displayed in the exhibitionLa Tierra Habla (The Earth Speaks) atGalerie Lelong, NYC, New York.[42] In 2019-2020, her work was displayed in the exhibitionAna Mendieta: Source, at the Galleria Raffaella Cortese Milan, Italy[59] In 2020, her work was displayed in the exhibition,Ana Mendieta: Blood Inside Outside at the Baltimore Museum of Art, in Baltimore, MaryLand[60] In November 4, 2022 – February 19, 2023, her work was displayed in the exhibition,Ana Mendieta: Elemental at the Rochester Institute of Technology, City Art Space, in Rochester, NY[61]Exhibition "En Búsqueda del Origen" 27 Jan 24 to 19 May 24 at Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, León, España. www.musac.es.
In 2022, theHammer Museum atUniversity of California, Los Angeles, organized the exhibitionJoan Didion: What She Means, curated byThe New Yorker theater criticHilton Als. The show traveled to thePérez Art Museum Miami in 2023, and works by Ana Mendieta were included alongside artworks by 50 other contemporary international artists such asFélix González-Torres,Vija Celmins,Betye Saar,Maren Hassinger,Silke Otto-Knapp,John Koch,Ed Ruscha,Pat Steir, among others.[62][63]
Mendieta's work is featured in many major public collections, including theSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum,Metropolitan Museum of Art,Whitney Museum of American Art, andMuseum of Modern Art in New York; theArt Institute of Chicago;Centre Pompidou, Paris; Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain,Geneva;Tate Collection, London;[64] theNasher Sculpture Center,Dallas;[65][66] and thePérez Art Museum Miami.[36]
Ana Mendieta died on September 8, 1985, in New York City, after falling from her 34th-floor apartment inGreenwich Village at 300 Mercer Street. She lived there with her husband of eight months,minimalist sculptorCarl Andre. The circumstances surrounding her death have been the subject of controversy.[67] She fell 33 stories onto the roof of a deli.[68] Just prior to her death, neighbors heard the couple arguing violently.[43] The neighbors heard Mendieta scream out "no" right before her death, and Andre had scratches all over his face.[8] There were no eyewitnesses to the events that led up to Mendieta's death.[69] A recording of Andre's 911 call showed him saying: "My wife is an artist, and I'm an artist, and we had a quarrel about the fact that I was more, eh, exposed to the public than she was. And she went to the bedroom, and I went after her, and she went out the window."[70] During three years of legal proceedings,[69] Andre's lawyer described Mendieta's death as a possible accident or a suicide. After anonjury trial, Andre was acquitted of second-degree murder in February 1988.[70]
The acquittal caused an uproar among feminists in the art world, and remains controversial. In 2010, a symposium calledWhere Is Ana Mendieta? was held at New York University to commemorate the 25th anniversary of her death.[71] In May 2014, the feminist protest groupNo Wave Performance Task Force staged a protest in front of theDia Art Foundation's retrospective on Carl Andre.[72] The group deposited piles of animal blood and guts in front of the establishment, with protesters donning transparenttracksuits with "I Wish Ana Mendieta Was Still Alive" written on them. In March 2015, the No Wave Performance Task Force and a group of feminist poets from New York City traveled toBeacon, New York, to protest against the Andre retrospective atDia Beacon, where they cried loudly in the main gallery, made "siluetas" in the snow on museum grounds, and stained the snow with paprika, sprinkles, and fake blood.[73] In April 2017, protesters at an Andre retrospective handed out cards at theGeffen Contemporary museum with the statement: "Carl Andre is at MOCA Geffen.¿Dónde está Ana Mendieta?" (Where is Ana Mendieta?). This was followed by an open letter to Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) DirectorPhilippe Vergne protesting against the exhibit, from the group theAssociation of Hysteric Curators.[74]
In 2009, Mendieta was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by theCintas Foundation.[2]
In 2010, she was the subject ofRichard Move's controversialWhere is Ana Mendieta? 25 Years Later - An Exhibition and Symposium, which included his film,BloodWork - The Ana Mendieta Story.[71]
In 2018,The New York Times published a belated obituary for her that began, "Mendieta's art, sometimes violent, often unapologetically feminist and usually raw, left an indelible mark before her life was cut short."[75]
In February 2024 it was announced that Academy award nomineeAmerica Ferrera would star in and executive produce anAmazon Prime Video series about Mendieta. The work is based on a book byRobert Katz, to be scripted byCherise Castro Smith and co-executive produced byAmazon MGM Studios andPlan B Entertainment.[76]
The title character ofXochitl Gonzalez’s sophomore novel,Anita de Monte Laughs Last, is closely based on Mendieta, to whom the work is dedicated.[77]
Ana's grandparents were very well known in Matanzas. Her grandfather was a physician, and he had a private clinic there. Her grandmother was the president of the Descendants of the Veterans of the 1895 War of Independence, and on patriotic holidays Ana always marched in the parade to Puerto Rojas, a fort named after her great-grandfather, Carlos María de Rojas, who was a general in that war. General Rojas was revered in all of Cuba because when he was ordered to burn the sugar mills controlled by the Spanish troops, he burned his own mill, too, destroying all his wealth to save his country. There were many heroes in Ana's family, and great-grandfather Carlos was a disciple of Longfellow who had studied at Harvard, helping the bard practice his Spanish at teatime.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
