Cosa Nostra | |
| Founded | 1860s; 164 years ago (1860s)[1] |
|---|---|
| Founding location | New York City,New Jersey,Philadelphia,Chicago,Detroit,New Orleans,Boston, and various otherNortheastern andMidwestern cities in the United States |
| Years active | Since the mid-19th century |
| Territory |
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| Ethnicity | |
| Membership(est.) | Over 3,000 members and associates[3] |
| Activities | Racketeering, illegal gambling, loan sharking, extortion, drug trafficking, labor union corruption, business infiltration, political corruption, money laundering, fraud, theft, counterfeiting, smuggling, weapons trafficking, kidnapping, assault, murder, bombing, arson, prostitution, and pornography[4] |
| Allies |
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| Rivals |
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TheAmerican Mafia,[24][25][26] commonly referred to in North America as theItalian-American Mafia,the Mafia, orthe Mob,[24][25][26] is a highly organizedItalian-Americancriminal society andorganized crime group. The termsItalian Mafia andItalian Mob apply to these American-based organizations, as well as the separate yet relatedSicilian Mafia or otherorganized crime groups in Italy, or ethnic Italian crime groups in other countries. These organizations are often referred to by its members asCosa Nostra (Italian pronunciation:[ˈkɔːzaˈnɔstra,ˈkɔːsa-];lit. 'Our Thing') and by the American government asLa Cosa Nostra (LCN). The organization's name is derived from the originalMafia orCosa Nostra, the Sicilian Mafia, with "American Mafia" originally referring simply to Mafia groups fromSicily operating in the United States.
The Mafia in the United States emerged in impoverishedItalian immigrant neighborhoods in New York'sEast Harlem (or "Italian Harlem"), theLower East Side, andBrooklyn; also emerging in other areas of theNortheastern United States and several other major metropolitan areas (such asChicago andNew Orleans)[27] during the late 19th century and early 20th century, following waves of Italian immigration especially from Sicily and other regions ofSouthern Italy.Campanian,Calabrian and other Italian criminal groups in the United States, as well as independent Italian-American criminals, eventually merged with Sicilian Mafiosi to create the modern pan-Italian Mafia in North America. Today, the Italian-American Mafia cooperates in various criminal activities with Italian organized crime groups, such as the Sicilian Mafia, theCamorra of Campania and the'Ndrangheta of Calabria. The most important unit of the American Mafia is that of a "family", as the various criminal organizations that make up the Mafia are known. Despite the name of "family" to describe the various units, they are not familial groupings.[28]
The Mafia is most active in theNortheastern United States, with the heaviest activity inNew York,Philadelphia,Baltimore,New Jersey,Pittsburgh,Buffalo, andNew England, in areas such asBoston,Providence, andHartford. It also remains heavily active in Chicago and has a significant and powerful presence in otherMidwestern metropolitan areas such asKansas City,Detroit,Milwaukee,Cleveland, andSt. Louis. Outside of these areas, the Mafia is also very active inFlorida,Phoenix,Las Vegas, andLos Angeles. Mafia families have previously existed to a greater extent and continue to exist to a lesser extent inNortheastern Pennsylvania,Dallas,Denver,New Orleans,Rochester,San Francisco,San Jose,Seattle, andTampa. While some of the regional crime families in these areas may no longer exist to the same extent as before, descendants have continued to engage in criminal operations, while consolidation has occurred in other areas, with rackets being controlled by more powerful crime families from nearby cities.[29]
At the Mafia's peak, there were at least 26 cities around the United States with Cosa Nostra families, with many more offshoots and associates in other cities. There are five main New York City Mafia families, known as theFive Families: theGambino,Lucchese,Genovese,Bonanno, andColombo families. The Italian-American Mafia has long dominated organized crime in the United States. Each crime family has its own territory and operates independently, while nationwide coordination is overseen bythe Commission, which consists of the bosses of each of the strongest families. Though the majority of the Mafia's activities are contained to the Northeastern United States and Chicago, they continue to dominate organized crime in the United States, despite the increasing numbers of other crime groups.[30][31]
The wordmafia (Italian:[ˈmaːfja]) derives from theSicilian adjectivemafiusu, which, roughly translated, means "swagger" but can also be translated as "boldness" or "bravado". In reference to a man,mafiusu (mafioso in Italian) in 19th-century Sicily signified "fearless", "enterprising", and "proud" according to scholarDiego Gambetta.[32] In reference to a woman, the feminine-form adjectivemafiusa means "beautiful" or "attractive". In North America, the Italian-American Mafia may be colloquially referred to as simply "The Mafia" or "The Mob"; however, without context, these two terms may cause confusion as "The Mafia" may also refer to theSicilian Mafia specifically orItalian organized crime in general, while "The Mob" can refer to other similar organized crime groups (such as theIrish Mob) or organized crime in general.
