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Ali Fuat Cebesoy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 6thSpeaker of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 30 January 1948 – 1 November 1948 | |
| President | İsmet İnönü |
| Prime Minister | Hasan Saka Şemsettin Günaltay |
| Preceded by | Kâzım Karabekir |
| Succeeded by | Şükrü Saracoğlu |
| 4thMinister of Transport | |
| In office 9 March 1943 – 7 August 1946 | |
| President | İsmet İnönü |
| Prime Minister | Abdülhalik Renda |
| Preceded by | Fahri Engin |
| Succeeded by | Şükrü Koçak |
| 11thMinister of Public Works | |
| In office 3 April 1939 – 9 March 1943 | |
| President | İsmet İnönü |
| Prime Minister | Abdülhalik Renda Şükrü Saracoğlu |
| Preceded by | Ali Çetinkaya |
| Succeeded by | Sırrı Day |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
| In office 23 April 1920 – 1 September 1927 | |
| Constituency | Ankara (1920,1923) |
| In office 25 April 1931 – 27 May 1960 | |
| Constituency | Konya (1927,1931,1935,1939,1943) Istanbul (1950,1954,1957) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 23 September 1882 Constantinople, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 10 January 1968(1968-01-10) (aged 85) Istanbul, Turkey |
| Resting place | Turkish State Cemetery |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Turkish Military Academy |
| Signature |  |
| Nickname | Salacaklı Ali Fuat |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Empire(1902–1919) Turkey(1919–1925) |
| Branch/service | Ottoman Army Turkish Army |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | 25th Division,14th Division,5th Division,20th Corps,Kuva-yi Milliye of Western Anatolia,2nd Army |
| Battles/wars | Italo-Turkish War Balkan Wars World War I Greco-Turkish War |
Ali Fuat Cebesoy (23 September 1882 – 10 January 1968) was a Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army and then in the Turkish army and politician.
Ali Fuat was born on 23 September 1882 to fatherIsmail Fazil Pasha and mother Zekiye Hanım.[1][2] He was ofGerman[3]-Circassian[4][5] descent, and also his maternal grandfatherMehmed Ali Pasha was ofHuguenot-French descent.[3] Ali Fuat was the grandson (on his mother's side) ofMushir Mehmet Ali Pasha[3] (Ludwig Karl Friedrich Detroit) who was the commander of the Danube Army (Tuna Şark Ordusu) during theRusso-Turkish war, participated in theCongress of Berlin as one of three representatives of the Ottoman Empire and was killed on 7 September 1878[6] inGjakovë (Kosovo) by Albanianinsurgents who were dissatisfied with the results of the Berlin Congress.[6][7][8]
Ali Fuat attended theOttoman Military College together withKemal Atatürk,Kazım Karabekir, andFethi Okyar amongst other notables of theTurkish War of Independence.[9] Following he entered the War School in 1902, and graduated from the Ottoman War College in 1905 as aStaffCaptain (Erkân-ı Harp Yüzbaşısı). Later he was assigned to the 3rd Rifle Battalion (Üçüncü Nişancı Taburu), the 28th Cavalry Regiment (Yirmi Sekizinci Süvari Alayı) based inBeirut under the command ofFifth Army based inDamascus, and later to 15th Artillery Regiment (On Beşinci Topçu Alayı) based inThessalonica under the command ofThird Army as an intern. He joined theCommittee of Union and Progress (membership number was 191). On 28 June he was assigned to the staff officer of the Third Army. And then he was promoted to the rank ofSenior Captain and appointed to the area commander of Karaferye (present day:Veria). On 9 January 1909 he was appointed to the military attaché in Rome, Italy. On 1 October 1911 he was appointed to the chief of the 1st department (chief of operations) of theWestern Army.[10] On 20 February he was temporarily appointed to the chief of staff of theI Corps,VII Corps. And then he was appointed to the commander of a detachment that was formed to liberate İpek (present day:Peć) and Yakova (present day:Đakovica) from Albanian insurgents.[10]
On 24 June he was dispatched to Europe for the preparation of the transfer of arms and ammunition toTripoli Vilayet. On 29 September he was appointed to the chief of staff of theİşkodra Corps. He also participated in theBalkan Wars. He became the chief of staff of theYanya Corps, and on 11 November he was appointed to the deputy commander of the23rd Division (Yirmi Üçüncü Fırka),[10] replacingMirliva Djevad Pasha.[11] On 12 December, when the Greek offensive commanded byKonstantinos Sapountzakis was launched, he planned to retreat in an orderly fashion, but panic amongst the ranks led to the defeat of his division. In the defense line ofBizani he was severely wounded in the thigh, but continued to direct artillery fire whilst on a stretcher.[12] On 6 March 1913 he and his forces surrendered following the instruction ofEsad Pasha (Battle of Bizani). He was then transferred to a hospital inKifissia, a suburb ofAthens, to receive medical treatment.[13]
On 15 January 1914 he was appointed to the chief of staff of theVIII Corps. AfterKress von Kressenstein was appointed the chief of staff of this corps, replacing Ali Fuat, he was promoted to the rank ofLieutenant Colonel (Kaymakam), and on 19 September he was appointed to the commander of the25th Division.[14] In January 1915, he participated in theFirst Suez Offensive. On 7 January he and his division left Birüssebi (present day:Beersheba) for the desert and arrived at the front of theSuez Canal, but the Ottoman forces couldn't pass the canal and retreated. He and his division went back toGaza on 20 January 1915.[15]
After theGallipoli Campaign was launched, the 25th Division was dispatched to the Gallipoli Front on 24 May 1915, and started to arrive there on 2 June 1916. His division entered to the order of theXVII Corps of theFirst Army and deployed in theBulair-Saros area.[16]
On 20 January 1916 he was appointed to the commander of the14th Division. At first, his division was intended for use in theSecond Suez Offensive and sent toMaallaha, but because of the Russian offensive, his division instead came under the command of theSecond Army underAhmed Izzet Pasha, and on 27 June were sent back from theRayak station toAleppo and dispatched toDiyârbekir.[17]
On 30 September he was promoted to commander of the5th Division and in January he became the chief of staff of theSeconde Army.
