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America's Cup

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(Redirected fromAmericas Cup)
Sailing race competition
This article is about the international yachting race and trophy. For other uses, seeAmerica's Cup (disambiguation). For the most recent race, see2024 America's Cup.

America's Cup
The America's Cuptrophy (ewer), photographedc. 1890–1915
SportSailingmatch race
Founded1851 (174 years ago) (1851)
Most recent
champion(s)
Most titles
Official websiteAmericasCup.com
Current sports event2024 America's Cup

TheAmerica's Cup is asailing competition and the oldestinternational competition still operating in any sport.[1][2][3] America's Cupmatch races are held between twosailing yachts: one from theyacht club that currently holds the trophy (known as the defender) and the other from the yacht club that ischallenging for the cup (the challenger). The winner is awarded the America's Cuptrophy, informally known as the Auld Mug. Matches are held several years apart on dates agreed between the defender and the challenger. There is no fixed schedule, but the races have generally been held every three to four years.

Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in theDeed of Gift of the America's Cup has the right to challenge the yacht club that currently holds the cup. If the challenging club wins the match, it gains stewardship of the cup. From the first defence of the cup in 1870 until the twentieth defence in 1967, there was always only one challenger. In 1970 multiple challengers applied, so aChallenger Selection Series was held to decide which applicant would become the official challenger and compete in the America's Cup match. This approach has been used for each subsequent competition.[4]

The history and prestige associated with the America's Cup attract the world's top sailors, yacht designers, wealthy entrepreneurs, and sponsors. It is a test of sailing skill, boat and sail design, and fundraising and management skills. Competing for the cup is expensive, with modern teams spending more than US$100 million each;[5] the 2013 winner was estimated to have spent US$300 million on the competition.

The most recent2024 America's Cup was held in October 2024 between the challengers,Royal Yacht Squadron's INEOS Britannia, and the defending champions, Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, who won 7-2.

History

[edit]
Main article:History of the America's Cup

The America's Cup is the oldest competition in international sport, and the fourth oldest continuous sporting trophy of any kind.[6][better source needed] The cup itself was manufactured in 1848 and first called the "RYS £100 Cup". It was first raced for on 22 August 1851 around the Isle of Wight offSouthampton andPortsmouth inHampshire,England, in a fleet race between theNew York Yacht Club'sAmerica and 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The race was witnessed byQueen Victoria and the futureEdward VII and won byAmerica. This is considered to be the first America's Cup race.

On 8 July 1857, the surviving members of theAmerica syndicate donated the cup to the New York Yacht Club via theDeed of Gift of the America's Cup filed with theNew York Supreme Court.[7] The deed is the primary instrument that governs the rules to make a valid challenge for the America's Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. It states that the cup "is donated upon the condition that it shall be preserved as a perpetual challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries". The deed also outlines how a foreign yacht club can make a challenge to the holder of the cup and what happens if the clubs do not agree on the conduct of the match. The deed makes it "distinctly understood that the cup is to be the property of the club [that has most recently won a match for the cup], subject to the provisions of this deed, and not the property of the owner or owners of any vessel winning a match".

The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 until1983. The NYYC successfully defended the trophy 24 times in a row before being defeated by theRoyal Perth Yacht Club, represented by the yachtAustralia II. Including the original 1851 victory, the NYYC's 132-year reign was the longest (in terms of time)winning streak in any sport.[8]

Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with theJ-Class regattas of the 1930s. AfterWorld War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used from 1958 until 1987. It was replaced in 1990 by theInternational America's Cup Class, which was used until 2007.

After a long legal battle, the2010 America's Cup was raced in 90 ft (27 m)waterline multihull yachts in Valencia, Spain. The victoriousGolden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the2013 America's Cup inAC72 foiling, wing-sail catamarans and successfully defended the cup. The2017 America's Cup match was sailed in 50 ft (15 m) foiling catamarans,[9] after legal battles and disputes over the rule changes.[10]

The America's Cup trophy

[edit]

The Cup, also known as the Auld Mug, is an ornatesterling silver bottomlessewer crafted in 1848 byGarrard & Co.[11]Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, bought one and donated it for theRoyal Yacht Squadron's 1851 Annual Regatta around theIsle of Wight.

