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Amar-Sin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sumerian king, 21st-century BC
"Bur-Sin" redirects here. For the 7th king of the 1st Dynasty of Isin, seeBur-Suen.
Amar-Sin
𒀭𒀫𒀭𒂗𒍪
An architectural foundation-nail figurine depicting king Amar-Sin himself carrying the builder's wicker traybasket, and acuneiform dedication tablet of Amar-Sin
King of theNeo-Sumerian Empire
Reignc. 2046  BC – 2037  BC(Middle Chronology)
PredecessorShulgi
SuccessorShu-Sin
Diedc. 2037 BC
Dynasty3rd Dynasty of Ur
FatherShulgi

Amar-Sin (Akkadian:𒀭𒀫𒀭𒂗𒍪:DAmarDSîn, "calf of Sîn", the "𒀭" being a silent honorific for "Divine"),(died c. 2037 BC) initially misread asBur-Sin (c. 2046–2037 BC)middle chronology, was the third ruler of theUr III Dynasty. He succeeded his fatherShulgi (c. 2030–1982 BC). His name translates to 'bull calf of the moon-god'. The name Amar-Sin was not recorded before his ascension and is a "throne name". His original name, and whether he was actually the son of Shulgi, is unknown.[1] It has been proposed that Amar-Sin, Shu-Sin, and Ibbi-Sin were all brothers and sons of Shulgi. Alternatively it has been suggested that Amar-Sin was a nephew of Shulgi, explaining his difficulties at the beginning and ending of his reign.[2]

Reign

[edit]

Year-names are known for all nine years of his reign. These record campaigns conducted againstUrbilum, and several other regions with obscure names: Shashrum, Shurudhum, Bitum-Rabium, Jabru, and Huhnuri.[3] Amar-Sin is otherwise known to have campaigned against Elamite rulers such as Arwilukpi ofMarhashi, and theUr Empire under his reign extended as far as the northern provinces ofLullubi andHamazi, with their own governors. He also ruled overAssur through the Akkadian governorZariqum, as confirmed by his monumental inscription.[a]

Amar-Sin's reign is notable for his attempt at regenerating the ancient sites ofSumer. He apparently worked on the unfinishedziggurat atEridu.[5]

The BabylonianWeidner Chronicle records the following: "Amar-Sin ... changed the offerings of large oxen and sheep of the Akitu festival in Esagila. It was foretold that he would die from goring by an ox, but he died from the [scorpion?] 'bite' of his shoe."

Attempted Coup

[edit]

The administrative documentation from Amar-Sin's reign suggests that in his final years, he was confronted with some internal strife, and it is likely that his brother,Shu-Sin, was behind an effort to ovethrow him. The imperial guard, the agà-ús, were replaced in Amar-Sin's seventh year with a unit called the gàr-du, often the gàr-du of Amar-Sin.[6] This unit disappears from the record in his ninth year shortly after his death. Also in his seventh year, the king hosted military officials from throughout the empire at a banquet in Ur, where they were required to swear an oath of loyalty.[7] Cylinder seals bearing dedications to the king Shu-Sin appear towards the end of Amar-Suen's reign, but certainly before his death.[8] The provincial governors also see some unusual transitions during this time, including being ousted during the middle of Amar-Sin's reign, only to return to their post after his death.[9] Taken together, it seems likely that Shu-Sin attempted to take power during his brother's reign. It is unclear if Amar-Sin was assassinated during this period, or if he died of natural causes.[10][11]

Year names of Amar-Sin

[edit]

All the year names of Amar-Sin are known, and, as was standard for the time, document events during that king's reign. While some events are military conquests, most of Amar-Sin's years record cultic activities. Some examples include:

1a. Year: "Amar-Suen is king"
1b. Year: "Harshi and Kimaš were destroyed"
2a. Year: "Amar-Suen, the king, destroyedUrbilum"
5a. Year: "Enunugalanna was installed as en-priest of Inanna in Uruk"
6b. Year: "Amar-Suen, the king, destroyed Shashrum for the second time and Shurudhum"
7b: Year: "Amar-Suen, the king, destroyed Bitum-rabium, Jabru, their territories and Huhnuri"

