Alor Setar Loqstaq (Kedah Malay) | |
|---|---|
| City of Alor Setar Bandaraya Alor Setar | |
 City centre skyline  Kuala Kedah Marina  Mahathir Mohamad's house | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Motto(s): Bandaraya Berdayahuni 2035 "Livable City by 2035" | |
 Location of Alor Setar in Kedah | |
  Alor Setar Alor Setar (Malaysia) Show map of Malaysia Alor Setar Alor Setar (Southeast Asia) Show map of Southeast Asia Alor Setar Alor Setar (Asia) Show map of Asia | |
| Coordinates:06°07′06″N100°22′10″E / 6.11833°N 100.36944°E /6.11833; 100.36944 | |
| Country |  Malaysia |
| State |  Kedah |
| District | Kota Setar Pokok Sena |
| Establishment | 30 December 1735 |
| Establishment of the local government | 1905 |
| Establishment of the town board | 1958 |
| Establishment of the town council | 1970 |
| Establishment of the local government district council | 1976 |
| Municipality status | 1 February 1978 |
| City status | 21 December 2003; 21 years ago (2003-12-21) |
| Founded by | Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II |
| Government | |
| • Type | City council |
| • Body | Alor Setar City Council |
| • Mayor | Yang Berbahagia Dato' Haji Abdul Gafar bin Yahya (since 2 February 2025) |
| Area | |
| 424 km2 (257.14 sq mi) | |
| Elevation | 57 m (187 ft) |
| Highest elevation (Mount Keriang) | 99 m (325 ft) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
| 417,800 | |
| • Density | 982.00/km2 (2,543.4/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 839,400 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (MST) |
| • Summer (DST) | Not observed |
| Postal code | 05xxx |
| International dialling code prefix | +6047 (landline only) |
| Website | mbas.gov.my |
Alor Setar (Kedah Malay:Loqstaq) is the state capital ofKedah,Malaysia.[2] It is the second-largest city in the state afterSungai Petani and one of the most-important cities on the west coast ofPeninsular Malaysia. It is home to the third-tallest tower inMalaysia, theAlor Setar Tower.[3]
Its location along the main travel corridor from Malaysia to Thailand has long made it a major transportation hub in the northernMalay Peninsula. Alor Setar sits along the country's longest expressway, located 430 km (270 mi) from Kuala Lumpur and 79 km (49 mi) north ofGeorge Town,Penang. From Thailand, the city is easily accessible via thePadang Besar–Sadao Highway, it is 51.8 km (32.2 mi) fromSadao and 106 km (66 mi) fromHat Yai.
The city was originally founded as Kota Setar in 1785. Owing to the long status as thecapital of Kedah, Alor Setar is regarded as one of the core cultural centres for theKedahan Malays. It is also among the key pioneer in theMalayan transportation history, therailway station was commissioned in 1915 followed by itsairport in 1929.