The cup was originally known as the 'R.Y.S. £100 Cup',awarded in 1851 by the BritishRoyal Yacht Squadron for a race around theIsle of Wight in theUnited Kingdom. The winning yacht was aschooner calledAmerica, owned by a syndicate of members from theNew York Yacht Club (NYYC). In 1857, the syndicate permanently donated the trophy to the NYYC, under aDeed of Gift that renamed the trophy as the 'America's Cup' after the first winner and required it be made available for perpetual international competition.

It was originally known as the "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved[12] as the "100 Guinea Cup" by theAmerica syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" (aguinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" after the 1851 winning yacht, and is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it,[12] and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names.

Rules for issuing challenge

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All challenges for the America's Cup are made under theDeed of Gift of the America's Cup, which outlines who can challenge for the cup, and what information a challenge must provide to the defender. The deed then allows for most of the arrangements for the match to be made by negotiation and mutual consent, but provides a backstop in the event agreement is not reached. The first valid challenge that is made must be accepted by the defender or it must forfeit the cup to that valid challenger or negotiate other terms.[13]

To be eligible, a challenging club must be "an organized yacht Club" of a country other than the defender’s, which is "incorporated, patented, or licensed by the legislature, admiralty or other executive department". The club must hold an "annual regatta [on] an ocean water course on the sea, or on an arm of the sea, or one which combines both".[14] TheNew York Supreme Court and theNew York Court of Appeals have held that this means the challenging club must in fact "have held at least one qualifying annual regatta before it submits its Notice of Challenge to a Defender and demonstrate that it will continue to have qualifying annual regattas on an ongoing basis" and not merely intend to hold its first annual regatta before the envisaged America's Cup match.[15] The New York Supreme Court has also found that theGreat Lakes between the United States and Canada are arms of the sea, allowing clubs with regattas on those lakes to be challengers.[16]

The challenge document must give dates for the proposed races, which must be no less than 10 months from the date the challenge is made, and within date ranges specified for both the northern and southern hemispheres. The challenge document must also provide information on the yacht, including length on load water line; beam at load water line, and extreme beam; and draught of water. If the yacht has one mast, it must be between 44 and 90 feet (13 and 27 m) on the load water line. If it has more than one mast, it must be between 80 and 115 feet (24 and 35 m) on the load water line. These dimensions may not be exceeded by either challenger or defender. The yachts must be propelled by sails only and be constructed in the country to which the challenging and defending clubs belong. Centreboard or sliding keel vessels are allowed with no restrictions nor limitations, and neither the centre-board nor sliding keel is considered a part of the vessel for any purposes of measurement.[17] As long as these rules are met, the New York Court of Appeals has ruled that the defender may use a boat of a different category to the challenger, such as meeting a challenge in a monohull with a catamaran.[18]

Under the deed, the defender and challenger "may by mutual consent make any arrangement satisfactory to both as to the dates, courses, number of trials, rules and sailing regulations, and any and all other conditions of the match, in which case also the ten months' notice may be waived".[14] Since 1958, the practice has usually been for the defender and challenger to agree that the challenger shall be a Challenger of Record, which then arranges a Challenger Series involving a number of other yacht clubs from countries other than that of the defender.[19] The yacht that wins the Challenger Series wins theHerbert Pell Cup and also an associated sponsored cup such as thePrada Cup in 2021 or theLouis Vuitton Cup from 1983 to 2017, and again in 2024.

However, if the challenger and defender cannot agree, the deed provides a backstop, requiring a first-to-two match on ocean courses defined in the deed, at a venue selected by the defender, under its rules and sailing regulations so far as they do not conflict with the provisions of the deed, on the dates submitted by the challenger and in yachts meeting the terms of the deed and the challenge notice.[14]