The first published account of what became the Mafia in the United States dates to the late 1860s.New Orleans newspapers reported that the city was experiencing a war between Sicilian gangs. The names of these gangs corresponded to the Sicilian cities their members came from —Palermo,Trapani, andMessina.[33][34]
Sicilian crime groups in theUnited States first became influential in theNew York metropolitan area, gradually progressing from small neighborhood operations in poorItalian ghettos to citywide and eventually national organizations. "The Black Hand" was a name given to anextortion method used in Italian neighborhoods at the turn of the 20th century. It has been sometimes mistaken for the Mafia itself, which it is not. The Black Hand was a criminal society, but there were many small Black Hand gangs. Black Hand extortion was often (wrongly) viewed as the activity of a single organization, because Black Hand criminals in Italian communities throughout the United States used the same methods of extortion.[35]
Giuseppe Esposito was the first known Mafia member to immigrate to the United States.[29] He and six other Sicilians fled to New York after murdering eleven wealthy landowners, the chancellor and a vice-chancellor of a Sicilian province.[29] He was arrested inNew Orleans in 1881 and extradited to Italy.[29]
From the 1890s to 1920 inNew York City theFive Points Gang, founded byPaul Kelly, were very powerful in theLittle Italy of the Lower East Side. Kelly recruited some street hoodlums who later became some of the most famouscrime bosses of the century - such asJohnny Torrio,Al Capone,Lucky Luciano andFrankie Yale. They were often in conflict with theJewish Eastmans of the same area. There was also an influential Mafia family in East Harlem. The NeapolitanCamorra was very active in Brooklyn. In Chicago, the 19th Ward was an Italian neighborhood that became known as the "Bloody Nineteenth" due to the frequent violence in the ward, mostly as a result of Mafia activity,feuds, and vendettas.
New Orleans was possibly the site of the first Mafia incident in the United States that received both national and international attention.[29] On October 15, 1890, New Orleans Police SuperintendentDavid Hennessy was murdered execution-style. It is still unclear whether Italian immigrants actually killed him, or whether it was aframe-up by nativists against the reviled underclass immigrants.[29] Hundreds of Sicilians were arrested on mostly baseless charges, and nineteen were eventually indicted for the murder. An acquittal followed, with rumors of bribed and intimidated witnesses.[29] OnMarch 14, 1891, after the acquittal, the outraged citizens of New Orleans organized alynch mob and proceeded to kill eleven of the nineteen defendants. Two were hanged, nine were shot, and the remaining eight escaped.[36][37][38]
On January 16, 1919,prohibition began in the United States with the18th Amendment to the United States Constitution making it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sellalcohol. Despite these bans, there was still a very high demand for it from the public. This created an atmosphere that tolerated crime as a means to provide liquor to the public, even among the police and city politicians. While not explicitly related to Mafia involvement, the murder rate during the Prohibition era rose over40% — from 6.8 per 100,000 individuals to9.7 — and within the first three months succeeding the Eighteenth Amendment, a half-million dollars inbonded whiskey was stolen from government warehouses.[39] The profits that could be made from selling and distributing alcohol were worth the risk of punishment from the government, which had a difficult time enforcing prohibition. There were over 900,000 cases of liquor shipped to the borders of U.S. cities.[40] Criminal gangs and politicians saw the opportunity to make fortunes and began shipping larger quantities of alcohol to U.S. cities. The majority of the alcohol was imported from Canada,[41][42] the Caribbean, and the American Midwest wherestills manufactured illegal alcohol.
In the early 1920s, fascistBenito Mussolini took control of Italy and waves of Italian immigrants fled to the United States. Sicilian Mafia members also fled to the United States, as Mussolini cracked down on Mafia activities in Italy.[43] Most Italian immigrants resided intenement buildings. As a way to escape the poor lifestyle, some Italian immigrants chose to join the American Mafia.