Alor Setar is home to the Central State Administration Centre and is theadministrative centre ofKota Setar District. At present, the city covers a land area of 666 km2 (257 sq mi), which is occupied by more than 400,000 inhabitants (as per the 2020 census). At the local-government level, Alor Setar is administered by the Alor Setar City Council.[4]
It is the birthplace of two pivotalprime ministers of Malaysia; namelyTunku Abdul Rahman, the founding father of the nation (in office from 1957 to 1970) andMahathir Mohamad, the country's longest-serving prime minister of 24 years (in office from 1981 to 2003, from 2018 to 2020).[5][6]
The name came from the combination of twoMalay words:Alor ("small stream") andSetar (Bouea macrophylla Griff.; known as the marian plum, gandaria, or plum mango), a tree which is related tomango.[7]
The city's name was changed toAlor Star during a 21 December 2003 ceremony proclaiming it a city. The city's previous name was restored on 15 January 2009.[8]
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Alor Setar was established on 30 December 1735 by Kedah's 19th Ruler,Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II and was the state's eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136.[9] The earlier administrative centres were located in Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Sungai Emas, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Sena, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Bukit Pinang.[10]
The pre-existing settlement was originally a small village. However, the sultan found the area to be in a strategic location, he was drawn to the area as it was covered in a lush greenery and a center between the two estuaries ofKedah River converged. Upon the agreement with fellow Kedahan ministers, they agreed to institute a new town known as "Kota Setar" (the "Town of Setar"). The name was derived fromBouea macrophylla, a type of tree that can be found in the area.[11]
A new administration institution was constructed in the settlement, with the sultan resided in Istana Kota Setar. However, the capital suffered a major attack when theBugis armanda led by Raja Haji managed to destroy both the Istana Kota Setar (Royal Palace) and Balai Besar (Grand Hall) in 1770. In 1771, the British represented by Francis Light and Sultan Abdullah Mukaram Shah entered an agreement to halt the Bugis influence in Kedah.[11]
During the coronation ceremony ofAhmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah on 17 March 1805, Siamese forces managed tooccupy the capital. The sultan was forced to retreat to Penang and later Malacca. The settlement was put on a standstill for 20 years. He was restored to the crown in 1842 and the capital was temporary relocated toKota Kuala Muda before returning to Kota Setar.[11]
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In October 1883, James F. Agustin, an Englishmen arrived in Kuala Sungai Kedah (now known asKuala Kedah) about 10 km from the capital. He and a few other English explorers embarked their journey towards inland areas of Kedah where he met several Malay settlement on the riverbanks of the Kedah river.[12]
Upon his arrival in Kampung Kota Setar, he befriended several local Malays and they invited him to the sultan's palatial residence. Agustin remarked on the beauty of the palatial architecture and its landscape covered with the stalk trees. He was well received by the sultan and both parties exchanged goods between one another.
The visit by Agustin spurred a growth for a more active and directtrade relations between the area and outside commercial powerhouse. The city attracted various cosmopolitan trading activities from the British, Indian, Chinese together with other local and regional merchants. The town prospered from a small settlement into a bustling town designated to accommodate further population growth, commerce and administration. The British especially, was quite drawn to the potential of Kota Setar (as it was then known).
Gradually, Kota Setar thrived and further evolved into a commercial, transportation and communication hub of Kedah. The name was then changed from Kota Setar into Alor Setar, a reflection of its geographical features located in a small stream (known as "Alor" in Malay) which was frequented by the Malay traders from the neighbouring states. However, the name Kota Setar was retained as sub-district under Alor Setar.
Other significant events during the turn of the 20th century includes the reunification ofPerlis andSetul (nowSatun) to Kedah by the Siamese in May 1897 (both provinces had been separated fromKedah in 1821) held in Balai Besar. The event was attended by the Crown Prince of Kedah, Tuanku Abdul Aziz as a representative of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah. In 1904, the city witnessed the grand wedding of the five children ofSultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, lasting for 3 months and the cost estimated to be 3 million Ringgit.[13]
On 25 July 1905, the Legislative Council of Kedah (Majlis Mesyuarat Negeri) was formed in Alor Setar, with the Crown Prince, Tuanku Abdul Aziz held as its president. Following theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 on 7 July 1909, the transfer of power from the Siamese to British administration was held on 15 July 1909 Balai Besar.[11]
Alor Setar fell to theJapanese occupation on 13 December 1945 and wasannexed to the Siamese until 1946. The handover ceremony from Siamese to the British was held in Padang Court, Alor Setar 18 October 1946.[11]
The town joined theprotest against Malayan Union during the post-war period. The mass protest was attended by 10,000 against theBritish backed-proposal. It was led byTunku Abdul Rahman together with key leaders fromUMNO.[11] The town also witnessed the 4thUMNO General Assembly which lay the draft for the foundation of the present-dayConstitution of Malaysia.
