Alikhan Bukeikhanov | |
|---|---|
Әлихан Бөкейханов | |
 During theViborg Manifesto,c. 1907 | |
| Chairman of theAlash Orda (Prime Minister of Kazakhstan) | |
| In office 13 December 1917 – 5 March 1920 | |
| First Minister | Vladimir Volsky(as Chairman of theCommittee of Members of the Constituent Assembly) Nikolai Avksentiev(as Chairman of theProvisional All-Russian Government) Pyotr Vologodsky andViktor Pepelyayev[a] |
| Supreme Ruler | Alexander Kolchak |
| Preceded by | Position established; Nikolai Sukhomlinov(asGovernor-General of the Steppes) |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Additional positions | |
| 1917–1918 | Commissar of theRussian Provisional Government for theTurgay Oblast |
| 1906 | Member of theState Duma[1] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1866-03-05)5 March 1866 Tokraunskaya Volost,Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia |
| Died | 27 September 1937(1937-09-27) (aged 71) Butyrka prison,Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Cause of death | Execution by shooting |
| Resting place | Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow |
| Political party | Alash (1917–1920) |
| Other political affiliations | Constitutional Democratic Party (1905–1917) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Zeinep (Elizabeth), Okitai (Sergei) |
| Alma mater | Omsk Technical School Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute |
| Signature |  |
Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov[b][c] (5 March 1866 – 27 September 1937) was aKazakh politician, statesman, journalist and publisher who led theAlash party and the provisional government ofAlash Orda from 1917 to 1920.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov was born into aKazakhMuslim family on 5 March 1866, in Tokyrauyn Volost,Russian Empire. He was the son of Nurmuhammed Bukeikhanov and as a great-grandson ofBarak Sultan, former khan of theOrta zhuz, he was a direct descendant ofGenghis Khan.[5] Bukeikhanov graduated from the Russian-Kazakh School and Omsk Technical School in 1890. He later studied at the Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute, where he graduated from the Faculty of Economics in 1894. During Bukeikhanov's youth, it is believed that he was influenced bysocialists.
Upon graduating, Bukeikhanov returned toOmsk and spent the next fourteen years there working. From 1895 to 1897, he worked as a math teacher in the Omsk school for Kazakh children.[6] Bukeikhanov was a participant in the 1896 Shcherbina Expedition, which aimed to research and assess virtually every aspect ofRussian Central Asia'senvironment and resources to the culture and traditions of its inhabitants. This was the first of a few similar missions which he accepted. Among his recorded contributions were "Ovtsevodstvo v stepnom krae" ("Sheep-Breeding in the Steppe Land"), which analyzed animal husbandry in Central Asia. Bukeikhanov was the first biographer ofAbay Kunanbayev, publishing an obituary inSemipalatinsky listok in 1905. In 1909, he published a collection of Kunanbayev's works.[7]
In 1905, Bukeikhanov's political activism began when he joined theConstitutional Democratic Party.[citation needed] In late 1905 at the Uralsk Oblast Party Congress, he tried to create the Kazakh Democratic party but failed. As a result of this action, he was arrested and prohibited from living in the Steppe Oblasts. During his exile, he relocated toSamara. He was elected to theState Duma of the Russian Empire as a member of that party in 1906 and signed the Vyborg petition to protest the dissolution of the Duma by thetsar. In 1908, he was arrested again and exiled in Samara until 1917. While in Samara, he participated in the Samara Guberniya Committee of the People's Freedom Party set up in 1915.
In April 1917, Bukeikhanov,Akhmet Baitursynov and several other native political figures took the initiative to convene an All-Kazakh Congress inOrenburg.[8] In its resolution, Congress urged the return to the native population of all the lands confiscated from it by the previous regime and the expulsion of all the new settlers from the Kazakh-Kirghiz territories. Other resolutions demanded the transfer of the local schools into native hands and the termination of the recruitment introduced in 1916. Within the group, Bukeikhanov, along with Russian liberals, chiefly theKadets sought to direct attention first to economic problems, whereas others sought to unite the Kazakhs with the other Turkic peoples of Russia.[9]
Three months later, another Kazakh-Kirghiz Congress met in Orenburg. There, for the first time, the idea of territorial autonomy emerged, and a national Kazakh-Kirghiz political party was formed, theAlash Autonomy.[10] Before theFebruary Revolution, Bukeikhanov collaborated with the Kadets in the hope of getting autonomous status for Kazakhs and contacted the head of theRussian Provisional GovernmentAlexander Kerensky. Kerensky proceeded to make Bukeikhanov a commissar. On 19 March 1917, he was appointed as the Provisional Government Commissioner ofTurgay Oblast. After theOctober Revolution, he was elected in 1917 as president of theAlash Orda government ofAlash Autonomy.
In 1920, after the establishment ofSoviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined theBolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into theButyrka prison in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him toMoscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.[citation needed]
It was not until 1989 that the Soviet authorities rehabilitated him.[citation needed]
Bukeikhanov's major political publication was "Kirgizy" ("The Kazakhs") (1910), which was released in the Constitutional Democratic party book on nationalities edited by A. I. Kosteliansky.
Bukeikhanov's other activities of this period included assisting in the creation ofQazaq, aKazakh language newspaper, and writing articles for newspapers, including "Dala Walayatynyng Gazeti" (Omsk), "Orenburgskii Listok", "Semipalatinskii Listok", "Turkestanskie Vedomosti" (Tashkent), "Stepnoi Pioner" (Omsk), and "Sary-Arqa" (Semipalatinsk). He was also a contributor toAy Qap and "Sibirskie Voprosy".
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title State founded | Prime Minister of Alash Autonomy December 13, 1917 – March 5, 1920 | Succeeded by Formation destroyed |
| International | |
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| National | |
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