TheAmerican Expeditionary Force, Siberia (AEF in Siberia) was a formation of theUnited States Army involved in theRussian Civil War inVladivostok,Russia, after theOctober Revolution, from 1918 to 1920. The force was part of the larger AlliedNorth Russia intervention. As a result of this expedition, early relations between theUnited States and theSoviet Union were poor.
U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson's claimed objectives for sending troops to Siberia were as much diplomatic as they were military. One major reason was to rescue the 40,000 men of theCzechoslovak Legion, who were being held up by Bolshevik forces as they attempted to make their way along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok, and it was hoped, eventually to the Western Front. Another major reason was to protect the large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock that the United States had sent to theRussian Far East in support of theRussian Empire's war efforts on theEastern Front of World War I. Equally stressed by Wilson was the need to "steady any efforts at self-government or self defense in which the Russians themselves may be willing to accept assistance." At the time,Bolshevik forces in Siberia controlled only small pockets, and President Wilson wanted to make sure that neitherCossack marauders nor theJapanese military would take advantage of the unstable political environment along the strategic railroad line and in the resource-rich Siberian regions straddling it.[1]
Concurrently and for similar reasons, about 5,000 American soldiers were sent toArkhangelsk (Archangel), Russia by Wilson as part of the separatePolar Bear Expedition.
The AEF in Siberia was commanded by Major GeneralWilliam S. Graves and eventually totaled 7,950 officers and enlisted men. The force included the U.S. Army's27th and31st Infantry Regiments, plus large numbers of volunteers from the12th,13th, and62nd Infantry Regiments fromCamp Fremont of the8th Division, Graves' former division command.[2]
The U.S. troops were equipped withM1918 Browning Automatic Rifles (BAR),Auto-5 shotguns/trench clearers,M1903 Springfield rifles,M1911 .45 caliber pistols, andM1917 Browning machine guns depending on their duties.Mosin–Nagant rifles were also used.[1]
Although General Graves did not arrive in Siberia until September 4, 1918, the first 3,000 American troops disembarked in Vladivostok between August 15 and August 21, 1918. They were quickly assigned guard duty along segments of the railway between Vladivostok andNikolsk-Ussuriski in the north.[3] Units were placed along the railway as far west as Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude.[4]
Unlike his Allied counterparts, General Graves believed their mission in Siberia was to provide protection for American-supplied property and to help theCzechoslovak Legion evacuate Russia, and that it did not include fighting against the Bolsheviks. Repeatedly calling for restraint, Graves often clashed with commanders ofBritish,French, andJapanese forces, who also had troops in the region and who wanted him to take a more active part in the military intervention in Siberia.
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To operate the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the Russian Railway Service Corps was formed of US personnel.[2][3]
The experience in Siberia for the soldiers was miserable. Problems with fuel, ammunition, supplies, and food were widespread. Horses accustomed to temperate climates were unable to function in sub-zero Russia. Water-cooled machine guns froze and became useless. The last American soldiers left Siberia on April 1, 1920. During their 19 months in Siberia, 189 soldiers of the force died from all causes. As a comparison, the smallerAmerican North Russia Expeditionary Force experienced 235 deaths from all causes during their nine months of fighting nearArkhangelsk.[5]
American socialist authorUpton Sinclair,[4] in his novelOil!, references the AEF in Siberia and ascribescapitalist motives as the primary driver of the Allied intervention.
By every measure, President Wilson's interventions in Russia failed.[6] The Eastern Front had not been reestablished, the war supplies stockpiled in Russian ports had not been saved, and no popular, progressive, non-Communist government had been established. The Japanese continued to meddle in Siberian affairs for another two years in a futile effort to carve out a pro-Japanese puppet state. Even the successful extrication of the Czech Legion had little to do with Graves' small expedition. In the words of Chief of Staff Peyton C. March, the expeditions in Russia had been little more than "a military crime".[5]
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