Adherents ofJainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century.Jain immigration began in earnest in the late 1960s and continues to the present day.
In 1893,Virachand Gandhi became the first Jain delegate to visit the United States, representing Jainism in the first everParliament of World Religions.[3] As the first practicing Jain to speak publicly in the United States on Jainism, he is a key figure in the history of American Jainism.[1] The firstSt. Louis Jain temple in the United States was built for theSt. Louis World's Fair in 1904. After the fair, the temple moved toLas Vegas and later to Los Angeles. It is now owned by the Jain Center of Southern California. Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in 1944.[4] Jain immigration began in earnest in the late 1960s after the passage of theImmigration Act of 1965. The United States has since become a center of the Jain diaspora.[5]
The first formerJain monastic to travel to the United States,Chitrabhanu, arrived in 1971. He gave several lectures about Jainism atHarvard University and established a Jain center in New York City. The first monk who traveled outside India by use of mechanical means was AcharyaSushil Kumar who arrived in the United States in 1975.[6] He established multiple Jain centers, including International Mahavira Jain Mission popularly known as Siddhachalam.[7] In the 1980s, he and Chitrabhanu inspired the founding ofFederation of Jain Associations in North America to support theJain community in the United States and Canada.[7]
As of 2010 the United States contained the mostJain temples of any country in the Jain diaspora.[1] At least one third of the Jains living outside India live in the United States, numbering close to 150,000.[1][2] Jain temples in the United States, which numbered 26 as of 2006, frequently incorporate marble and arches in a style reminiscent ofRajasthan architecture.[1] There are almost 100 distinct Jain congregations in the United States.[7]
Many Jains in the United States are professionals.[5] They also frequently volunteer at animal welfare organizations.[1] Many Jains also attend Hindu temples and Hindu events.[8]
According to The Pluralism Project atHarvard University, "Most American Jains agree that the sectarian streams of Jainism that have been significant in India for 2,000 years are fast losing their currency in 20th century America...The sectarian divisions of the Jain tradition have been left behind as Jain Americans concentrate on the difficult task of appropriating the tradition in a new environment." As noted below, many Jain temples in the United States contain images from both theDigambara andŚvētāmbara traditions. Jain conventions and gatherings in America feature teachings from both sects.[9][10]
Federation of Jain Associations in North America and Siddhachalam
The Federation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations to preserve, practice, and promote Jainism and the Jain way of life.[11] Siddhachalam[12] inNew Jersey is the first pilgrimage site for Jains outside India, bringing together all Jains in one place for worship, study and reflection.[13]
The Federation of Jain Associations in North America uses a modified version of the standard Jain symbol, theJain emblem. It replaces theswastika with anom because the former is not considered a pious symbol in the western world.[14]
Florida International University hosts the Bhagwan Mahavir Professorship in Jain Studies, the first Jain Studies chair at a North American university. In 2016, the Jain Society andRice University signed a memorandum of understanding to establish a post-doctoral fellowship in Jain studies.[15]
TheJain Center of America was the first Jain center in the United States. It opened inNew York City in 1982.[16] Since then, over 100 Jain centers and temples have opened in America.[17] Most Jain centers are complexes that include a main temple housing Digambara and Śvētāmbara images, libraries, meeting rooms, guest rooms, and so forth.
^abcQueen, Edward L.; Prothero, Stephen R.; Shattuck, Gardiner H. (2009),Encyclopedia of American religious history, Infobase Publishing, p. 531,ISBN978-0-8160-6660-5
Jainism in America Bhuvanendra Kumar. Benaras, Jain Humanities Press, 1996
The Western Order of Jainism by Nathubhai Shah of London (Jain Journal Vol XXX1, No 1 July 1996)
Jains and Their Religion in America: A Social Survey by Dr. Bhuvannendra Kumar (Jain Journal Vol XXX1, No 1 July 1996)
JAIN eLibrary attempts to provide an increasingly complete digitized collection of Jain Scriptures, dictionaries, encyclopedias, articles, commentaries, photographs, and other materials related to Jain life.
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