The coronation ceremony ofAbdul Halim of Kedah, the 28th Sultan of Kedah was held in Balai Besar on 20 February 1959. The city celebrates thesilver jubilee of Sultan Abdul Halim in 1983.[11]
The change of status of Alor Setar throughout the 20th century was also closely parallel by the rise of its urban development, demographic and population growth. The council was upgraded to Kota Setar Municipal Council on 1 February 1978, which traced its origin to Kota Setar District Council on 1 March 1976, Alor Star Municipal Board in 1958 and Alor Star Sanitary Board in 1905.[14]
The town celebrated its 250th birthday in 1985.[15] A proposal to upgrade the town into a city status was proposed by theMalaysian Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 2000.
Alor Setar was proclaimed a city – the ninth inMalaysia – on 21 December 2003. A ceremony was held at Dataran Tunku, Alor Setar, attended by the Kedah's SultanTuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, his consort Che' Puan Haminah Hamidun, the heir apparent, other royalty and politicians.[16]
During the ceremony, the city was formally renamed as "Alor Star", the third time the city has changed its name, from Kota Setar to Alor Setar and Alor Star. On 15 January 2009, the historical spelling "Alor Setar" was returned to be its official designation.
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Alor Setar is being represented by threeMembers of Parliament and nineState Legislative Assembly seats.
| Parliamentary Constituencies | State Constituencies |
|---|---|
| P.008Pokok Sena | N.09 Bukit Lada, N.4 Pantai Damai, N.10 Bukit Pinang, N.11 Derga |
| P.009Alor Setar | N.12 Suka Menanti, N.13 Kota Darul Aman, N.14 Alor Mengkudu |
| P.010Kuala Kedah | N.15 Anak Bukit, N.16 Kubang Rotan, N.17 Pengkalan Kundor |
As the state capital, Alor Setar holds a pivotal role on maintaining the political and economic interest of Kedah. The city is the seat of the local government where all of the state ministries and agencies are primarily located. The Office of the Chief Minister and theKedah State Legislative Assembly are both based in Wisma Darul Aman.[17][18] The official residence of Sultan of Kedah, is located inAnak Bukit.
Alor Setar has been governed by a town council form of government since 1905 following the establishment of Alor Star Sanitary Board.[19] By 2013, it was elevated to be a city status by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government and being administered asMajlis Bandaraya Alor Setar. The current mayor of Alor Setar is Mohd Zohdi Saad.
Alor Setar is located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, at the edge of theMalacca Strait which separatesMalaysia fromIndonesia. TheKota Setar district includes Alor Setar, and borders the districts of Kubang Pasu, Pokok Sena and Pendang.
The city encompasses an area of 666 km2 (257 sq mi), including the neighbouring district ofPokok Sena which falls under the jurisdiction of theAlor Setar City Council.[20][21] Alor Setar is surrounded by important river systems such as the Kedah, Langgar, Tajar, Anak Bukit, Alor Malai and Alor Merah Rivers. Alor Setar'sHausberg is a 217.9m (715 feet) highmogote, Mount Keriang (Gunung Keriang), where there is a network oflimestone caves located within it, as well as housinggeodes ofcalcite crystals.[22]
Alor Setar features atropical monsoon climate (Am) under theKöppen climate classification. ←[circular reference]
Alor Setar has a very lengthywet season. As is common in several regions with this climate, precipitation is seen even during the short dry season. Temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures around 32 degrees Celsius and average low temperatures around 23 degrees Celsius. Alor Setar has an average 2,300 mm (91 in) of annualprecipitation.