Challengers and defenders

[edit]
Main article:List of America's Cup challengers and defenders
Challengers and defenders
RuleYearVenueDefending clubDefenderScoreChallengerChallenging club
Fleet racing1851Isle of WightUnited KingdomRoyal Yacht Squadron8cutters and 7schooners, runner-upAurora0–1John Cox Stevens syndicate,AmericaUnited StatesNew York Yacht Club
1870New York CityUnited StatesNew York Yacht Club17 schooners, winner Franklin Osgood'sMagic1–0James Lloyd Ashbury,CambriaUnited KingdomRoyal Thames Yacht Club
Schooner
match
1871New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubFranklin Osgood,Columbia (2–1) and
William Proctor Douglas,Sappho (2–0)
4–1James Lloyd Ashbury,LivoniaUnited Kingdom Royal Harwich Yacht Club
1876New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubJohn Stiles Dickerson,Madeleine2–0Charles Gifford,Countess of DufferinCanadaRoyal Canadian Yacht Club
65 ft sloop1881New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubJoseph Richard Busk,Mischief2–0Alexander Cuthbert,AtalantaCanadaBay of Quinte Yacht Club
NYYC 85ft1885New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubJohn Malcolm Forbes syndicate,Puritan2–0Sir Richard Sutton,GenestaUnited KingdomRoyal Yacht Squadron
1886New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubCharles Jackson Paine,Mayflower2–0Lt. & Mrs. William Henn,GalateaUnited KingdomRoyal Northern Yacht Club
1887New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubCharles Jackson Paine,Volunteer2–0James Bell syndicate,ThistleUnited KingdomRoyal Clyde Yacht Club
SCYC 85ft1893New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubCharles Oliver Iselin syndicate,Vigilant3–0Earl of Dunraven,Valkyrie IIUnited Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
SCYC 90ft1895New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubWilliam K. Vanderbilt syndicate,Defender3–0Earl of Dunraven syndicate,Valkyrie IIIUnited Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1899New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubJ. Pierpont Morgan syndicate,Columbia3–0Sir Thomas Lipton,ShamrockUnited KingdomRoyal Ulster Yacht Club
1901New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubJ. Pierpont Morgan syndicate,Columbia3–0Sir Thomas Lipton,Shamrock IIUnited Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
1903New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubCornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate,Reliance3–0Sir Thomas Lipton,Shamrock IIIUnited Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
Universal 75 ft1920New York CityUnited States New York Yacht ClubHenry Walters syndicate,Resolute3–2Sir Thomas Lipton,Shamrock IVUnited Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
J-Class1930NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubHarold S. Vanderbilt syndicate,Enterprise4–0Sir Thomas Lipton,Shamrock VUnited Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club
1934NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubHarold S. Vanderbilt syndicate,Rainbow4–2Sir Thomas Sopwith,EndeavourUnited Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1937NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubHarold S. Vanderbilt,Ranger4–0Sir Thomas Sopwith,Endeavour IIUnited Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
12 Metre1958NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubHenry Sears,Columbia4–0Hugh Goodson syndicate,SceptreUnited Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron
1962NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubMercer, Walsh, Frese syndicate,Weatherly4–1Sir Frank Packer,GretelAustraliaRoyal Sydney Yacht Squadron
1964NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubEric Ridder syndicate,Constellation4–0Anthony Boyden,SovereignUnited Kingdom Royal Thames Yacht Club
1967NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubWilliam Justice Strawbridge syndicate,Intrepid4–0Emil Christensen,Dame PattieAustralia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron
1970NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubWilliam Justice Strawbridge syndicate,Intrepid4–1Sir Frank Packer,Gretel IIAustralia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron
1974NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubRobert Willis McCullough syndicate,Courageous4–0Alan Bond,Southern CrossAustraliaRoyal Perth Yacht Club
1977NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubTed Turner,Courageous4–0Alan Bond,AustraliaAustralia Sun City Yacht Club
1980NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubFreedom syndicate,Freedom4–1Alan Bond,AustraliaAustralia Royal Perth Yacht Club
1983NewportUnited States New York Yacht ClubFreedom syndicate,Liberty3–4Alan Bond,Australia IIAustralia Royal Perth Yacht Club
1987FremantleAustralia Royal Perth Yacht ClubKevin Parry,Kookaburra III0–4Sail America,Stars & Stripes 87United StatesSan Diego Yacht Club
DOG match1988San DiegoUnited StatesSan Diego Yacht ClubSail America,Stars & Stripes 882–0Fay Richwhite,KZ-1New ZealandNew Zealand Mercury Bay Boating Club
IACC1992San DiegoUnited States San Diego Yacht ClubBill Koch,America34–1Raul Gardini,Il Moro di VeneziaItalyCompagnia della Vela
1995San DiegoUnited States San Diego Yacht ClubSail America,Young America0–5Team New Zealand,Black MagicNew ZealandRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
2000AucklandNew ZealandRoyal New Zealand Yacht SquadronTeam New Zealand,NZL-605–0Prada Challenge,Luna RossaItalyYacht Club Punta Ala
2003AucklandNew Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht SquadronTeam New Zealand,NZL 820–5Alinghi,SUI-64SwitzerlandSociété Nautique de Genève
2007ValenciaSwitzerlandSociété Nautique de GenèveAlinghi,SUI-1005–2Team New Zealand,NZL-92New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
DOG match2010ValenciaSwitzerland Société Nautique de GenèveAlinghi,Alinghi 50–2BMW Oracle Racing,USA-17United StatesGolden Gate Yacht Club
AC722013San FranciscoUnited StatesGolden Gate Yacht ClubOracle Team USA,Oracle Team USA 179–8[a]Team New Zealand,AotearoaNew Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
AC502017BermudaUnited States Golden Gate Yacht ClubOracle Team USA,171–7[b]Team New Zealand,Aotearoa[22]New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
AC752021AucklandNew Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht SquadronEmirates Team New Zealand,Te Rehutai7–3Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli,Luna RossaItalyCircolo della Vela Sicilia
2024BarcelonaNew Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht SquadronEmirates Team New Zealand,Taihoro7–2INEOS Britannia,Britannia RB3United KingdomRoyal Yacht Squadron
38th America's CupTBDNew Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht SquadronEmirates Team New ZealandTBDTBD
  1. ^Oracle Team USA, representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club, started the 2013 first-to-win-nine-races match with a two-race deficit due to a penalty applied for modifications to the team's AC45-class yachts during the America's Cup World Series (ACWS). The modifications were held to be an intentional violation of the AC45 one-design rules, and as the ACWS was deemed to be a part of the America's Cup event, a penalty was assessed against Oracle Team USA in the America's Cup Match.[20][21]
  2. ^Team New Zealand started the match on −1 due to Oracle's victory in the Qualifier round robins

