All India Forward Bloc | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | AIFB |
| Chairman | Naren Chatterjee[1] |
| General Secretary | G. Devarajan[2] |
| Founder | Subhas Chandra Bose |
| Founded | 22 June 1939 (86 years ago) (1939-06-22)[3] |
| Split from | Indian National Congress |
| Headquarters | Netaji Bhavan, T-2235/2,Ashok Nagar, Faiz Road,Karol Bagh,New Delhi,India-110005[4] |
| Newspaper | Towards Socialism Jangarjan Lokmat |
| Student wing | All India Student Bloc |
| Youth wing | All India Youth League |
| Women's wing | All India Agragami Mahila Samiti |
| Labour wing | Trade Union Coordination Centre |
| Peasant's wing | All India Agragami Kisan Sabha |
| Ideology | Socialism Marxism[5] Left-wing nationalism |
| Political position | Left-wing[6] |
| Colours | Red |
| ECI Status | State party (West Bengal) |
| Alliance | I.N.D.I.A.(All India) Left Front(West Bengal) Left Front(Tripura) UDF(Kerala) |
| Seats in West Bengal Legislative Assembly | 0 / 294 |
| Election symbol | |
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| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| allindiaforwardbloc | |
TheAll India Forward Bloc (abbr.AIFB) is aleft-wing nationalistpolitical party inIndia. It emerged as afaction within theIndian National Congress in 1939, led byNetaji Subhas Chandra Bose, and was strongest inWest Bengal. The party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India. During the1951–1952 and1957 Indian general election, the party was known asForward Bloc. The party's current Secretary-General is G. Devarajan. Veteran Indian politiciansSarat Chandra Bose (brother of Subhas Chandra Bose) andChitta Basu had been the stalwarts of the party in independent India.
Leveraging Netaji's sway over the populace, the organization had established its electoral footprint after Independence in states likeTamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh,Kerala, andAssam, withWest Bengal as its primary bastion. However, after eight decades, the party, now confined to select regions, lacks any Members of Parliament or Legislative Assembly representatives.[7]
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TheForward Bloc of theIndian National Congress was formed on May 3, 1939, by NetajiSubhas Chandra Bose in MakurUnnao,Uttar Pradesh, who had resigned from the presidency of the Indian National Congress on 29 April after being outmaneuvered byMohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The formation of the Forward Bloc was announced to the public at a rally inCalcutta. Bose said that all who were joining, must never turn their back to the British and must fill thepledge form by cutting their finger and signing it with their blood. First of all, seventeen young girls came up and signed the pledge form. Initially the aim of the Forward Bloc was to rally all the leftwing sections within the Congress and develop an alternative leadership inside the Congress. Bose became the president of the Forward Bloc and S.S. Kavishar its vice-president. A Forward Bloc Conference was held inBombay in the end of June. At that conference the constitution and programme of the Forward Bloc were approved.[8] In July 1939 Subhas Chandra Bose announced the Committee of the Forward Bloc. It had Subhas Chandra Bose as president, S.S. Kavishar fromPunjab as its vice-president, Lal Shankarlal fromDelhi, as its general secretary andVishwambhar Dayalu Tripathi andKhurshed Nariman fromBombay as secretaries. Other prominent members were Annapurniah fromAndhra Pradesh,Senapati Bapat,Hari Vishnu Kamath from Bombay, PasumponU. Muthuramalingam Thevar fromTamil Nadu andSheel Bhadra Yagee fromBihar. Satya Ranjan Bakshi, was appointed as the secretary of theBengal Provincial Forward Bloc.[9]
In August, the same year Bose began publishing a newspaper titledForward Bloc. He travelled around the country, rallying support for his new political project.[9]
The next year, on 20–22 June 1940, the Forward Bloc held its first All India Conference inNagpur. The conference declared the Forward Bloc to be asocialist political party, and the date of 22 June is considered as the founding date of the party by the Forward Bloc itself. The conference passed a resolution titled 'All Power to the Indian People', urging militant action for struggle againstBritish colonial rule. Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as the president of the party andH.V. Kamath as the general secretary.[10]