| Climate data for Alor Setar (Sultan Abdul Halim Airport) (2007–2020 normals, extremes 2015–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.0 (96.8) | 37.2 (99.0) | 39.1 (102.4) | 38.0 (100.4) | 36.1 (97.0) | 35.1 (95.2) | 34.5 (94.1) | 34.3 (93.7) | 35.0 (95.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | 34.8 (94.6) | 34.6 (94.3) | 39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.3 (90.1) | 33.8 (92.8) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.3 (88.3) | 32.4 (90.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) | 28.7 (83.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.1 (84.4) | 28.7 (83.7) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.8 (82.0) | 28.5 (83.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.4 (75.9) | 24.4 (75.9) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.6 (76.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.6 (67.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.9 (73.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 19.6 (67.3) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 80.7 (3.18) | 52.3 (2.06) | 97.4 (3.83) | 190.3 (7.49) | 285.6 (11.24) | 145.6 (5.73) | 219.1 (8.63) | 265.8 (10.46) | 276.0 (10.87) | 304.5 (11.99) | 233.3 (9.19) | 104.7 (4.12) | 2,255.3 (88.79) |
| Average precipitation days | 6.5 | 3.9 | 7.0 | 13.0 | 16.8 | 11.5 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 17.2 | 18.4 | 14.8 | 9.4 | 145.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 78.4 | 74.5 | 75.7 | 82.7 | 85.2 | 85.4 | 87.0 | 86.7 | 86.5 | 87.3 | 86.6 | 83.1 | 83.3 |
| Source 1: IEM (humidity 2012–2023)[23] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:World Meteorological Organization (precipitation 1971–2000)[24] Meteomanz (extremes)[25] | |||||||||||||
There is no well-known nor formal adjective or demonyms for the people from Alor Setar. A casual way to address a person from the city is "Orang Alor Setar"; the term derived fromMalay where people is being referred to "Orang".
The following is based on Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020 census.[1]
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The city of Alor Setar recorded a population of 374,051, according to 2020 census data.[26] The 2010 Malaysian census reported that ethnicMalays formed the majority of the city with 269,317 (72.0%), predominantly ofKedahan Malay origin, with smaller numbers of Malays from other territories. The Alor Setar-Chinese forming 83,413 (22.3%). The local Chinese community are mainlyHokkien-speaking together with other Chinese-dialect minorities. Other visible communities includesIndians (mostlyTamils) with 7,107 (1.9%) and other Bumiputeras with 374 (0.1%), as well as other ethnicities (mainlySiamese) with 1,122 (0.3%). The Non-Malaysians constitute 12,718 (3.4%) of the local population.
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The dominant Malay dialect spoken is theKedah-Northern Malay dialect and functioned as thelingua franca.[27] However, standardMalay (sometimes Johor-Riau Malay dialect),English andManglish (the latter being a localised vernacular version of English) are still widely understood in the city.
TheHan Chinese, the second largest community in Alor Setar are primarilyHokkien-speaking. However, significantMandarin andCantonese are also well known amongst the local Chinese.[28] Additionally, there are also pockets ofHakka,Teochew and other Chinese dialects.
Other languages spoken in Alor Setar includesTamil, among the Alor Setar Indian population andSouthern Thai by theKedah-Siamese community.[citation needed]
A majority of the population adhered to the Islamic faith, which correlates to the strongMalay/Muslim ethnoreligious identity. This is signified with the city's two main mosque - Masjid Zahir and Masjid Al Bukhary.Zahir Mosque is the state mosque of Kedah and enjoys a royal history and patronage. Built in 1912, its official opening ceremony was held on 15 October 1915 by the lateSultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah.[29] The architecture of the mosque was inspired by the Azizi Mosque, the state mosque ofLangkat Sultanate in Sumatera. Other major mosque in the city includes Masjid Al Bukhary, completed in 1999, its design draws inspiration from a fusion in theIslamic World, especially fromAl-Masjid an-Nabawi,Medina;Qaytbay Mosque,Cairo andImam al-Bukhari Complex,Samarkand.[30] There is also a gallery located together with the mosque.[31] The Muslim life in Alor Setar is centered on the 69 mosques and a large numbers ofsuraus located around the city.[32]
Buddhism also have a large number of followers in the city, mainly amongst the ethnic Chinese and Siamese communities. Among the main Buddhist shrine located in the city includes Wat Nikrodharam. Its architecture reflects strong Thai elements with minor Chinese motifs. It offers a quiet oasis in the city centre. Both Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist traditions are observed here.[33] While the Tou Mu Kung Temple (Chinese: 斗母宫), is a Taoist temple situated on Jalan Gangsa. Worshipping the Empress Registrar of Birth or Dou Mu (斗母) andNine Emperor (九皇大帝/九皇大帝) deities, the temple has both Taoist and Buddhist influences.