The Mafia took advantage of prohibition and began selling illegal alcohol. The profits from bootlegging far exceeded the traditional crimes of protection, extortion, gambling, and prostitution. Prohibition allowed Mafia families to make fortunes.[44][45] As prohibition continued, victorious factions went on to dominate organized crime in their respective cities, setting up the family structure of each city. The bootlegging industry organized members of these gangs before they were distinguished as today's known families. The new industry required members at all different employment levels, such as bosses, lawyers, truckers, and even members to eliminate competitors through threat/force. Gangs hijacked each other's alcohol shipments, forcing rivals to pay them for "protection" to leave their operations alone, and armed guards almost invariably accompanied the caravans that delivered the liquor.[46][47]
In the 1920s, Italian Mafia families began waging wars for absolute control over lucrative bootlegging rackets. As the violence erupted, Italians fought Irish and Jewish ethnic gangs for control of bootlegging in their respective territories. In New York City,Frankie Yale waged war with the Irish-AmericanWhite Hand Gang. In Chicago,Al Capone and hisfamily massacred theNorth Side Gang, another Irish-American outfit.[48] In New York City, by the end of the 1920s, two factions of organized crime had emerged to fight for control of the criminalunderworld — one led byJoe Masseria and the other bySalvatore Maranzano.[29] This caused theCastellammarese War, which led to Masseria's murder in 1931. Maranzano then divided New York City intofive families.[29] Maranzano, the first leader of the American Mafia, established the code of conduct for the organization, set up the "family" divisions and structure, and established procedures for resolving disputes.[29] In an unprecedented move, Maranzano set himself up asboss of all bosses and required all families to pay tribute to him. This new role was received negatively, and Maranzano was murdered within six months on the orders ofCharles "Lucky" Luciano. Luciano was a former Masseria underling who had switched sides to Maranzano and orchestrated the killing of Masseria.[49]
As an alternative to the previous despotic Mafia practice of naming a single Mafia boss ascapo di tutti capi, or "boss of all bosses", Luciano createdThe Commission in 1931,[29] where the bosses of the most powerful families would have equal say and vote on important matters and solve disputes between families. This group ruled over theNational Crime Syndicate and brought in an era of peace and prosperity for the American Mafia.[50] By mid-century, there were 26 official Commission-sanctioned Mafia crime families, each based in a different city (except for theFive Families which were all based in New York).[51] Each family operated independently from the others and generally had exclusive territory it controlled.[29] As opposed to the older generation of "Mustache Petes" such as Maranzano and Masseria, who usually worked only with fellow Italians, the "Young Turks" led by Luciano were more open to working with other groups, most notably theJewish-American criminal syndicates to achieve greater profits. The Mafia thrived by following a strict set of rules that originated in Sicily that called for an organized hierarchical structure and acode of silence that forbade its members from cooperating with the police (Omertà). Failure to follow any of these rules was punishable by death.
The rise of power that the Mafia acquired during prohibition would continue long after alcohol was made legal again. Criminal empires which had expanded on bootleg money would find other avenues to continue making large sums of money. When alcohol ceased to be prohibited in 1933, the Mafia diversified its money-making criminal activities to include (both old and new): illegal gambling operations,loan sharking,extortion,protection rackets, drug trafficking,fencing, and labor racketeering through control of labor unions.[52] In the mid-20th century, the Mafia was reputed to have infiltrated manylabor unions in the United States, most notably theTeamsters andInternational Longshoremen's Association.[29] This allowed crime families to make inroads into very profitable legitimate businesses such as construction, demolition, waste management, trucking, and in the waterfront and garment industry.[53] In addition they could raid the unions' health and pension funds, extort businesses with threats of a workers' strike and participate inbid rigging. In New York City, most construction projects could not be performed without theFive Families' approval. In theport andloading dock industries, the Mafia bribed union members to tip them off to valuable items being brought in. Mobsters would then steal these products andfence the stolen merchandise.
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Meyer Lansky made inroads into the casino industry in Cuba during the 1930s while the Mafia was already involved in exporting Cuban sugar and rum.[54] When his friendFulgencio Batista became president of Cuba in 1952, several Mafia bosses were able to make legitimate investments in legalized casinos. One estimate of the number of casinos mobsters owned was no less than 19.[54] However, when Batista was overthrown following theCuban Revolution, his successorFidel Castro banned U.S. investment in the country, putting an end to the Mafia's presence in Cuba.[54]
Las Vegas was seen as an "open city" where any family can work. Once Nevada legalized gambling, mobsters were quick to take advantage and the casino industry became very popular in Las Vegas. Since the 1940s, Mafia families from New York, Cleveland, Kansas City, Milwaukee and Chicago had interests in Las Vegas casinos. They got loans from theTeamsters' pension fund, a union they effectively controlled, and used legitimate front men to build casinos.[55] When money came into thecounting room, hired menskimmed cash before it was recorded, then delivered it to their respective bosses.[55] This money went unrecorded, but the amount is estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars.