Soon thereafter, on 2 July 1940 Bose was arrested and detained in Presidency Jail, Calcutta. In January 1941 he escaped from house arrest, and clandestinely went into exile. He travelled to theSoviet Union viaAfghanistan, seeking Soviet support for the Indian independence struggle. Soviet leaderJoseph Stalin declined Bose's request, and he then travelled toGermany. In Berlin he set up theFree India Centre, and rallied theIndian Legion.[11]
Inside India, local activists of the Forward Bloc continued the anti-British activities without central co-ordination. For example, in Bihar members were involved in the Azad Dasta resistance groups, and distributed propaganda in support of Bose andIndian National Army. They did not have, however, any organic link either with Bose nor the INA.[12]
At the end of the war, the Forward Bloc was reorganised. In February 1946R.S. Ruiker organised an All India Active Workers Conference atJabalpur,Madhya Pradesh. The conference declared the formation of the 'FB Workers Assembly', in practice the legal cover of the still illegal Forward Bloc. Notably some leadingcommunists fromBombay, likeK.N. Joglekar and Soli Batliwalli, joined the 'FB Workers Assembly'. The Workers Assembly conference declared that the "Forward Bloc is a Socialist Party, accepting the theory ofclass struggle in its fullest implications and a programme of revolutionary mass action for the attainment of Socialism leading to aClassless Society."[13]
Ahead of the1946 assembly elections the ban on the Bloc was lifted in June that year. The Working Committee of the Forward Bloc met on 10 June.[14]
Elections to theConstituent Assembly and to provincial legislatures were held in December 1946. The Forward Bloc contested the elections.H.V. Kamath won a seat in the Constituent Assembly and Jyotish Chandra Ghosh, Hemantha Kumar Basu and Lila Roy were elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly.[15]
The Bloc held its 2nd All India Conference inArrah,Bihar on 12–14 January 1947. S.S. Kavishar (a leading member of the Subhasist sector) was elected president andSheel Bhadra Yagee (a leading member of the Marxist sector) was elected general secretary.[16]
FollowingIndependence andPartition, the party national council met inVaranasi February 1948. The national council meeting was also preceded by a decision of the Indian National Congress in the beginning of the year to expel all dissenting tendencies within the Congress, including the Forward Bloc. Thus the party decided to renounce any links with the Congress once and for all, and reconstruct itself as an independent opposition party.[17] Moreover, it passed a resolution that the party be divided into a Forward Bloc for India and a Forward Bloc for the new nation ofPakistan. This would soon prove to be very controversial. The general secretary Yagee did, in line with the Varanasi resolution, dissolve theBengal committee of the Forward Bloc and set-upad hoc committees forWest Bengal andEast Bengal. Now the division between 'Marxists' and 'Subhasists' resurfaced. The 'Subhasists', and S. S. Kavishar in particular, criticised Yagee's actions.[18]
The split was now a fact. The 'Subhasist' group, led by Ruiker and Cavesheer, called for a conference inChandannagar,West Bengal. Their conference was held on 29–31 December. On the same dates Yagee organised a conference in Calcutta. Effectively there was now two Forward Blocs, theForward Bloc led by Ruiker and the Forward Bloc led by Yagee. Yagee was elected general secretary andK.N. Joglekar, chairman of the Yagee-led group.[19]
Roughly speaking the Yagee's party had its main base in Bihar, Punjab and West Bengal, whereas the Ruiker-led group had its strongholds in Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.[20]
InTripura, a united front was formed by theCommunist Party of India, Tripura Ganatantrik Sangha, Ganamukti Parishad, Ganatantrik Nari Samiti and independents to contest the election to the Tripura electoral college (whose function was to appoint aRajya Sabha delegate from Tripura) jointly. The Forward Bloc participated in mass rallies on 2 October and 2 December 1951. However, just before the election the Forward Bloc withdrew from the front and decided to contest three of the 30 seats on their own. None of the Forward Bloc candidates were elected.[21]
The 5th party conference (a 4th party plenum had been held in Ingota,U.P. in 1949) was held inPuri,Odisha on 28–31 December 1952. Mohan Singh was elected chairman and Dhillon as general secretary.[19]
