Allan Houser | |
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| Born | Allan Capron Houser[1] (1914-06-30)June 30, 1914 nearApache, Oklahoma |
| Died | August 22, 1994(1994-08-22) (aged 80) |
| Citizenship | Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, United States |
| Education | Studio atSanta Fe Indian School |
| Known for | Sculpture,Painting,Drawing,Murals |
Allan Capron Houser orHaozous (June 30, 1914 – August 22, 1994) was aChiricahua Apache sculptor, painter, and book illustrator born inOklahoma.[2] He was one of the most renownedNative American painters andModernist sculptors of the 20th century.
Houser's work can be found at theSmithsonian Museum of American Art, theNational Museum of the American Indian, theNational Portrait Gallery inWashington, D.C., theOklahoma State Capitol Building, and in numerous major museum collections throughout North America, Europe, and Japan.[3] Additionally, Houser'sOffering of the Sacred Pipe is on display atUnited States Mission to the United Nations inNew York City.
Houser was born in 1914 to Sam and Blossom Haozous on the family farm nearApache[4] andFort Sill, Oklahoma, into theFort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma.Geronimo had led the Warm Springs and Chiricahua Apache people in battle, and would later rely on his grandnephew Sam Haozous (Allan's father) to serve as his translator.
In 1934, a 20-year-old Haozous left Oklahoma to study atDorothy Dunn's Art Studio at theSanta Fe Indian School inSanta Fe, New Mexico.[4] Dunn's method encouraged working from personal memory, avoiding techniques of perspective or modeling, and stylization of Native iconography. For the latter,Allan Haozous made hundreds of drawings and canvasses in Santa Fe and was one of Dunn's top students, but he found the program too constricting.
In 1939, Houser began his professional career by showing work at the1939 New York World's Fair and theGolden Gate International Exposition. He received his first major public commission to paint murals at theMain Interior Building inWashington, D.C. He married Anna Maria Gallegos of Santa Fe, his wife for 55 years.[4]
In 1940, he received another commission from theUS Department of Interior to paint life-sized indoor murals. He then returned to Fort Sill to study with Swedish muralistOlle Nordmark, who encouraged Houser to explore sculpture. He made his first wood carvings that year.[1]
WhenWorld War II interrupted Houser's life and career path, he moved his growing family toLos Angeles where he found work in the L.A.shipyards. Houser worked by day and continued to paint and sculpt by night, making friends among students and faculty at thePasadena Art Center. Here, he was first exposed to the streamlined modernist sculptural statements of artists likeJean Arp,Constantin Brâncuși, and the English sculptorHenry Moore. These three men – along with the English sculptorBarbara Hepworth, who was among the first sculptors to place sculptural voids within the solid planes of her works – would come to have a huge influence on Houser.
After World War II, Houser applied for a commission at theHaskell Institute inLawrence, Kansas. Haskell, a Native American boarding school, lost many graduates to the war and wanted a sculptural memorial to honor them. Though Houser had been carving in wood since 1940, he had never before sculpted in stone. He convinced the jury with his drawings and his conviction and completed the monumental workComrade in Mourning from whiteCarrara marble in 1948.[5] It has become an iconic work, both for the artist and for Native American art in general.
In 1949, Houser received aGuggenheim Fellowship in sculpture and painting, which granted him two years to work on art and still provide for his growing family.[6]
From 1952 to 1962, Houser worked as an art teacher at theIntermountain Indian School inBrigham City, Utah, which was primarily aNavajo boarding school.[7] The Intermountain years gave Houser time to teach, raise a family, and focus on his painting. He completed hundreds of paintings there, experimenting with watercolors, oils, and other media. While at Intermountain, he also worked as a children's book illustrator, providing drawings and paintings for seven titles – including an illustrated biography on the life of his grand-uncle Geronimo.[8] One of his notable students at the Intermountain Indian School was artistRobert Chee.[9]
In 1962, Houser was asked to join the faculty of a new Native American art school, theInstitute of American Indian Arts. He returned to Santa Fe with his family to head up the institute's sculpture department. Casting his first bronzes in 1967, Houser was a student and teacher as well, bringing forth his own history and ideas for a student body from every corner of Native America. He began working with the iconographies of other tribes, using modernist sculptural influences to forge the tribal and the abstract into a visual lexicon all his own.[citation needed]
During the early 1970s, Houser continued to teach at the Institute and began the rigorous production and exhibition cycle for which he became well known. As head of the sculpture department, he felt compelled to work in as many sculptural media as possible, evidenced by his solo exhibition of stone, bronze, and welded steel sculptures at theHeard Museum inPhoenix, Arizona in 1970.[10] The following year, Houser exhibited paintings and sculpture at thePhilbrook Museum of Art inTulsa, and in 1973 was awarded the gold medal in Sculpture at the Heard Museum Exhibition.[citation needed]
Exhibitions, awards, and accolades continued. In 1975, he was asked to paint the official portrait of former U.S. Secretary of the InteriorStewart Udall. That same year, he had a solo exhibition at theGovernor's Gallery at the State Capitol in Santa Fe. After thirteen years at IAIA, Houser retired from full-time teaching to devote himself to sculpture.[citation needed]