On 12 January 1917 he returned to the Sina-Palestine Front and in April he became the deputy commander of the Sina-Palestine Front. On 30 June 1917 he became the commander of theXX Corps. He then fought in theBattle of Jerusalem in which the Ottomans lost the city ofJerusalem to the British. After theArmistice of Mudros was signed, he concurrently became the deputy commander ofSeventh Army, replacingMustafa Kemal.[10] After the Seventh Army was abolished, he transferred the headquarters of the XX Corps fromSyria toEreğli, then toKonya and toAnkara.
Ali Fuat Pasha organized the resistance in Western Turkey against the Greekinvasion and thus actually started theNational Independence War. He contributed to the resistance forces against theGreek army that had begun to occupy WesternAnatolia. He signedAmasya Protocol and at the end of the Sivas Congress in 1920, he was appointed as the general commander of the National Forces by the Board of Representatives. The presence of him and his army inAnkara is the reason behindAtatürk's choice of this city as the center ofTurkish War of Independence.
The same year, he was elected as a deputy at the First Parliament. He was appointed ambassador to Moscow,Soviet Russia in 1921, as he had quarrels withİsmet İnönü, who was appointed by Atatürk as the Commander of the Western Front although İnönü had failed against Greek invasion at Kutahya-Altıntas in 1921. By personally negotiating withVladimir Lenin andJoseph Stalin in Moscow, he signed theTreaty of Moscow (1921), along the lines of theBrest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, as the representative of theAnkara government, which provided financial and military support from Russia to the Turkish Independence War, in exchange for ceding the right toBatum, then controlled by theGeorgian Republic, to theSoviet government. After finishing his duty as an ambassador, he was elected as the second spokesman of theGrand National Assembly of Turkey.
After the declaration of theTurkish Republic, he became a deputy. In this new era of his political career, he joined the founders of the opposition party, theProgressive Republican Party, and he was elected as the general secretary of the party in 1924. During the rebellion ofShaikh Said, the Law on the Maintenance of Order was affected and the Progressive Republican Party was closed down. Ali Fuat Cebesoy was arrested with the accusations of participating in the attempt of assassination againstAtatürk and was taken toİzmir. He was tried at the İzmirIndependence Court and was acquitted in 1926.
He retired with the title of general. He stayed away from politics for four years between 1927 and 1931. In 1931, he returned to politics and was elected as a deputy representingKonya. He served as the deputy for Konya andEskişehir until 1950. He also served as Minister of Public Works from 1939 to 1943, Minister of Transportation (1943–1946) and as the president of the Parliament in 1948. He was an independent candidate of theDemocratic Party fromEskişehir in the first democratic elections of theTurkish history held on 14 May 1950, and he was elected with a landslide. In the following years, he was elected as a deputy from İstanbul and served in the parliament for ten more years between 1950 and 1960. After themilitary coup on 27 May 1960, he was initially arrested by the junta with the rest of the Democratic Party MPs but later set free. After this experience he quit politics for good.
In accordance with his will, he was buried in the backyard of amosque nearGeyve train station, where the first shots of theTurkish War of Independence were fired, when he died at the age of 86. However, his remains were moved to theTurkish State Cemetery inAnkara,[citation needed] after the military coup of 1980.
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| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey 30 January 1948 – 1 November 1948 | Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Commander of theXX Corps 30 June 1917 – 26 June 1920 | Succeeded by – |
| Preceded by – | Commander of theWestern Front 26 June 1920 – 10 November 1920 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by – | Commander of theSecond Army 21 November 1923 – 31 October 1924 | Succeeded by |
| Grand National Assembly Büyük Millet Meclisi (1920–1960) |  | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| House of Representatives Temsilciler Meclisi (1961) | |||||
| Grand National Assembly in period of Bicameralism Büyük Millet Meclisi Çift Meclisli Dönemde (1961–1980) |
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| Consultative Assembly Danışma Meclisi (1981–1983) | |||||
| Grand National Assembly Büyük Millet Meclisi (since 1983) | |||||
| Interim speakers of the parliament |
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