Operating in the shadows, the Mafia faced little opposition from law enforcement. Local law enforcement agencies did not have the resources or knowledge to effectively combat organized crime committed by a secret society they were unaware existed.[53] Many people within police forces and courts were simply bribed, while witness intimidation was also common.[53] In 1951, a U.S. Senate committee called theKefauver Hearings determined that a "sinister criminal organization" known as the Mafia operated in the nation.[29] Many suspected mobsters were subpoenaed for questioning, but few testified and none gave any meaningful information. In 1957, New York State Police uncovered a meeting and arrested major figures from around the country inApalachin, New York. The event (dubbed the "Apalachin Meeting") forced theFBI to recognize organized crime as a serious problem in the United States and changed the way law enforcement investigated it.[29] In 1963,Joe Valachi became the first Mafia member toturn state's evidence, and provided detailed information of its inner workings and secrets. More importantly, he revealed the Mafia's existence to the law, which enabled theFederal Bureau of Investigation to begin an aggressive assault on the Mafia's National Crime Syndicate.[56] Following Valachi's testimony, the Mafia could no longer operate completely in the shadows. The FBI put a lot more effort and resources into organized crime activities nationwide and created theOrganized Crime Strike Force in various cities. While all this created more pressure on the Mafia, it did little, however, to curb its criminal activities. Progress was made by the beginning of the 1980s, when the FBI was able to rid Las Vegas casinos of Mafia control and made a determined effort to loosen the Mafia's stronghold on labor unions.
By the late 1970s, the Mafia were involved in many industries,[29] including betting on college sports. Several Mafia members associated with theLucchese crime family participated in apoint shaving scandal involving the Boston College basketball team. Rick Kuhn,Henry Hill, and others associated with the Lucchese crime family, manipulated the results of the games during the 1978–1979 basketball season. Through bribing and intimidating several members of the team, they ensured their bets on the point spread of each game would go in their favor.[57]
One of the most lucrative gains for the Mafia was through gas-tax fraud. They created schemes to keep the money that they owed in taxes after the sale of millions of dollars' worth of wholesale petroleum. This allowed them to sell more gasoline at even lower prices.Michael Franzese, also known as the Yuppie Don, ran and organized a gas scandal and stole over $290 million in gasoline taxes by evading theInternal Revenue Service (IRS) and shutting down the gas station before government officials could make him pay what he owed. Franzese was caught in 1985.[58][59]
Labor racketeering helped the Mafia control many industries from a macroeconomic scale. This tactic helped them grow in power and influence in many cities with big labor unions such as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit and many others. Many members of the Mafia were enlisted in unions and even became union executives. The Mafia has controlled unions all over the U.S. to extort money and resources out of big business, with recent indictments of corruption involving the New Jersey Waterfront Union, the Concrete Workers Union, and theTeamster Union.[60]
Restaurants were yet another powerful means by which the Mafia could gain economic power. A large concentration of Mafia-owned restaurants was in New York City. Not only were they the setting of many killings and important meetings, but they were also an effective means of smuggling drugs and other illegal goods. From 1985 to 1987, Sicilian Mafiosi in the U.S. imported an estimated $1.65 billion worth of herointhrough pizzerias, hiding the cargo in various food products.[61][62]
Another one of the areas of the economy that the Mafia was most influential wasLas Vegas, Nevada, beginning just after World War II with the opening of the first gambling resort,The Flamingo.[63] Many credit the Mafia with being a big part of the city's development in the mid-20th century,[64] as millions of dollars in capital flowing into new casino resorts laid the foundation for further economic growth. This capital did not come from one Mafia family alone, but many throughout the country seeking to gain even more power and wealth. Large profits from casinos, run as legitimate businesses, would help to finance many of the illegal activities of the Mafia from the 1950s into the 1980s.[63] In the 1950s more Mafia-financed casinos were constructed, such as theStardust,Sahara,Tropicana,Desert Inn, andRiviera. Tourism in the city greatly increased through the 1960s and strengthened the local economy.