Records of winning clubs and skippers

[edit]
Main article:List of yacht clubs that have competed for the America's Cup

Winning clubs

United StatesNew York Yacht Club: 25–1
New ZealandRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron: 5–3
United StatesSan Diego Yacht Club: 3–1
SwitzerlandSociété Nautique de Genève: 2–1
United StatesGolden Gate Yacht Club: 2–1
AustraliaRoyal Perth Yacht Club: 1–3

Multiple winning skippers

New ZealandPeter Burling – Wins 2017, 2021, 2024 – Won 22 / Lost 6
New ZealandRussell Coutts – Wins 1995, 2000, 2003 – Won 14 / Lost 0
United StatesDennis Conner – Wins 1980, 1987, 1988 – Won 13 / Lost 9
United StatesHarold Stirling Vanderbilt – Wins 1930, 1934, 1937 – Won 12 / Lost 2
United StatesCharlie Barr – Wins 1899, 1901, 1903 – Won 9 / Lost 0
AustraliaJimmy Spithill – Wins 2010, 2013 – Won 17 / Lost 23

Reference[23][24]

In popular culture

[edit]

In 1928,Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began a tradition of naming the company'sblimps after America's Cup yachts, includingAmerica,Puritan,Mayflower,Volunteer,Vigilant,Defender,Reliance,Resolute,Enterprise,Rainbow,Ranger,Columbia andStars & Stripes.[25]

The 1988 parody filmReturn of the Killer Tomatoes included background TV coverage of "Full Contact America's Cup" yacht racing.

The 1992 filmWind is largely about the America's Cup racing towards the end of the 12-meter era. Although the names have been changed, it is largely aboutDennis Conner's 1980s loss and comeback.[26][27]

The documentaryThe Wind Gods: 33rd America's Cup (2011) centres aroundOracle Team USA's efforts to challenge for the33rd America's Cup.[28][29]David Ellison collaborated with American journalistJulian Guthrie on the film; Guthrie later authoredThe Billionaire and the Mechanic, a non-fiction book detailing the history of Oracle Team USA.