In 1955, the Indian National Congress adopted socialism as its policy. Thus, leaders like Yagee and Singh then proposed that, as the Congress had become a socialist party, the Forward Bloc ought to merge with it. Singh and Yagee, without consulting the Central Committee nor the party membership, declared the unification of the Forward Bloc into the Congress. Many sections of the party disagreed with this move, and a Central Committee meeting was held in Nagpur 11–15 May. The Central Committee decided to expel Singh and Yagee. Hemanta Kumar Bose was elected as the new chairman and R.K. Haldulkar as general secretary.[22]
In 1964, a unity process was initiated by thePraja Socialist Party, which eventually resulted in the formation of theSamyukta Socialist Party. The Forward Bloc was invited to join the new party, and the Delhi unit of the party did take part in a joint socialist anti-Nehru campaign conference in April 1964.[23]
The party stalwart in Tamil Nadu,U. Muthuramalingam Thevar, died on 30 October 1963. Following his death a power-struggle began between two of his disciples,Sasivarna Thevar andP.K. Mookiah Thevar. Mookiah Thevar emerged victorious and Sasivarna Thevar left to form his own party, theSubhasist Forward Bloc.
A by-election for theAruppukottai Lok Sabha constituency seat vacated by U. Muthuramalingam Thevar's death was held in 1964, in which the Forward Bloc was defeated for the first time.[24]
In 1965, the party joined a 'Progressive Front' in Tripura. The front consisted of theCommunist Party of India, the Forward Bloc and a break-away faction of theSocialist Party. The front demanded nationwideland reforms, strengthening of the national defence, withdrawal from theCommonwealth, nationalisation of foreign capital, a rationalfood policy, release of all political prisoners and scrapping of the Indo-American agreement of food supply. Existence of the new front was declared at a meeting inAgartala on 17 November. Mass rallies of the front were held inBelonia on 28 November and then in Birchandra Bazar (near Belonia) on 1 December.[25] The front did not last, though, as in the 1967 election the communist parties aligned with a splinter group of the Congress Party. The Forward Bloc did not present any candidates in that election.[26]
In 1968, two influential party leaders in Tamil NaduVelayudham Nayar (then a central committee member of the party) and S. Andi Thevar broke away from AIFB and founded theRevolutionary Forward Bloc. Nayar and Thevar accused the Forward Bloc of having deviated from its socialist principles through its co-operation with the rightwingSwatantra Party.[27]
In July 1969, violent clashes erupted inWest Dinajpur district, West Bengal, between peasants aligned with theCommunist Party of India (Marxist) andEast Pakistani refugee cultivators, who supported the Forward Bloc. CPI(M) leaderHare Krishna Konar characterised the events as a degeneration of the agrarian struggles in rural West Bengal.[28]
In 1969, a major split occurred in theIndian National Congress.Indira Gandhi had entered into open conflict with the traditional Congress leadership. Effectively two separate Congress parties appeared, theCongress(R) led by Indira and theCongress(O) led byKamaraj. The split was in many ways aleft-right one, with Indira whipping uppopulism against the established party elites. The Forward Bloc did in some ways welcome the new developments. It appreciated Indira's stands and reformulated its anti-Congress line to focus mainly opposition to the traditional Congress elite (i.e., the Congress(O)). In the1969 presidential elections, AIFB supported Indira's candidateV.V. Giri. This caused an abrupt break-up of the Swatantra-AIFB alliance inTamil Nadu, as theSwatantra Party sought to align itself with the Congress(O).[29]
On 20 February, just ahead of the1971 general elections, the All India Forward Bloc chairman Hemantha Kumar Bose was murdered inCalcutta. An emergency central committee meeting was held on 24 February, which appointedP.K. Mookiah Thevar as the new chairman of the party.[30]
In the 1971 Lok Sabha election, the Forward Bloc launched 24 candidates around the country. Two were elected,P.K. Mookiah Thevar fromRamanathapuram[31] andJambuwantrao Dhote fromNagpur.[32] The party contested three seats in the interior ofMaharashtra, where it performed well. Dhote, who was then known asVidarbha ka Sher (the Lion of Vidarbha), had joined the Forward Bloc and campaigned for a separateVidarbha state with the Forward Bloc as his platform. Dhote was hugely popular in the region at the time, and could draw crowds of hundreds of thousands to his meetings.[33][34][35]