The 1960s were also when the Mafia's influence in the Las Vegas economy began to dwindle, however.[63] The Nevada State government and Federal government had been working to weaken Mafia activity onthe Strip. In 1969, the Nevada State Legislature passed a law that made it easier for corporations to own casinos. This brought new investors to the local economy to buy casinos from the Mafia. The U.S. Congress passed theRICO Act a year later. This law gave more authority to law enforcement to pursue the Mafia for its illegal activities. There was a sharp decline in mob involvement in Las Vegas in the 1980s. Through the RICO law, many in the Mafia were convicted and imprisoned.[65]
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When theRacketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO Act) became federal law in 1970, it became a highly effective tool in prosecuting mobsters. It provides for extended criminal penalties for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization. Violation of the act is punishable by up to 20 years in prison per count, up to $25,000 in fines, and the violator must forfeit all properties attained while violating the RICO Act.[66] The RICO Act has proven to be a very powerful weapon because it attacks the entire corrupt entity instead of individuals who can easily be replaced with other organized crime members.[29] Between 1981 and 1992, 23 bosses from around the country were convicted under the law while between 1981 and 1988, 13 underbosses and 43 captains were convicted.[53] Over 1,000 crime family figures were convicted by 1990.[66] While this significantly crippled many Mafia families around the country, the most powerful families continued to dominate crime in their territories, even if the new laws put more mobsters in jail and made it harder to operate.A high-profile RICO case sentencedJohn Gotti andFrank Locascio to life in prison in 1992,[67] with the help of informantSammy Gravano in exchange forimmunity from prosecution for his crimes.[43][68]
Aside from avoiding long prison stretches, the FBI could put mobsters in theUnited States Federal Witness Protection Program, changing their identities and supporting them financially for life. This led to dozens of mobsters testifying and providing information during the 1990s, which led to the imprisonment of hundreds of other members. As a result, the Mafia has seen a major decline in its power and influence in organized crime since the 1990s.
On January 9, 2003,Bonanno crime family bossJoseph Massino was arrested and indicted, alongsideSalvatore Vitale,Frank Lino and capo Daniel Mongelli, in a comprehensive racketeering indictment. The charges against Massino himself included ordering the 1981 murder ofDominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano.[69][70] Massino's trial began on May 24, 2004, with judgeNicholas Garaufis presiding and Greg D. Andres and Robert Henoch heading the prosecution.[71] He now faced 11 RICO counts for seven murders (due to the prospect of prosecutors seeking the death penalty for the Sciascia murder, that case was severed to be tried separately), arson, extortion, loansharking, illegal gambling, and money laundering.[72] After deliberating for five days, the jury found Massino guilty of all 11 counts on July 30, 2004. His sentencing was initially scheduled for October 12, and he was expected to receive a sentence oflife imprisonment with no possibility of parole.[73] The jury also approved the prosecutors' recommended $10 millionforfeiture of the proceeds of his reign as Bonanno boss on the day of the verdict.[74]
Immediately after his July 30 conviction, as court was adjourned, Massino requested a meeting with Judge Garaufis, where he made his first offer to cooperate.[75] He did so in hopes of sparing his life; he was facing the death penalty if found guilty of Sciascia's murder, as one ofJohn Ashcroft's final acts as Attorney General was to order federal prosecutors to seek the death penalty for Massino.[76] Massino thus stood to be the first Mafia boss to be executed for his crimes, and the first mob boss to face the death penalty sinceLepke Buchalter was executed in 1944.[77] Massino was the first sitting boss of a New York crime family to turn state's evidence, and the second in the history of the American Mafia to do so.[78] (Philadelphia crime family bossRalph Natale had flipped in 1999 when facing drug charges, though Natale was mostly a "front" boss while thereal boss of the Philadelphia Mafia used Natale as a diversion for authorities.)[79]
In the 21st century, the Mafia has continued to be involved in a broad spectrum of illegal activities. These include murder, extortion, corruption of public officials, gambling, infiltration of legitimate businesses, labor racketeering, loan sharking,tax fraud schemes andstock manipulation schemes.[80] Although the Mafia used to be nationwide, today most of its activities are confined to the Northeast and Chicago.[81] While other criminal organizations such as theRussian Mafia, ChineseTriads, Mexicandrug cartels and others have all grabbed a share of criminal activities, the Mafia continues to be the dominant criminal organization in these regions, partly due to its stricthierarchical structure.[81] Law enforcement is concerned with the possible resurgence of the Mafia as it regroups from the turmoil of the 1990s, although FBI and local law enforcement agencies now focus more on homeland security and less on organized crime since theSeptember 11 attacks.[82][83] To avoid FBI attention and prosecution, the modern Mafia also outsources much of its work to other criminal groups, such as motorcycle gangs.[81]
The American Mafia operates on a strict hierarchical structure. While similar to its Sicilian origins, the American Mafia's modern organizational structure was created by Salvatore Maranzano in 1931. He created theFive Families, each of which would have aboss, anunderboss,capos, andsoldiers—all only of full-blooded Italian origin—while associates could come from any background.[84][85][43] All inducted members of the Mafia are called"made" men. This signifies that they are untouchable in the criminal underworld and any harm brought to them will be met with retaliation. With the exception of associates, all mobsters within the Mafia are "made" official members of a crime family. The three highest positions make up the administration. Below the administration, there are factions each headed by acaporegime (captain), who leads a crew of soldiers and associates. They report to the administration and can be seen as equivalent to managers in a business. When a boss makes a decision, he rarely issues orders directly to workers who would carry it out but instead passes instructions down through thechain of command. This way, the higher levels of the organization are insulated from law enforcement attention if the lower level members who actually commit the crime should be captured or investigated, providingplausible deniability.