In 2021, Australianpsychedelic rock bandPond released a single titledAmerica's Cup.[30] The song centres around the gentrification ofWestern Australia andFremantle, the host city of the1987 America's Cup, after Australia's victory of the1983 America's Cup with the yachtAustralia II.[31] The music video prominently features the America's Cup trophy being 'auctioned' off to the highest bidder.[32][33]

In 2022, Netflix releasedUntold:The Race of the Century, a film about the Australian team's win in the 1983 race.[34]

See also

[edit]

[35]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"A Brief History of the America's Cup". America's Cup Event Authority LLC.Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved14 March 2021.
  2. ^"America's Cup".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved26 March 2017.
  3. ^"About America's Cup". Sir Peter Blake Trust. 2 August 2014. Archived fromthe original on 11 December 2015.
  4. ^"America's Cup: The rising cost of sailing's ultimate prize".Boat International.Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved5 September 2019.
  5. ^Newton, Casey (3 September 2013)."Billionaire death race: inside America's Cup and the world's most dangerous sailboat".The Verge.Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved5 September 2019.
  6. ^"10 Oldest Sports Trophies in the World". 7 January 2019.
  7. ^Schuyler, George Lee."Deed of Gift[1]" – via Wikisource.
  8. ^John Rousmaniere (1983).The America's Cup 1851–1983. Pelham Books.ISBN 978-0-7207-1503-3.
  9. ^BBC Staff Reporters (2 April 2015)."America's Cup: Sir Ben Ainslie backs move to smaller boats".BBC, London.Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved3 April 2015.
  10. ^"America's Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit",The Guardian, 3 April 2015.Archived 14 April 2016 at theWayback Machine.
  11. ^"A Cup is a Cup, by any other name". americascup.com. 5 December 2005. Archived fromthe original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved5 May 2012.
  12. ^abThomas W. Lawson (1902)."List of Inscriptions on the America's Cup".The Lawson History of the America's Cup. Winfield M. Thompson Press. pp. 374–375.ISBN 978-0-907069-40-9. Retrieved5 May 2012.
  13. ^"The America's Cup Controversy: America's Cup Chronology".Los Angeles Times. 29 March 1989.
  14. ^abc"Deed of Gift[1]".
  15. ^"FindLaw's Court of Appeals of New York case and opinions".Findlaw. Retrieved21 March 2023.
  16. ^"Chicago's Salts Covet America's Cup – The Washington Post".The Washington Post.
  17. ^Schuyler, George Lee."Deed of Gift[1]". Retrieved21 March 2023 – via Wikisource.
  18. ^"The Mercury Bay Boating Club Inc., Appellant, V. San Diego Yacht Club, Respondent, Et Al., Defendant, New York Yacht Club, Intervenor. / (And Another Proceeding.)".
  19. ^"Explaining the Challenger of Record Concept >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News". 30 July 2014.
  20. ^America's Cup champion Oracle docked 2 points, Yahoo Sports, archived fromthe original on 6 September 2013
  21. ^"Team Oracle USA penalized as cheating scandal rocks Americas cup",The Australian,archived from the original on 5 September 2013, retrieved27 September 2013
  22. ^France, Marvin (27 June 2017)."America's Cup: Team New Zealand beat Oracle to reclaim Auld Mug in Bermuda".Stuff.Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved26 June 2017.
  23. ^"Who is the greatest America's Cup skipper of all time? >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News".Scuttlebutt Sailing News. 16 June 2017.Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved18 October 2019.
  24. ^"Most America's Cup Individual appearances".Guinness World Records.Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved18 October 2019.
  25. ^"Goodyear Announces Winner of Nationwide Contest to Name Newest Blimp". PR Newswire Association LLC. 21 June 2006.Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved17 June 2011.
  26. ^"Wind (1992)".IMDB.Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  27. ^Kempley, Rita."'Wind' (PG-13)".Washington Post.Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  28. ^"The Wind Gods (2013)".IMDB.Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  29. ^Southall, James (5 January 2016)."The Wind Gods".Movie Wave.Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  30. ^Newstead, Al (20 May 2021)."POND announce new album with anti-gentrification boogie 'America's Cup'".ABC.Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  31. ^Martin, Josh (20 May 2021)."Pond announce new album '9', share single 'America's Cup'".NME.Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  32. ^Pappis, Konstantinos (20 May 2021)."POND Announce New Album, Release New Song 'America's Cup'".Our Culture.Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  33. ^"POND - America's Cup (Official Video)".YouTube.Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
  34. ^"Watch Untold: The Race of the Century | Netflix Official Site".Netflix.
  35. ^https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/sailing/americas-cup/americas-cup-peter-burling-becomes-winningest-helmsman-in-cup-match-history-with-team-nz-race-win/HNL2NJKIBZEEPODNSN7Z3BMJVE/

Sources

[edit]

External links

[edit]
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