InTamil Nadu, the party contested one seat,Ramanathapuram, with the support of its allies in the Progressive Front (most notably theCongress(R) andDravida Munnetra Kazhagam). Meanwhile, the Forward Bloc played an important role in securingMukkulathor votes for its Progressive Front allies.[29]
In West Bengal, the party contested 10 Lok Sabha seats. The party obtained some significant voting in constituencies likeCooch Behar (22.17%) andBirbhum (19.70%), but in general it was defeated by theCPI(M) candidates.[36]
Moreover, the party contested three seats in Bihar, one inHaryana, one in Madhya Pradesh, four in Uttar Pradesh and one inDelhi. In total, the candidates of the party obtained 962,971 votes (0.66% of the national vote).[36]
In the1971 state legislative assembly election inOdisha, the party contested four seats. It got 8393 votes (0.19% of the statewide vote), but was not close to winning any seat.[37] In Tamil Nadu, the party contested nine seats in the southern part of the state within the framework of the Progressive Front.[29] Out of these nine candidates, seven won. In total, its vote stood at 268,721 (1.71% of the statewide vote). One of its candidates came second and in theMudukulathur constituency (that had been the centre of the violent1957 Ramnad riots) the AIFB candidate R. Rathina Thevar came third with 17244 votes (31.02%). The most spectacular victory was that of P.K. Mookiah Thevar (who contested Lok Sabha and assembly elections simultaneously) who got 49292 votes (74.46%) in theUsilampatti constituency, defeating S. Andi Thevar of theRevolutionary Forward Bloc.[38][39] Lastly in West Bengal the party contested 52 constituencies, but could only win three seats. Its vote stood at 374 141 (2.90% of the statewide vote).[40]
On 28 March 1972, the party was able to win a seat in theTamil Nadu Legislative Council (the upper house of the state assembly) for the first time. R. Sakthi Mohan was elected with the votes of the AIFB, DMK,PSP,Muslim League and theTamil Arasu Kazhagam.[30][41]
In the 1972 state legislative assembly election, the Forward Bloc presented one candidate inAssam,[42] five in Bihar[43] and two in Madhya Pradesh.[44] In Maharashtra, the party contested 26 seats. Like in the 1971 Lok Sabha elections, the party did well in the interior areas of the state. It won theNagpur North and Yeotmal seats, and came second in several others. In total, the AIFB candidates in Maharashtra got 363 547 votes (2.4% of the statewide vote).[45] In West Bengal, where fresh elections to the state assembly were again held in 1972, the Forward Bloc launched 18 candidates. It got 331 244 votes (2.48% of the statewide vote), but could not win a single seat.[46]
After having contested the1972 elections on its own, the Forward Bloc decided to join a 'United Front' led by the communist parties inTripura.[47] The front demanded clear-cut policies for procurement and distribution of food grains, stopping spiralling prices of essential commodities, aland reform legislation fordelimitation of Tribal reserve areas and creation of employment opportunities for the unemployed. A 24-hour TripuraBandh was organised by the front on 16 December. On 3 May 1974 the four parties organised a 12-hour Tripura Bandh.[48]
Nineteen seventy seven was a crucial year in Indian political history. For the first time in independent India, the Congress Party wasrouted in a national election. The Forward Bloc had contested four seats in the Lok Sabha election. In West Bengal, it had three candidates which were supported by theLeft Front, out of whom all three were elected.[49] Moreover, the party contested one seat in Haryana.[50]
In Tripura, a Left Front was formed consisting of the CPI(M),RSP and the Forward Bloc. The Front launched one Forward Bloc candidate,Brajagopal Roy in theTown Bordowali constituency. Roy won the seat with 7m800 votes (62.76%). In the beginning of 1978, the Left Front formed a majority government in the state, with Brajagopal Roy appointed minister in the state government.[51]
Ahead of the2000 Bihar legislative election, AIFB took part in building a front together with theBharatiya Jan Congress, theBihar Vikas Party, theJanata Dal (Secular), theSamajwadi Janata Party and theNationalist Congress Party. The front vowed to maintain equidistance towards the two major blocs in Bihari politics, theRashtriya Janata Dal and theNational Democratic Alliance, condemning them as 'casteist and communal'.[52]
In2002, AIFB was one of four left-wing parties that nominatedLakshmi Sahgal as a candidate for the presidency of India. Sehgal, who challenged the main candidateA.P.J. Abdul Kalam, got around 10% of the votes.
