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Alniditan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chemical compound
Pharmaceutical compound
Alniditan
Clinical data
Other namesR-91274; R91274
Routes of
administration
Oral
Drug classSerotonin5-HT1B and5-HT1D receptoragonist;Antimigraine agent;Ditan
ATC code
  • None
Pharmacokinetic data
Eliminationhalf-life8–13 hours[1]
Identifiers
  • N-[(2R)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-ylmethyl]-N'-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)propane-1,3-diamine
CAS Number
PubChemCID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H26N4O
Molar mass302.422 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C1CNC(=NC1)NCCCNCC2CCC3=CC=CC=C3O2
  • InChI=1S/C17H26N4O/c1-2-6-16-14(5-1)7-8-15(22-16)13-18-9-3-10-19-17-20-11-4-12-21-17/h1-2,5-6,15,18H,3-4,7-13H2,(H2,19,20,21)/t15-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:QVSXOXCYXPQXMF-OAHLLOKOSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Alniditan (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name,USANTooltip United States Adopted Name; developmental code nameR-91274) is aselectiveserotonin5-HT1B and5-HT1D receptoragonist withmigraine-preventive effects which was never marketed.[2][3][4] It was under development for treatment of migraine viasubcutaneous injection in the 1990s and reachedphase 3clinical trials for this indication prior to the discontinuation of its development.[2][5]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
Alniditan activities
TargetAffinity (Ki, nM)
5-HT1A0.48–4.0 (Ki)
51–116 (EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration)
79–~100% (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy)
5-HT1B0.39–2.5 (Ki)
1.0–17 (EC50)
81% (
Emax)
5-HT1D0.4–2.5 (Ki)
1.1–6.3 (EC50)
~100% (
Emax)
5-HT1E240–525 (Ki)
2,090–6,170 (EC50)
5-HT1F360–1,230 (Ki)
1,200–6,760 (EC50)
5-HT2A3,720 (Ki) orIA
>10,000 (
EC50)
5-HT2B132 (Ki)
71 (EC50)
5-HT2C2,930 (Ki) (pig)
ND (EC50)
5-HT3IA (mouse)
5-HT45,120 (guinea pig)
5-HT5AND
5-HT65,470 (rat)
5-HT755 (Ki)
479 (EC50)
α197 (rat)
α1Aα1DND
α1460 (rat)
α2A37
α2B170
α2B18
β1,β2IA
β3ND
D1IA (rat)
D21,950
D3280
D480
D5ND
H13,830 (guinea pig)
H2H4ND
mAChIA (rat)
M1M5ND
I1,I2ND
σ140 (guinea pig)
σ2ND
TAAR1Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 1ND
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporterIA
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporterIA (rat)
DATTooltip Dopamine transporterIA (rat)
VMATTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporter365 (rat)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified.Refs:[6][7][4][8][9][10][11][3][12]

Alniditan acts as aselectiveserotonin5-HT1B and5-HT1D receptorfull agonist.[4][9][3][12] To a much lesser extent, it is also a full agonist of the serotonin5-HT1A receptor and an agonist of the serotonin5-HT2B receptor.[4][3][8] Conversely, alniditan is essentially inactive at the serotonin5-HT1E,5-HT1F, and5-HT2A receptors.[3] The broadreceptor interactions of alniditan have been studied and reported.[4][3]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

Theelimination half-life of alniditan is relatively long at 8 to 13 hours.[1]

Chemistry

[edit]

Synthesis

[edit]

The sizeable number of serotonergic drugs for treating migraines all incorporate the indole nucleus found in serotonin itself. It is thus of interest that a compound based on abenzopyran manifests much the same activity.

Alniditan synthesis:[13]