— Some year names of Amar-Sin.[12]

Artifacts

[edit]
  • Statue fragment bearing incised cuneiform inscription of Amar-Sin, ca. 2046–2038 B.C. Neo-Sumerian
    Statue fragment bearing incised cuneiform inscription of Amar-Sin, ca. 2046–2038 B.C. Neo-Sumerian
  • Stamped mud-brick of Amar-Sin
    Stamped mud-brick of Amar-Sin
  • Fired clay brick stamped with the name of Amar-Sin, Ur III, from Eridu. British Museum.
    Fired clay brick stamped with the name of Amar-Sin, Ur III, fromEridu. British Museum.
  • Cuneiform tablet impressed with cylinder seal. Receipt of goats, ca. 2040 BC, year 7 of Amar-Sin. Neo-Sumerian.[13]
    Cuneiform tablet impressed with cylinder seal. Receipt of goats, ca. 2040 BC, year 7 of Amar-Sin. Neo-Sumerian.[13]
  • Cuneiform tablet impressed with cylinder seal. Receipt of goats, ca. 2040 BC, Neo-Sumerian (drawing).[13]
    Cuneiform tablet impressed with cylinder seal. Receipt of goats, ca. 2040 BC, Neo-Sumerian (drawing).[13]
  • Inscription with the name "Amar-Sin"
    Inscription with the name "Amar-Sin"
  • Dedication tablet of Amar-Sin
    Dedication tablet of Amar-Sin

See also

[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related toAmar-Sin.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Zariqum does not appear on theAssyrian King List tablets, but is usually placed by archaeologists between Akkiya andPuzur-Ashur I. He is well known from contemporary documents as a career governor who was also appointed overSusa at various times between Shulgi year 40 and Shu-Sin year 4.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Sharlach, Tonia, "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 2022
  2. ^Michalowski, Piotr, "Of Bears and Men. Thoughts on the End of Šulgi’s Reign and on the Ensuing Succession", in Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature:Essays on the Ancient Near East in Honor of Peter Machinist, ed. David S. Vanderhooft and Abraham Winitzer. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrau, pp. 285–320. 2013
  3. ^Year-names for Amar-Sin
  4. ^Potts,The Archaeology of Elam, p. 132.
  5. ^Mallowan, Max, "The Development of Cities from Al-U'baid to the end of Uruk 5" (Cambridge Ancient History)
  6. ^"CDLI-Archival View".cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved2022-12-04.
  7. ^Steinkeller, Piotr."Joys of Cooking in Ur III Babylonia".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
  8. ^Allred, Lance (2010-06-01)."More Šu-Suen Seals During the Reign of Amar-Suen".Cuneiform Digital Library Notes.2010 (3).ISSN 1546-6566.
  9. ^Allred, Lance (2013)."The Tenure of Provincial Governors: Some Observations".From the 21st Century B.C. To the 21st Century A.D.: 115.
  10. ^Lafont, Bertrand, "L’avènement de Shu-Sin", RA88, pp. 97–119, 1994
  11. ^Waetzoldt, Hartmut, "Thronfolger auch Mitregent?", Mesopotamia 5–6, pp. 321–23, 1970–71
  12. ^"Amar-Sin year names".
  13. ^abSpar, Ira (1988).Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume I Tablets Cones and Bricks of the Third Ur Dynasty(PDF). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 38, Nb 35.
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Ur, Sumer and Akkad
c. 2046 BC- 2037 BC
Succeeded by
Ur I, 2650 - 2450 BC
Ur II, 2400 - 2350 BC
  • Nanni
  • Meskiagnun II
Ur III, 2112 - 2004 BC
Rulers of theancient Near East
Territories/
dates
[1][2][3][4][5]
EgyptCanaanEblaMariKish/
Assur
Akshak/
Akkad
UrukAdabUmma
LagashUrElam
4000–3200 BCENaqada I
Naqada II
Gebel el-Arak Knife
Egypt–Mesopotamia relationsPre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)Susa I