There are occasionally other positions in the family leadership. Frequently, ruling panels have been set up when a boss goes to jail to divide the responsibility of the family (these usually consist of three or five members). This also helps divert police attention from any one member. The family messenger and street boss were positions created by former Genovese family leaderVincent Gigante.
TheMafia initiation ritual to become a "made man" in the Mafia emerged from various sources, such asRoman Catholic confraternities andMasonic Lodges in mid-19th century Sicily.[88] At the initiation ceremony, the inductee would have his finger pricked with a needle by the officiating member; a few drops of blood are spilled on a card bearing the likeness of a saint; the card is set on fire; finally, while the card is passed rapidly from hand to hand to avoid burns, the novice takes an oath of loyalty to the Mafia family. The oath of loyalty to the Mafia Family is called the Omerta. This was confirmed in 1986 by thepentitoTommaso Buscetta.[89]
A hit, or murder, of a made man must be approved by the leadership of his family, or retaliatory hits would be made, possibly inciting a war. In a state of war, families would "go to the mattresses," which means to prepare for a war or be prepared in a war-like stance. It was mainly derived from the filmThe Godfather, as the origin of the phrase is unknown.[90]Omertà is a key oath orcode of silence in the Mafia that places importance on silence in the face of questioning by authorities or outsiders; non-cooperation with authorities, the government, or outsiders.[91][92] Traditionally, to become a made man, or full member of the Mafia, the inductee was required to be a male of full Sicilian descent,[93] later extended to males of full Italian descent,[94] and later further extended to males of half-Italian descent through their father's lineage.[93] According toSalvatore Vitale, it was decided during aCommission meeting in 2000 to restore the rule requiring both parents to be of Italian descent.[95] It is also common for a Mafia member to have amistress.[96] Traditionally, made members were also not allowed to have mustaches—part of theMustache Pete custom.[97][98]Homosexuality is reportedly incompatible with the American Mafia code of conduct. In 1992,John D'Amato, acting boss of the DeCavalcante family, was killed when he was suspected of engaging in homosexual activity.[99]
The following is a list of Mafia families that have been active in the U.S. Note that some families have members and associates working in other regions as well. The organization is not limited to these regions. The Bonanno crime family and the Buffalo crime family also had influence in several factions in Canada including theRizzuto crime family andCotroni crime family,[100][101][102] and theLuppino crime family andPapalia crime family,[103][104] respectively.