In addition to Islam and Buddhism, other religions and faiths are also practiced in the city, includingHinduism,Christianity andSikhism. There are many house of worship constructed to accommodate the religious observance of these communities. For Hindus, one of the main temples that can be visited is Sri Maha Mariamman Devasthanam Hindu Temple, located in Jalan Bakar Bata. For Christian adherents, almost all churches located in the city are from various Protestant churches such as Alor Setar Baptist Church located in Jalan Mahdali, just behind Alor Setar Tower and Alor Setar (Chinese & Tamil) Methodist Church located in Lebuhraya Darulaman. In addition, Church of St. Michael, located in Jalan Langgar is the only Roman Catholic Church that exist within the city. While for Sikh adherents, Gurdwara Sahib Alor Setar is the only worship place for Sikhs that can be founded in the same road, not far from the Church of St. Michael.
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Alor Setar is one of the important commercial and industrial centres in Kedah, alongsideSungai Petani andKulim. There are many international and national-level commercial banks established their branches in the city, together with a few insurance companies.
Agricultural industry, especiallyrice production was traditionally the economic core of the community. However, by the 21st century the local economy is also equally driven by various forms ofprimary-based industry andtertiary sector.[34] Other significant economic activities in Alor Setar includes manufacturing, commerce and retail, hospitality and tourism, financial services, food processing and fishery.
The main industrial areas located in Alor Setar includes Mergong Barrage, Mergong 1 & 2, Tandop, Kristial Light Industrial Park and 2010 Industrial Park.[35]
The capital ofKedah is well connected to all parts ofPeninsular Malaysia by all transport modes.
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TheNorth–South Expressway, which extends fromBukit Kayu Hitam (Malaysia–Thai border town) to Singapore, has made it easy to drive to Kedah. It is a 6–7-hour drive fromKuala Lumpur and a 1.5-hour drive fromPenang via expressway.Songkhla province in Thailand is also about a 1-hour drive from Alor Setar viaPadang Besar–Sadao Highway.
Alor Setar is approached from the east coast viaEast–West Highway (Lebuhraya Timur Barat). Towns such asButterworth andKangar etc., can also be accessed from Alor Setar. Car rental services are available.
Most of bus companies in Peninsular Malaysia provide air-conditioned express bus services. Tickets can be bought at bus terminals or ticket offices. All buses that arrive in Alor Setar stop at Shahab Perdana Terminal Bus.[36] Those who wish to travel to other towns, includingThailand, can board their bus at this terminal. Local bus services are also available, serving almost all towns inKedah.
Train services are provided byKeretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) through theirETS services.[37] Train are available between Alor Setar and Kuala Lumpur, Butterworth, Padang Besar, and Gemas. The city' two railway stations areAlor Setar railway station andAnak Bukit railway station. Tickets can be obtained from the train station or online booking.
Built in 1929, theSultan Abdul Halim Airport (Alor Setar Airport,IATA code: AOR) is the second oldest airport in Malaysia. It is located at Kepala Batas, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the city. It caters almost exclusively on domestic routes.Malaysia Airlines,Firefly,Malindo Air, andAirAsia provides multiple daily connections to and from Alor Setar andKuala Lumpur; the airport also served flights connecting Alor Setar toJohor Bahru four times per-week from 1 October 2018.[38] Since 9 September 2013, Malaysian Airline System connects Alor Setar with a seasonal international direct flights toMadinah andJeddah for theHajj pilgrims.[39]
Passenger ferry services to and fromLangkawi to Kuah Ferry Service are provided at Jeti Kuala Kedah, Alor Setar.[40] The jetty is located 15 km (9.3 mi) west of the city. Travellers can take bus, taxi ore-hailing from the city centre to the jetty.
