Alice Orlowski | |
|---|---|
 SSAufseherin Alice Orlowski | |
| Born | Alice Minna Elisabeth Elling (1903-09-30)30 September 1903 |
| Died | 21 May 1976(1976-05-21) (aged 72) |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
| Motive | Nazism |
| Convictions | Poland Crimes against humanity West Germany Incitement to racial hatred |
| Trial | Auschwitz trial |
| Criminal penalty | Poland 15 years imprisonment West Germany 10 months imprisonment |
Alice Orlowski (30 September 1903 – 21 May 1976)[1] was a German concentration camp guard at several of theNazi concentration camps in German-occupied Poland (1939-1945) duringWorld War II.[2] After the war, a Polish court convicted of her crimes against humanity, and she served 10 years in prison in Poland. In 1973, Orlowski, now 70 and living as apensioner inWest Germany, muttered that only "half the work" had been finished, referring tothe Holocaust. She was promptly arrested, convicted of making antisemitic remarks, and sentenced to 10 months in prison.
Born asAlice Minna Elisabeth Elling inBerlin in 1903, she began to train as a guard at theRavensbrück concentration camp in Germany in 1941. In October 1942, she was selected as one of theSchutzstaffel (SS)Aufseherin to be posted at theMajdanek camp nearLublin, inGerman-occupied Poland, where, along withHermine Braunsteiner, she came to be regarded as two of the most brutal overseers. They regularly loaded trucks of women destined for the gas chambers.[3] When a child was left over, the two would throw him or her on the top of the adults like luggage and bolt the door shut in what they called "a space-saving operation".[4] Orlowski often awaited the arrivals of new transports of women. She would then whip the prisoners, especially across the eyes.[4] In Majdanek, Orlowski was promoted to the rank ofKommandoführerin (Work Detail Overseer) in the sorting sheds.[citation needed]
As the SS Aufseherin, Orlowski supervised over 100 women, who sorted through items taken from prisoners who had been gassed: watches, furs, coats, gold, jewellery, money, toys, glasses, and so on. When the camp was evacuated, the Germans sent Orlowski to the notoriousKraków-Płaszów concentration camp nearKraków, in German-occupied Poland.[5] In Plaszow-Kraków, Orlowski was in charge of a work detail on the Camp Street (Lager Strasse) and was known for her viciousness.[6]
In early January 1945, Orlowski was among the SS women posted on the death march toAuschwitz-Birkenau and it was during this time that her behaviour, previously observed as being brutal andsadistic, became more humane. On the death march in mid-January 1945 from Auschwitz toLoslau, Orlowski gave comfort to the inmates, and even slept alongside them on the ground outside. She also brought water to those who were thirsty.[7] It is unknown why her attitude changed, but some speculate that she sensed the war was almost over and she would soon be tried as awar criminal. Orlowski ended up back at Ravensbrück as a guard.[6]
After the war ended in May 1945, Orlowski was captured bySoviet forces andextradited to Poland to stand trial for war crimes. The "picture book SS woman" stood accused at theAuschwitz Trial in 1947. She was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but was released in 1957 after serving 10 years. After her release, Orlowski moved toWest Germany.[8]
In 1973, Orlowski was at a counter inCologne when she complained that only "half the work" had been finished, referring to the extermination of the Jews and also allegedly said that it took twice as long to serve a beer as it did to kill all the Jews.[9] In response, she was arrested for hate speech. A West German court found her guilty of making antisemitic remarks and sentenced her to 10 months in prison, of which she served 8 months.[6][8]
In 1975, the West German authorities arrested Orlowski a second time, for crimes committed in Majdanek. She was put on trial in theThird Majdanek Trial. Orlowski died from natural causes during her trial on 21 May 1976.