Uruk period
(4000–3100 BCE)


(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)

(Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II
Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows
(Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCEProto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger SnailFishPen-AbuAnimalStorkCanideBullScorpion IShendjwIry-HorKaScorpion IINarmer /Menes
Lower Egypt
Hedju HorNy-HorHsekiuKhayuTiuTheshNehebWaznerNat-HorMekhDouble FalconWash
3100–2900 BCEEarly Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer Palette
Narmer Palette

NarmerMenesNeithhotep (regent)Hor-AhaDjerDjetMerneith (regent)DenAnedjibSemerkhetQa'aSneferkaHorus Bird
CanaanitesJemdet Nasr period
(3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite
period

(Susa III)
(3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCESecond Dynasty of Egypt

HotepsekhemwyNebra/RanebNynetjerBaNubneferHorus SaWeneg-NebtyWadjenesSenedjSeth-PeribsenSekhemib-PerenmaatNeferkara INeferkasokarHudjefa IKhasekhemwy
Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite
Kingdom

First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynasty
Jushur,Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum,Puannum,Kalibum
2800 BCE


KalumumZuqaqipAtab
MashdaArwiumEtana
BalihEn-me-nuna
Melem-KishBarsal-nuna
Uruk I dynasty
Meshkiangasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror ofAratta")
2700 BCEEarly Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug,Tizqar,Ilku
Iltasadum
Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of KishAga of KishGilgameshOld Elamite period
(2700–1500 BCE)

Indo-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCEThird Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser
Saqqarah Djeser pyramid
(FirstEgyptian pyramids)
SekhemkhetSanakhtNebkaKhabaQahedjetHuni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim
Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum
Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal-
shaengur
Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug
(QueenPuabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mesh-he
Melem-ana
Lugal-kitun
Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu
2575 BCEOld Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
SnefruKhufu

DjedefreKhafreBikherisMenkaureShepseskafThamphthis
Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCEPhoenicia (2500–539 BCE)Second kingdom of Mari

Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan
Iku-Shamagan


Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi
Enna-Dagan
Kish III dynasty
Ku-Baba
Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu
Uruk II dynasty
Ensha-
kushanna
Mug-siUmma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe


Akurgal
A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu
Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCEFifth Dynasty of Egypt

UserkafSahureNeferirkare KakaiNeferefreShepseskareNyuserre IniMenkauhor KaiuDjedkare IsesiUnas
Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik
Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[6]
Shushun-Tarana
Napi-Ilhush
2425 BCEKun-DamuEannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCEAdub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa
UrurLugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal
Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu
(QueenBara-irnun)
Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kikku-Siwe-Temti
2380 BCESixth Dynasty of Egypt
TetiUserkarePepi IMerenre Nemtyemsaf IPepi IIMerenre Nemtyemsaf IINetjerkare Siptah
Kneeling statuette of Pepy I
Adab dynasty
Lugal-Anne-Mundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCEIsar-DamuEnna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari
Invasion byMari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6]
UkushLugalanda
Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCEPuzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynasty
Lugal-zage-si
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCEAkkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire

Sargon of AkkadRimushManishtushu
Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCENaram-SinLugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCEFirst Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
MenkareNeferkare IINeferkare NebyDjedkare ShemaiNeferkare KhenduMerenhorNeferkaminNikareNeferkare TereruNeferkahorNeferkare PepisenebNeferkamin AnuQakare IbiNeferkaureNeferkauhorNeferirkare
SecondEblaite
Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari
(Shakkanakku
dynasty)

Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(vassals of the Akkadians)

Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi,Imi,Nanum,Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
Hishep-ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCENinth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre KhetyNeferkare VIINebkaure KhetySetut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr
Ishtup-Ilum

Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um
Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu
Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba
Gudea

Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 BCETenth Dynasty of Egypt
MeryhathorNeferkare VIIIWahkare KhetyMerikare


Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE(Vassals of UR III)Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
(vassals of Ur III)[7]
Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-NammuShulgiAmar-SinShu-Sin
2025–1763 BCEAmorite invasionsIbbi-SinElamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep IIntef IIntef IIIntef IIIMentuhotep IIMentuhotep IIIMentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite
Kingdom

(Amorites)
Ibbit-Lim

ImmeyaIndilimma
(AmoriteShakkanakkus)
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(...)