U.S. Naval Intelligence entered into an agreement withLucky Luciano to gain his assistance in keeping the New York waterfront free from saboteurs after the destruction of theSSNormandie.[106]This spectacular disaster convinced both sides to talk seriously about protecting the United States' East Coast on the afternoon of February 9, 1942. While it was in the process of being converted into a troopship, the luxury ocean liner,Normandie, mysteriously burst into flames with 1,500 sailors and civilians on board. All but one escaped, but 128 were injured and by the next day the ship was a smoking hull. In his report, twelve years later, William B. Herlands, Commissioner of Investigation, made the case for the U.S. government talking to top criminals, stating "The Intelligence authorities were greatly concerned with the problems of sabotage and espionage…Suspicions were rife with respect to the leaking of information about convoy movements. TheNormandie, which was being converted to war use as the Navy auxiliaryLafayette, had burned at the pier in the North River, New York City. Sabotage was suspected."[107]
In August 1960,Colonel Sheffield Edwards, director of the Office of Security of theCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA), proposed the assassination ofCuban head of stateFidel Castro by Mafia assassins. Between August 1960 and April 1961, the CIA, with the help of the Mafia, pursued a series of plots to poison or shoot Castro.[108] Those allegedly involved includedSam Giancana,Carlos Marcello,Santo Trafficante Jr., andJohn Roselli.[109]
In 2007, Linda Schiro testified in an unrelated court case that her late boyfriend,Gregory Scarpa, acapo in the Colombo family, had been recruited by the FBI to help find the bodies of three civil rights workers who had beenmurdered in Mississippi in 1964 by the Ku Klux Klan. She said that she had been with Scarpa in Mississippi at the time and had witnessed him being given a gun, and later a cash payment, by FBI agents. She testified that Scarpa had threatened aKlansman by placing a gun in the Klansman's mouth, forcing the Klansman to reveal the location of the bodies. Similar stories of Mafia involvement in recovering the bodies had been circulating for years, and had been previously published in the New YorkDaily News, but had never before been introduced in court.[110][111]
In several Mafia families, killing a state authority is forbidden due to the possibility of extreme police retaliation. In some rare strict cases, conspiring to commit such a murder is punishable by death. Jewish mobster and Mafia associateDutch Schultz was reportedly killed by his Italian peers out of fear that he would carry out a plan to killNew York City prosecutorThomas Dewey and thus bring unprecedented police attention to the Mafia. However, the Mafia has carried out hits on law enforcement, especially in its earlier history. New York police officerJoe Petrosino was shot by Sicilian mobsters while on duty in Sicily. A statue of him was later erected across the street from a Lucchese hangout.[112]
In 1951, a U.S. Senatespecial committee, chaired by Democratic Tennessee SenatorEstes Kefauver, determined that a "sinister criminal organization" known as the Mafia operated around the United States. TheUnited States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce (known as the "Kefauver Hearings"), televised nationwide, captured the attention of the American people and forced the FBI to recognize the existence of organized crime. In 1953, the FBI initiated the "Top Hoodlum Program". The purpose of the program was to have agents collect information on the mobsters in their territories and report it regularly to Washington to maintain a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers.[113]
The Apalachin meeting was a historicsummit of the American Mafia held at the home of mobsterJoseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara, at 625 McFall Road inApalachin, New York, on November 14, 1957.[114][115] Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including loansharking, narcotics trafficking, and gambling, along with dividing the illegal operations controlled by the recently murderedAlbert Anastasia.[116][117] An estimated 100Mafiosi from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting.[117] Immediately after the Anastasia murder that October, and after taking control of theLuciano crime family, renamed the Genovese crime family, fromFrank Costello,Vito Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. As a result of the Apalachin meeting, the membership books to become amade man in the mob were closed, and were not reopened until 1976.[118]
Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as "the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin".[119] After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate.[120] More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. Twenty of those who attended the meeting were charged with "Conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year.[why?] One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin Meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy, a fact that some, includingFederal Bureau of Investigation directorJ. Edgar Hoover, had long refused to acknowledge.[117][121][122]
Genovese crime family soldierJoe Valachi was convicted of narcotics violations in 1959 and sentenced to 15 years in prison.[123] Valachi's motivations for becoming an informer had been the subject of some debate: Valachi claimed to be testifying as a public service and to expose a powerful criminal organization that he had blamed for ruining his life, but it is also possible he was hoping for government protection as part of aplea bargain in which he was sentenced tolife imprisonment instead of thedeath penalty for a murder, which he had committed in 1962 while in prison for his narcotics violation.[123]
