Outside the rational sciences, as a convert from Christianity to Islam he was also involved in interreligious polemics, writing two works critical of his former religion,al-Radd ´alā l-Nasārā (The Refutation of the Christians) andKitāb al-Dīn wa-l-Dawla (The Book of Religion and Empire), both of which having been published byBrill in 2016 in a single book,The Polemical Works of ʿAlī al-Ṭabarī.
Ali came from aPersian[8] orSyriac[3] family ofTabaristanAmol (henceal-Tabari – "from Tabaristan").Hossein Nasr states that he was a convert to Islam fromZoroastrianism,[8] however Sami K. Hamarneh andFranz Rosenthal state he was a convert fromChristianity.[3][9] His fatherSahl ibn Bishr was a state official, highly educated and well respected member of the Syriac community.[3]Rabbān received his educational bases in the medical field, natural sciences, calligraphy, mathematics, philosophy and literature from his father Sahl.[10]
TheAbbasid caliphal-Mu'tasim (833–842) took him into the service of the court, which he continued underal-Mutawakkil (847–861). Ali ibn Sahl was fluent inSyriac andGreek, the two sources for the medical tradition ofantiquity, and versed in fine calligraphy.
Although few of his works are extant, al-Tabarī wrote twelve books. Most of them were about medicine. In addition to medicine, he was known as a scholar of philosophy, mathematics and astronomy.[11]
HisFirdaws al-Hikmah ("Paradise of Wisdom"), which he wrote inArabic called alsoal-Kunnash was a system of medicine in seven parts. He also translated it into Syriac, to give it wider usefulness. The information inFirdaws al-Hikmah has never entered common circulation in the West because it was not edited until the 20th century, when Mohammed Zubair Siddiqui assembled an edition using the five surviving partial manuscripts. There is still no English translation. A German translation by Alfred Siggel of the chapters on Indian medicine was published in 1951.[12]
Tuhfat al-Muluk ("The King's Present")
a work on the proper use of food, drink, and medicines.
Hafzh al-Sihhah ("The Proper Care of Health"), following Greek and Indian authorities.
Kitab al-Ruqa ("Book of Magic or Amulets")
Kitab fi al-hijamah ("Treatise on Cupping")
Kitab fi Tartib al-'Ardhiyah ("Treatise on the Preparation of Food")
Firdaws al-Hikmah orParadise of Wisdom is one of the oldest encyclopedias ofIslamic medicine, based on Syriac translations of Greek and Indian sources (Hippocrates, Galen, Dioscorides, and others).It is divided into 7 sections and 30 parts, with 360 chapters in total.[13][14][15]
Part I. general philosophical ideas, the categories, natures, elements, metamorphosis, genesis and decay.subdivided into I2 chapters, treats of general philosophical ideas, mostly followingAristotle.
On the Antagonism of these Temperaments and the Refutation of the Opinion of those who allege that the Air is cold (of temper.). diagram of the four temperaments and their antagonistic action.
On the Genesis of Things from the Elements, the Action of the Celestial Sphere and the Luminous Bodies therein.
On the Effects of the Action of the Elements on the Air and subterranean Conditions
On shooting Stars and the Colors which are generated in the Air. (rainbows)
Part II embryology, pregnancy, the functions and morphology of different organs, ages and seasons, psychology, the external and internal senses, the temperaments and emotions, personal idiosyncrasies, nervous affections, tetanus, torpor, palpitation, nightmare, the evil eye, hygiene and dietetics.
Book I
Book II
Book III
Book IV
Book V
Part III. Treats of nutrition and dietetics. 3 chapters
Part IV. (The longest, 107 out of 276 folios and 152 chapters. Each chapter is short, often less than one page and seldom more than two. There is little beyond the signs and symptoms of each disease and the treatment recommended there are no references to actual cases, or clinical notes. ) general and special pathology, from the head to the feet, and concludes with an account of the number of muscles, nerves and veins, and dissertations on phlebotomy, the pulse and urinoscopy.