In the2004 Lok Sabha elections, the party received 0.4% of votes and three seats (All from West Bengal).
Just before the2006 Tamil Nadu legislative election, the party was joined by the actorKarthik. Karthik was given the post of president of the Tamil Nadu state unit by the national party leadership and was put in charge of the election campaign of the party in the state. The party decided to contest a large number of seats without joining either of the two major political blocs in Tamil Nadu. The appointment of Karthik as the new leader of the state unit provoked the sole Forward Bloc legislator and secretary of the state unit,L. Santhanam, to leave the party.[53][54] In the election the party lost its representation in the assembly. A few months later, the party leadership expelled Karthik on the grounds of 'anti-party activities'.[55][56]
Ahead of the2006 West Bengal legislative election, a section of the party led by Jayanta Roy, former AIFBRajya Sabha member, andChhaya Ghosh, former West Bengal Minister of Agriculture, broke away and formed theIndian People's Forward Bloc. This party aligned itself with the Indian National Congress. TheBharatiya Forward Bloc, a former Forward Bloc splinter group, merged into the All India Forward Bloc prior to the 2006 election.
AIFB has branches throughout the country, but the main strength of the party is concentrated in West Bengal. Notably though AIFB is co-operating with CPI(M) in West Bengal, Tripura and on the national level, AIFB is not part of theLeft Democratic Front in Kerala.
The Forward Bloc established its presence in Tripura in 1944, founded by Kamala Ranjan Talapatra. Bengali immigrants like Sailesh Sen, Gopi Ballav Saha, Dwijen Deu, Anil Dasgupta, Hiren Nandi and Sati Bhardwaz are the other active members of the party. They took part in various political campaigns. However, around 1955–1956 most of the founding core of the party in Tripura joined the RSP.[58][59] Today, AIFB is a member of opposition Left Front coalition. In the 2003 Tripura legislative election the Tripura State Committee presidentBrajagopal Roy contested the Town Borowali constituency on behalf of the Left Front. Roy got 9844 votes (43.57%), but was defeated by a Congress candidate.[60] The AIFB state unit publishesTripura Bani.
In the 2007assemblyelection, 2007 inUttar Pradesh AIFB launched three candidates, Ram Lakhan in Bisalpur (732 votes, 0.51% of the votes in the constituency), Samar Singh inFatehpur Sikri (870 votes, 0.69%) and Jabar Singh in Hastinapur (503 votes, 0.42%).[61]
AIFB has a small state unit in Haryana. The chairman of Haryana state committee is Naveen Kumar. In the 2005 election to the Haryana legislative assembly AIFB ran a single candidate, Mukhtiar Singh Kaushik in the Nilokheri constituency. Kaushik got 442 votes (0.44%).[62]
InAndhra Pradesh the party had significant presence during the 1950s, but then declined sharply. In 2005 the party took an initiative to revive its Andhra Pradesh State Committee.[63][64]
In Telangana 2018 Assembly AIFB performed very well in some Constituencies. In Ramagundam Assembly constituency AIFB candidate Korukanti Chander won with almost 32,000 huge majority. In Bhupalapally AIFB candidate Gandra Satyanarayana Rao stood 2nd place with almost 52,000 votes.
In2024 Lok sabha elections, AIFB joinedDMK-led Alliance inTamil Nadu.[65]
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