Alkylation ofphenol with 2-bromobutyrolactone (2) leads to the ether (3). Oxidation of that product withchromium trioxide then leads to the substitutedsuccinic anhydride (4). Treatment of anhydride withpolyphosphoric acid leads totheacylation of the aromatic ring and the formation of thebenzopyranone ring (5). Theketone is then selectively reduced by any of several methods, as, for example, conversion to adithiolane followed byMozingo reduction to6. Thecarboxylic acid is next reduced to the correspondingaldehyde (7) by successive conversion to anacid chloride followed byhydrogenation in the presence ofthiophene. A secondhydrogenation in the presence ofbenzylamine leads to thereductive amination product (8).Michael addition of the amino group in8 toacrylonitrile leads to a1,4-addition and the formation of (9). Reduction of thenitrile affords thediamine (10). Reaction of this last diamine withtetrahydropyrimidine chloride (11), itself formed by treatment oftrimethylene urea withphosphorus oxychloride, leads to the displacement of halogen by the terminal, and thus more accessible, amino group in (10). There is thus formed the serotonergic agent alniditan (12).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abRamadan NM (2001). "Acute treatments: some blind alleys".Curr Med Res Opin. 17 Suppl 1: s71–80.doi:10.1185/0300799039117001.PMID 12463283.[...] Finally, alniditan has a long plasma half-life (8–13 h).
  2. ^ab"Alniditan".AdisInsight. 8 July 1997. Retrieved28 July 2025.
  3. ^abcdefRubio-Beltrán E, Labastida-Ramírez A, Haanes KA, van den Bogaerdt A, Bogers AJ, Zanelli E, Meeus L, Danser AH, Gralinski MR, Senese PB, Johnson KW, Kovalchin J, Villalón CM, MaassenVanDenBrink A (December 2019)."Characterization of binding, functional activity, and contractile responses of the selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist lasmiditan".British Journal of Pharmacology.176 (24):4681–4695.doi:10.1111/bph.14832.PMC 6965684.PMID 31418454.TABLE 1 Summary of pIC50 (negative logarithm of the molar concentration of these compounds at which 50% of the radioligand is displaced) and pKi (negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the Ki ) values of individual antimigraine drugs at 5‐HT receptors [...] TABLE 2 Summary of pEC50 values of cAMP (5‐HT1A/B/E/F and 5‐HT7), GTPγS (5‐HT1A/B/D/E/F), and IP (5‐HT2) assays of individual antimigraine drugs at 5‐HT receptors [...]
  4. ^abcdeLeysen JE, Gommeren W, Heylen L, Luyten WH, Van de Weyer I, Vanhoenacker P, Haegeman G, Schotte A, Van Gompel P, Wouters R, Lesage AS (December 1996). "Alniditan, a new 5-hydroxytryptamine1D agonist and migraine-abortive agent: ligand-binding properties of human 5-hydroxytryptamine1D alpha, human 5-hydroxytryptamine1D beta, and calf 5-hydroxytryptamine1D receptors investigated with [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine and [3H]alniditan".Mol Pharmacol.50 (6):1567–1580.doi:10.1016/S0026-895X(25)09616-6.PMID 8967979.
  5. ^"Delving into the Latest Updates on Alniditan with Synapse".Synapse. 19 July 2025. Retrieved29 July 2025.
  6. ^Liu, Tiqing."BindingDB BDBM50403503 ALNIDITAN".BindingDB. Retrieved30 July 2025.
  7. ^"Kᵢ Database".PDSP. 30 July 2025. Retrieved30 July 2025.
  8. ^abNewman-Tancredi A, Conte C, Chaput C, Verrièle L, Audinot-Bouchez V, Lochon S, Lavielle G, Millan MJ (June 1997). "Agonist activity of antimigraine drugs at recombinant human 5-HT1A receptors: potential implications for prophylactic and acute therapy".Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.355 (6):682–688.doi:10.1007/pl00005000.PMID 9205951.
  9. ^abLesage AS, Wouters R, Van Gompel P, Heylen L, Vanhoenacker P, Haegeman G, Luyten WH, Leysen JE (April 1998)."Agonistic properties of alniditan, sumatriptan and dihydroergotamine on human 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors expressed in various mammalian cell lines".Br J Pharmacol.123 (8):1655–1665.doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701766.PMC 1565323.PMID 9605573.
  10. ^Pauwels PJ, John GW (1999)."Present and future of 5-HT receptor agonists as antimigraine drugs".Clin Neuropharmacol.22 (3):123–136.PMID 10367177.
  11. ^Ramadan NM, Skljarevski V, Phebus LA, Johnson KW (October 2003). "5-HT1F receptor agonists in acute migraine treatment: a hypothesis".Cephalalgia.23 (8):776–785.doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00525.x.PMID 14510923.
  12. ^abPerez, M.; Halazy, S.; Pauwels, P.J.; Colpaert, F.C.; John, G.W. (1999)."F-11356".Drugs of the Future.24 (6): 0605.doi:10.1358/dof.1999.024.06.537284. Retrieved23 June 2025.
  13. ^Van Lommen G, De Bruyn M, Schroven M, Verschueren W, Janssens W, Verrelst J, Leysen J (1995). "The discovery of a series of new non-indole 5HT1D agonists".Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.5 (22):2649–2654.doi:10.1016/0960-894X(95)00473-7.
Analgesic/abortive
Serotonergics
Ergolines
5-HT1 agonists
Triptans
Ditans
Others
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Prophylactic
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Progestogens
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