Book 1 (9 chapters) on general pathology, the signs and symptoms of internal disorders, and the principles of therapeutics.
Book 2 (14 chapters) on diseases and injuries of the head; and diseases of the brain, including epilepsy, various kinds of headache, tinnitus, vertigo, amnesia, and nightmare.
Book 3 (12 chapters) on diseases of the eyes and eyelids, the ear and the nose (including epistaxis and catarrh), the face, mouth and teeth.
Book 4 (7 chapters) on nervous diseases, including spasm, tetanus, paralysis, facial palsy, etc.
Book 5 (7 chapters) on diseases of the throat, chest and vocal organs, including asthma.
Book 6 (6 chapters) on diseases of the stomach, including hiccup.
Book 7 (5 chapters) on diseases of the liver, including dropsy.
Book 8 (14 chapters) on diseases of the heart, lungs, gall-bladder and spleen.
Book 9 (19 chapters) on diseases of the intestines (especially colic), and of the urinary and genital organs.
Book 10 (26 chapters) on fevers, ephemeral, hectic, continuous, tertian, quartan and semi-quartan; on pleurisy, erysipelas, and smallpox; on crises, prognosis, favorable and unfavorable symptoms, and the signs of death.
Book 11 (13 chapters) on rheumatism, gout, sciatica, leprosy, elephantiasis, scrofula, lupus, cancer, tumours, gangrene, wounds and bruises, shock, and plague. The last four chapters deal with anatomical matters, including the numbers of the muscles, nerves and blood-vessels.
Book 12 (20 chapters) on phlebotomy, cupping, baths and the indications of the pulse and urine.
Part V. of tastes, scents and colors. 1 book, 9 chapters
Part VI materia medica and toxicology.
Part VII. climate, waters and seasons in their relation to health, outlines of cosmography and astronomy, and the utility of the science of medicine: and a summary of Indian Medicine in 36 chapters.[16]
^Frye, R.N., ed. (1975).The Cambridge history of Iran (Repr. ed.). London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 415–416.ISBN978-0-521-20093-6.The greatest of these figures, who ushered in the golden age of Islamic medicine and who are discussed separately by E. G. Browne in his Arabian Medicine, are four Persian physicians: 'All b. Rabban al-Tabarl, Muhammad b. Zakariyya' al-Razl, 'All b. al-'Abbas al-Majusi and Ibn Sina.
^Adang, Camilla, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabbān to Ibn Hazm, Leiden: 1996, pp. 23-30.
^Arnaldez, R., Le Paradis de la sagesse du medecin 'Ali b. Rabbān al-Tabarī," Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica médiévale, 8 (1997), pp. 389-402.
^Ṭabarī (1989).The History of Al-Tabari. Vol. 1. SUNY Press. p. 50.ISBN978-0-88706-563-7.
^Flügel, G. L., Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig/Wiesbaden, 1846, XIII, 559.
^Reddy, D. V. Subba, "Indian Medicine in Firdausu'l-hikmat of Ali Raban-al-Tabarī," Bulletin of the Department of History of Medicine, I (1963), pp. 26-49.
^Siggel, Alfred (1951).Die indischen Bücher aus dem Paradies der Weisheit über die Medizin des' Alī ibn Sahl Rabban al-Ṭabarī. Übersetzt und erläutert. Wiesbaden: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.
^Meyerhof, Max (1931). "'Alî at-Tabarî'sParadise of Wisdom, one of the oldest Arabic Compendiums of Medicine".Isis.16 (1):6–54.doi:10.1086/346582.JSTOR224348.S2CID70718474. He extracted his summary from the books of CHARAKA (Arabic: Jarak), SUSHRUTA (Arabic: Susrud), the Nidana (Arabic: Niddin), and the Ashtafigahradaya (Arabic Ashtdnqahrada).
^Meyerhof, Max (1931). "'Alî at-Tabarî'sParadise of Wisdom, one of the oldest Arabic Compendiums of Medicine".Isis.16 (1):6–54.doi:10.1086/346582.JSTOR224348.S2CID70718474.