Lim Dynasty
ofMari
(Amorites)
Yaggid-LimYahdun-LimYasmah-AdadZimri-Lim (QueenShibtu)
Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period
(Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin:Ishbi-ErraShu-IlishuIddin-DaganIshme-DaganLipit-IshtarUr-NinurtaBur-SuenLipit-EnlilErra-imittiEnlil-baniZambiyaIter-pishaUr-du-kugaSuen-magirDamiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa:NaplanumEmisumSamiumZabaiaGungunumAbisareSumuelNur-AdadSin-IddinamSin-EribamSin-IqishamSilli-AdadWarad-SinRim-Sin I (...)Rim-Sin II
Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of UrukSîn-kāšid Sîn-iribamSîn-gāmil Ilum-gamilAn-amIrdaneneRîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat ISenusret IAmenemhat IISenusret IISenusret IIIAmenemhat IIIAmenemhat IVSobekneferu
1800–1595 BCEThirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham
(Biblical)
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Yamhad
(Yamhad dynasty)
(Amorites)
Old Assyria

(Shamshi-Adad dynasty
1808–1736 BCE)
(Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad IIshme-Dagan IMut-AshkurRimushAsinumAshur-dugulAshur-apla-idiNasir-SinSin-namirIpqi-IshtarAdad-saluluAdasi

(Non-dynastic usurpers
1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-SinAshur-dugulAshur-apla-idiNasir-SinSin-namirIpqi-IshtarAdad-saluluAdasi

(Adaside dynasty
1700–722 BCE)
Bel-baniLibayaSharma-Adad IIptar-SinBazayaLullayaShu-NinuaSharma-Adad IIErishum IIIShamshi-Adad IIIshme-Dagan IIShamshi-Adad IIIAshur-nirari IPuzur-Ashur IIIEnlil-nasir INur-iliAshur-shaduniAshur-rabi IAshur-nadin-ahhe IEnlil-Nasir IIAshur-nirari IIAshur-bel-nisheshuAshur-rim-nisheshuAshur-nadin-ahhe II

First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)

Sumu-abumSumu-la-ElSabiumApil-SinSin-MuballitHammurabiSamsu-ilunaAbi-EshuhAmmi-DitanaAmmi-SaduqaSamsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers


Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")

Ilum-ma-iliItti-ili-nibiDamqi-ilishu
IshkibalShushushiGulkishar
mDIŠ+U-ENPeshgaldarameshAyadaragalama
AkurduanaMelamkurkurraEa-gamil

Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth
Dynasty of Egypt

Abydos
Dynasty

Seventeenth
Dynasty of Egypt

Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos

Semqen'Aper-'AnatiSakir-HarKhyanApepiKhamudi
Mitanni
(1600–1260 BCE)
KirtaShuttarna IBaratarna
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
New Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose IAmenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-KakrimeBurnaburiash IKashtiliash IIIUlamburiashAgum IIIKaraindashKadashman-Harbe IKurigalzu IKadashman-Enlil IBurna-Buriash IIKara-hardashNazi-BugashKurigalzu IINazi-MaruttashKadashman-TurguKadashman-Enlil IIKudur-EnlilShagarakti-ShuriashKashtiliash IVEnlil-nadin-shumiKadashman-Harbe IIAdad-shuma-iddinaAdad-shuma-usurMeli-Shipak IIMarduk-apla-iddina IZababa-shuma-iddinEnlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period