Valachi murdered a man in prison who he feared mob boss, and fellow prisoner,Vito Genovese had ordered to kill him. Valachi and Genovese were both serving sentences forheroin trafficking.[124] On June 22, 1962, using a pipe left near some construction work, Valachibludgeoned an inmate to death who he had mistaken for Joseph DiPalermo, a Mafia member who he believed had been contracted to kill him.[123] After time withFBI handlers, Valachi came forward with a story of Genovese giving him a kiss on the cheek, which he took as a "kiss of death".[125][126][127] A $100,000bounty for Valachi's death had been placed by Genovese.[128]
Soon after, Valachi decided to cooperate with theU.S. Justice Department.[129] In October 1963, Valachi testified beforeArkansas SenatorJohn L. McClellan'sPermanent Subcommittee on Investigations of theU.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations, known as theValachi hearings, stating that the Italian-American Mafia actually existed, the first time a member had acknowledged its existence in public.[130][131] Valachi's testimony was the first major violation ofomertà, breaking hisblood oath. He was the first member of theItalian-American Mafia to acknowledge its existence publicly, and is credited with popularization of the termcosa nostra.[132]
Although Valachi's disclosures never led directly to the prosecution of any Mafia leaders, he provided many details of thehistory of the Mafia, operations and rituals, aided in the solution of several unsolved murders, and named many members and the major crime families. The trial exposed American organized crime to the world through Valachi's televised testimony.[133]
As part of theMafia Commission Trial, on February 25, 1985, nine New York Mafia leaders were indicted for narcotics trafficking, loansharking, gambling, labor racketeering and extortion against construction companies under theRacketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.[134] On July 1, 1985, the original nine men, with the addition of two more New York Mafia leaders, pleaded not guilty to a second set of racketeering charges as part of the trial. Prosecutors aimed to strike at all the crime families at once using their involvement in the Commission.[135] On December 2, 1985,Gambino family underbossNeil Dellacroce died of cancer.[136] Gambino boss andde factocommission headPaul Castellano was later murdered on December 16, 1985.[137]
In the early 1980s, the Bonanno family were kicked off the Commission due to theDonnie Brasco infiltration, and although Rastelli was one of the men initially indicted, this removal from the Commission actually allowed Rastelli to be removed from the Commission Trial as he was later indicted on separate labor racketeering charges. Having previously lost their seat on the Commission, the Bonannos suffered less exposure than the other families in this case.[138][139]
Eight of the nine defendants were convicted of racketeering on November 19, 1986[140]— the exception,Anthony Indelicato, was convicted instead of the 1979 murder ofCarmine Galante[141]— and all were sentenced on January 13, 1987.[142][143]
In the early 1990s, as theColombo crime family war raged, the Commission refused to allow any Colombo member to sit on the Commission[144] and considered dissolving the family.
On January 20, 2011, theUnited States Justice Department issued 16 indictments against Northeast American Mafia families resulting in 127 charged defendants[145] and more than 110 arrests.[146] The charges included murder, murder conspiracy, loansharking, arson, robbery, narcotics trafficking, extortion, illegal gambling and labor racketeering. It has been described as the largest operation against the Mafia in U.S. history.[147] Families that have been affected included theFive Families of New York as well as theDeCavalcante crime family of New Jersey andPatriarca crime family of New England.[148]
The filmScarface (1932) is loosely based on the story ofAl Capone.[149]
In 1968,Paramount Pictures released the filmThe Brotherhood starringKirk Douglas as a Mafia don, which was a financial flop. Nevertheless, Paramount's production chiefRobert Evans subsidized the completion of aMario Puzo novel with similar themes and plot elements and bought the screen rightsbefore completion.[150] Directed byFrancis Ford Coppola,The Godfather became a huge success, both critically and financially (it won theBest Picture Oscar and for a year was thehighest-grossing film ever made). It immediately inspired other Mafia-related films, including a direct sequel,The Godfather Part II (1974), also (partly) based onPuzo's novel, and yet another big winner at theAcademy Awards, as well as films based on real Mafiosi likeHonor Thy Father andLucky Luciano (both in 1973) andLepke andCapone (both in 1975).
A 13-part miniseries byNBC calledThe Gangster Chronicles based on the rise of many major crime bosses of the 1920s and 1930s, aired in 1981.[151]The Sopranos was an award-winningHBO television show that depicted modern day American-Italian mob culture in New Jersey. Although the show is fictional, the general storyline is based on its creatorDavid Chase's experiences growing up and interacting with New Jersey crime families.
Fat Tony inThe Simpsons is described as "a mobster and the underboss of the Springfield Mafia".
The Mafia has been the subject of multiple crime-related video games. TheMafia series by2K Czech andHangar 13 consists of four games that follow the story of individuals who inadvertently become caught up with one or multiple fictional Mafia families while attempting to rise in their ranks or bring them down as revenge for something they did to them. TheGrand Theft Auto series byRockstar Games also features the Mafia prominently, mainly in the games set within the fictional Liberty City (based on New York); the games set in the "3D universe"canon feature the Forelli, Leone and Sindacco families, while those in the "HD universe" have the Ancelotti, Gambetti, Lupisella, Messina and Pavano families (a reference to theFive Families), as well as the less-influential Pegorino family. In all games, the different Mafia families serve as either employers or enemies to the player. In 2006,The Godfather was released, based on the 1972 film of the same name; it spawned asequel, itself based on the film's sequel.
Genovese maranzano.
Frank Zito Illinois.