According to theNinth Malaysia Plan, by the year 2010, Bandar Muadzam Shah inAnak Bukit will become the newAdministrative Centre after Alor Setar city.[41] Bandar Muadzam Shah (Anak Bukit) is going through major infrastructure development, including the new Anak Bukit police station, new National Registration Department (Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara) of Kedah and also newstate government buildings.
Anak Bukit railway station was established in 2015, to enhance the connectivity between the administrative centre to the Peninsula Malaysia's rail network.
The Alor Setar Court Complex located in Jalan Suka Menanti.[42] The complex houses High Court, Magistrates' court and the Sessions Court. For the Islamic family matters, the cases are mainly heard inSyariah Court in Bandar Muadzam Shah.[43]
The Kedah Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Jalan Stadium.[44] While the Kota Setar district headquarters in Jalan Raja. There are also several police stations located in Kuala Kedah, Anak Bukit, Kepala Batas and Alor Jaggus.
There are several large sports venue in the city. The largest of which would be theDarul Aman Stadium, opened in 1962 it can accommodate 30,000seating capacity.[45] The stadium also has hosted the2006 Sukma Games. It was one of the venues for the1997 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Other major sports venues in the city includes Sultan Abdul Halim Stadium, Kedah Aquatic Centre, Muadzam Shah Complex and MBAS Swimming Pool Complex.[citation needed]
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There are several public parks maintained by the city council. Among the best knownurban park in Alor Setar is the Taman Jubli Perak (Silver Jubilee Park). The park contains two restored century oldtraditional Malay Houses (Rumah Seri Banai and Rumah Tok Su) in the Heritage Village (Kampung Warisan).[46] The Heritage Village is located beside the Warrior Square (Dataran Pahlawan).
Other parks located in the city includes Taman Jubli Emas, known for itsTengkolok monument constructed forGolden jubilee celebration ofSultan Abdul Halim named the Jubli Emas Monumental Tower in 2008; Dataran Tanjung Chali (Cape Chali Square) with Rumah Api Tanjung Cahli (Cape Chali Lighthouse); Taman Persisiran Sungai Kedah, where the annualwater sports events are usually held; Taman Rekreasi Medan Peremba and Taman Rekreasi Medan Merdeka.[47]
The city is served by one public hospital, two private hospitals, three 1Malaysia clinics together with many public health and other type of health clinics.
Inaugurated in 2007, replacing the old Alor Setar Hospital, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital is the largest and the main medical centre in the state, equipped with 1040 beds.[48] As one of the important and major medical facilities in the northern Kedah, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital also served as thetertiary referral hospital for twelve public health clinic in the Kota Setar/Pendang district, eight government hospitals and eleven private hospitals.
There are many government schools available in the city, which are managed by Kota Setar District Education Office (Pejabat Pendidikan Daerah Kota Setar).[49] Among the well established schools in the city includes Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultanah Asma, Jalan Langgar,Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid,Keat Hwa Secondary School andSekolah Menengah Teknik Alor Setar.
Alor Setar is home to several institute of higher learning. The city is the main campus for two universities,Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah International Islamic University (UniSHAMS)[50] and Albukhary International University (AIU), which offers scholarships to international students.[51] Other colleges and universities located in Alor Setar includes Kolej Poly-Tech MARA,[52] Royal Air Force College,[53]Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Mara Industrial Institute,[54] Medical Assistant College and Alor Setar Nursing College.
Alor Setar is home toKedah State Library (Malay:Perpustakaan Negeri Kedah), the main public library of the State of Kedah and the headquarters of theKedah Public Library Corporation (Malay:Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Kedah, abbreviated asPPAK).[55]
Alor Setar travel guide from Wikivoyage| Preceded by Kulim | Capital ofKedah (1901-present) | Succeeded by present |
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