(1500–1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose IThutmose IIHatshepsutThutmose III
Amenhotep IIThutmose IVAmenhotep IIIAkhenatenSmenkhkareNeferneferuatenTutankhamunAyHoremhebHittite Empire (1450–1180 BCE)
Suppiluliuma IMursili IIMuwatalli IIMursili IIIHattusili IIITudhaliya IVSuppiluliuma II

Ugarit (vassal of Hittites)
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses ISeti IRamesses IIMerneptahAmenmessesSeti IISiptahTausret
Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCETwentieth Dynasty of Egypt

SetnakhteRamesses IIIRamesses IVRamesses VRamesses VIRamesses VIIRamesses VIIIRamesses IXRamesses XRamesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
SmendesAmenemnisuPsusennes IAmenemopeOsorkon the ElderSiamunPsusennes II

Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon

Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Carchemish
Tabal
Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad IAshur-uballit IEnlil-nirariArik-den-iliAdad-nirari IShalmaneser ITukulti-Ninurta IAshur-nadin-apliAshur-nirari IIIEnlil-kudurri-usurNinurta-apal-EkurAshur-dan INinurta-tukulti-AshurMutakkil-NuskuAshur-resh-ishi ITiglath-Pileser IAsharid-apal-EkurAshur-bel-kalaEriba-Adad IIShamshi-Adad IVAshurnasirpal IShalmaneser IIAshur-nirari IVAshur-rabi IIAshur-resh-ishi IITiglath-Pileser IIAshur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshuItti-Marduk-balatuNinurta-nadin-shumiNebuchadnezzar IEnlil-nadin-apliMarduk-nadin-ahheMarduk-shapik-zeriAdad-apla-iddinaMarduk-ahhe-eribaMarduk-zer-XNabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCEFifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipakEa-mukin-zeriKashshu-nadin-ahiEulmash-shakin-shumiNinurta-kudurri-usur IShirikti-shuqamunaMar-biti-apla-usurNabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCETwenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq IOsorkon IShoshenq IITakelot IOsorkon IIShoshenq IIIShoshenq IVPamiShoshenq VPedubast IIOsorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese ATakelot IIPedubast IShoshenq VIOsorkon IIITakelot IIIRudamunMenkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
TefnakhtBakenranef

Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari IITukulti-Ninurta IIAshurnasirpal IIShalmaneser IIIShamshi-Adad VShammuramat (regent)Adad-nirari IIIShalmaneser IVAshur-Dan IIIAshur-nirari V
Eight Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur IIMar-biti-ahhe-iddinaShamash-mudammiqNabu-shuma-ukin INabu-apla-iddinaMarduk-zakir-shumi IMarduk-balassu-iqbiBaba-aha-iddina (five kings)Ninurta-apla-XMarduk-bel-zeriMarduk-apla-usurEriba-MardukNabu-shuma-ishkunNabonassarNabu-nadin-zeriNabu-shuma-ukin IINabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCETwenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa
Taharqa
("Black Pharaohs")
PiyeShebitkuShabakaTaharqaTanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-PileserShalmaneserMarduk-apla-iddina IISargonSennacheribMarduk-zakir-shumi IIMarduk-apla-iddina IIBel-ibniAshur-nadin-shumiNergal-ushezibMushezib-MardukEsarhaddonAshurbanipalAshur-etil-ilaniSinsharishkunSin-shumu-lishirAshur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of EgyptAssyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCELate Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho IPsamtik INecho IIPsamtik IIWahibreAhmose IIPsamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire
NabopolassarNebuchadnezzar IIAmel-MardukNeriglissarLabashi-MardukNabonidus
Median Empire
DeiocesPhraortesMadyesCyaxaresAstyages
539–331 BCETwenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire
CyrusCambysesDarius IXerxesArtaxerxes IDarius IIArtaxerxes IIArtaxerxes IIIArtaxerxes IVDarius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCEArgead dynasty andPtolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I SoterPtolemy CeraunusPtolemy II PhiladelphusArsinoe IIPtolemy III EuergetesBerenice II EuergetisPtolemy IV PhilopatorArsinoe III PhilopatorPtolemy V EpiphanesCleopatra I SyraPtolemy VI PhilometorPtolemy VII Neos PhilopatorCleopatra II Philometor SoteiraPtolemy VIII PhysconCleopatra IIIPtolemy IX LathyrosCleopatra IVPtolemy X AlexanderBerenice IIIPtolemy XI AlexanderPtolemy XII AuletesCleopatra VCleopatra VI TryphaenaBerenice IV EpiphaneaPtolemy XIIIPtolemy XIVCleopatra VII PhilopatorPtolemy XV CaesarionArsinoe IV
Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty:Alexander IIIPhilip IIIAlexander IV
Antigonid dynasty:Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire:Seleucus IAntiochus IAntiochus IISeleucus IISeleucus IIIAntiochus IIISeleucus IVAntiochus IVAntiochus VDemetrius IAlexander IIIDemetrius IIAntiochus VI DionysusDiodotus TryphonAntiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCEKingdom of Judea
Simon ThassiJohn HyrcanusAristobulus IAlexander JannaeusSalome AlexandraHyrcanus IIAristobulus IIAntigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II ZabinasSeleucus V PhilometorAntiochus VIII GrypusAntiochus IX CyzicenusSeleucus VI EpiphanesAntiochus X EusebesAntiochus XI EpiphanesDemetrius III EucaerusPhilip I PhiladelphusAntiochus XII DionysusAntiochus XIII AsiaticusPhilip II PhiloromaeusParthian Empire
Mithridates IPhraatesHyspaosinesArtabanusMithridates IIGotarzesMithridates IIIOrodes ISinatrucesPhraates IIIMithridates IVOrodes IIPhraates IVTiridates IIMusaPhraates VOrodes IIIVonones IArtabanus IITiridates IIIArtabanus IIVardanes IGotarzes IIMeherdatesVonones IIVologases IVardanes IIPacorus IIVologases IIArtabanus IIIOsroes I
30 BCE–116 CERoman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
JudaeaSyria
116–117 CEProvince of Mesopotamia underTrajanParthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CESyria PalaestinaProvince of MesopotamiaSinatruces IIMithridates VVologases IVOsroes IIVologases VVologases VIArtabanus IV
224–270 CESasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir IShapur IHormizd IBahram IBahram IIBahram IIINarsehHormizd IIAdur NarsehShapur IIArdashir IIShapur IIIBahram IVYazdegerd IShapur IVKhosrowBahram VYazdegerd IIHormizd IIIPeroz IBalashKavad IJamaspKavad IKhosrow IHormizd IVKhosrow IIBahram VI ChobinVistahm
270–273 CEPalmyrene Empire
VaballathusZenobiaAntiochus
273–395 CERoman Empire
Province of EgyptSyria PalaestinaSyriaProvince of Mesopotamia
395–618 CEByzantine Empire
Byzantine EgyptPalaestina Prima,Palaestina SecundaByzantine SyriaByzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE(Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
ShahrbarazShahralanyozanShahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow IIKavad II
628–641 CEByzantine EmpireArdashir IIIShahrbarazKhosrow IIIBoranShapur-i ShahrvarazAzarmidokhtFarrukh HormizdHormizd VIKhosrow IVBoranYazdegerd IIIPeroz IIINarsieh
Byzantine EgyptPalaestina Prima,Palaestina SecundaByzantine SyriaByzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CEMuslim conquest of EgyptMuslim conquest of the LevantMuslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic periodRulers of ancient Central Asia
  1. ^Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
  2. ^Hallo, William W.;Simpson, William Kelly (1971).The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.ISBN 978-0-15-502755-8.
  3. ^"Rulers of Mesopotamia".CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
  4. ^Thomas, Ariane;Potts, Timothy, eds. (2020).Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14.ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  5. ^Roux, Georges (1992).Ancient Iraq. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
  6. ^abcPer theSumerian King List.
  7. ^Unger, Merrill F. (2014).Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.
International
National
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