Houser's retirement in 1975 marked the beginning of the most prolific stage of his career. With time, materials, and the family compound in southernSanta Fe County, Houser honed the visual language that was to become his artistic legacy. Fusing Native subject matter with the abstract forms and sculptural voids of his Modernist peers, Houser carried the mantle of both Native American and Modernism to new levels, bringing forth such memorable images as the Lead Singer, Abstract Crown Dancer, and The Mystic.[citation needed]
Via Gambaro Gallery launched byRetha Walden Gambaro and Stephen Gambaro to spotlight contemporary Native American artists featured Houser's work in its Indian Artists, 1977 exhibition.[11] The exhibition credited Houser for influencing several generations of Native American artists and the success of sculpture as a contemporary Native American art form.[11]
Houser continued to produce figurative pieces as well, including the life-sized bronze workChiricahua Apache Family, dedicated in 1983 at the Fort Sill Apache Tribal Center in Apache, Oklahoma. The piece honored both the memory of his parents, Sam and Blossom, and commemorates the 70th anniversary of the release of his tribe's prisoners-of-war from Fort Sill.[citation needed]
Houser's work was explored in a series on American Indian artists for thePublic Broadcasting System (PBS). Other artists in the series includedR. C. Gorman,Helen Hardin,Charles Loloma,Joseph Lonewolf, andFritz Scholder.[12]
In 1985, Houser's monumental bronze,Offering of the Sacred Pipe, was dedicated at the U.S. Mission to theUnited Nations in New York City. A year later, he made a bronze bust of Geronimo to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the surrender of the Chiricahua Apaches. A cast of the bust was later presented to the National Portrait Gallery, where it remains in the permanent collection.[13]
In his last five years, Houser produced a remarkable number of pieces, and received many awards for his life's work. In 1989, he dedicatedAs Long as the Waters Flow, a monumental bronze commissioned for theOklahoma State Capitol building inOklahoma City. In 1991, he presented a casting of a bronzeSacred Rain Arrow to theSmithsonian Institution. In the dedicationbefore the US Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs, he dedicated the work to the American Indian. And in 1992, he became the first Native American to receive theNational Medal of Arts, awarded at a ceremony at theWhite House by PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush.[citation needed]
In 1993, Houser was honored by the dedication of the Allan Houser Art Park at theInstitute of American Indian Arts,[3] and in 1994, he returned to Washington, DC for the last time to present the United States government the sculpture,May We Have Peace, a gift, he said, "To the people of the United States from theFirst Peoples." The gift was accepted by First LadyHillary Clinton for installation at the Vice President's residence atNumber One Observatory Circle.[citation needed]
Houser's primary skill as a draftsman is evident in the astounding volume of drawn work that was left behind in the Allan Houser Archive, located at the Houser family compound and sculpture garden in southern Santa Fe County, New Mexico. With over 6,000 images left behind, one can trace the output and varied subjects of an artist who began all of his creations, including paintings and sculptures, with the act of hand to paper.[citation needed]
While Houser's early career was marked by his drawings and paintings, it was for sculpture that he eventually became a world-renowned artist. Beginning in 1940 with simple wood carvings, Houser created his first monumental work in stone in 1949, the iconic pieceComrades in Mourning at the Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansas. In the following year, he would receive the Guggenheim Fellowship.[14] However, it would be quite some time before he had the time and resources to produce more.[citation needed]
Allan Houser's work can be found in collections all over the world. Below is a select list.
[(Montclair Art Museum)], Montclair, New Jersey
Allan Houser died of colon cancer inSanta Fe, New Mexico, at the age of eighty on August 22, 1994.[17]
The installation of 19 monumental works of art inSalt Lake City during the 2002 Olympics, and a retrospective of 69 works at theNational Museum of the American Indian inWashington, DC. in 2004—2005 honored him. The exhibition marked the first major show for the new museum, and over three million people viewed it while it was on display.
His two sons have achieved success as sculptors, Philip Haozous andBob Haozous, and his grandson, Sam Atakra Haozous, an experimental photographer. The non-profit Allan Houser Foundation is devoted to the proliferation of the Houser name. The family also maintains a commercial gallery of Allan Houser's work in downtown Santa Fe and the Allan Houser Compound, a foundry and sculpture garden located south of Santa Fe.[18]
In 2018, Houser became one of the inductees in the first induction ceremony held by theNational Native American Hall of Fame.[19]
A figural group created by Houser in 1990 was moved to theOval Office whenJoe Biden beganhis presidency in 2021. The sculpture depicting a running horse and a Native male rider is currently placed on one of the shelves in the president's office and was previously exhibited at the National Museum of the American Indian.[20][21]
Allan Houser's work continues to receive academic and institutional exposure. His estate works with museums, art galleries, and public spaces around the world on ongoing exhibits. Houser's abstract and modernist works were exhibited atGrounds for Sculpture in Hamilton, New Jersey (2008), and his major works were shown at the Heard Museum and the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, Arizona in November 2009. In 2008 theOklahoma History Center held a major exhibition, "Unconquered: Allan Houser and the Legacy of one Apache Family," that looks at three generations of the Haozous/Houser family.[22]
Houser's work was part ofStretching the Canvas: Eight Decades of Native Painting (2019–21), a survey at the National Museum of the American Indian George Gustav Heye Center.[23]
Major collections of Allan Houser's work can also be found in museums around the United States and the world.
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