"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" (Arabic:علي بابا والأربعون لصا) is a folk tale in Arabic added to theOne Thousand and One Nights in the 18th century by its French translatorAntoine Galland, who heard it from Syrian storytellerHanna Diyab. As one of the most popularArabian Nights tales, it has been widely retold and performed in many media across the world, especially for children (for whom the more violent aspects of the story are often removed).
In the original version, Ali Baba (Arabic:عَلِيّ بَابَا,romanized: ʿAliyy Bābā) is a poor woodcutter and an honest person who discovers the secret treasure of a thieves' den, and enters with the magic phrase "open sesame". The thieves try to kill Ali Baba while his rich and greedy brother Cassim (Arabic:قاسمQāsim, sometimes spelled 'Kasim' or 'Qasim') tries to steal the treasure for himself, but Ali Baba’s faithful slave-girlMorgiana (Arabic:مرجانةMurjāna) foils their plots. His son marries her, and Ali Baba keeps the secret of the treasure.
The American OrientalistDuncan Black MacDonald discovered an Arabic-language manuscript of the story at theBodleian Library;[3] however, this was later found to be a counterfeit.[4]
Ali Baba and his older brother Cassim are the sons of a merchant. After their father's death, the greedy Cassim marries a wealthy woman and becomes well-to-do, living lazily on their father's business and his wife's wealth. Ali Baba marries a poor woman and settles into the trade of awoodcutter. Cassim and his wife resent Ali Baba and his side of the family and do not share their wealth with them.
One day, Ali Baba is at work collecting and cutting firewood in the forest, when he happens to overhear a group of forty thieves visiting their stored treasure. The treasure is in a cave, the mouth of which is sealed by a huge rock. It opens on the magic words "open sesame" and seals itself on the words "close sesame". When the thieves are gone, Ali Baba enters the cave himself and although there is a vast amount of riches stashed inside, he modestly takes only a single bag of gold coins home.
Ali Baba and his wife borrow his sister-in-law'sscales to weigh their new wealth. Unbeknownst to them, Cassim's wife puts a blob of wax in the scales to find out what Ali Baba is using them for, as she is curious to know what kind of grain her impoverished brother-in-law needs to measure.
To her shock, she finds a gold coin sticking to the scales and tells her husband. Under pressure from his brother, Ali Baba is forced to reveal the secret of the cave. Cassim goes to the cave, taking a donkey with him to take as much treasure as possible. He enters the cave with the magic words. However, in his excited greed over the treasure, he forgets the words to get out again and ends up trapped. The thieves find him there and kill him. When his brother does not come back, Ali Baba goes to the cave to look for him, and finds the bodyquartered and with each piece displayed just inside the cave's entrance, as a warning to anyone else who might try to enter.
Ali Baba brings the corpse home where he entrusts Morgiana, a clever slave-girl from Cassim's household, with the task of making others believe that Cassim has died a natural death. First, Morgiana purchases medicines from anapothecary, telling him that Cassim is gravely ill. Then, she finds an oldtailor known as Baba Mustafa whom she pays, blindfolds, and leads to Cassim's house. There, overnight, the tailor stitches the pieces of Cassim's body back together. Ali Baba and his family are able to give Cassim a proper burial without anyone suspecting anything. Cassim’s wife does not find out about the cave or treasure.
The thieves, finding the body gone, realize that another person must have known their secret, so they set out to track him down. One of the thieves goes down to the town and comes across Baba Mustafa, who mentions that he has just sewn the pieces of a corpse back together. Realizing the dead man must have been the thieves' victim, the thief asks Baba Mustafa to lead the way to the house where the deed was performed. The tailor is blindfolded again, and in this state he is able to retrace his steps and find the house.
The thief marks the door with a symbol so the other thieves can come back that night and kill everyone in the house. However, the thief has been seen by Morgiana who, loyal to her master, foils the thief's plan by marking all the houses in the neighborhood similarly. When the 40 thieves return that night, they cannot identify the correct house, and their leader kills the unsuccessful thief in a furious rage. The next day, another thief revisits Baba Mustafa and tries again. Only this time, a chunk is chipped out of the stone step at Ali Baba's front door. Again, Morgiana foils the plan by making similar chips in all the other doorsteps, and the second thief is killed for his failure as well. At last, the leader of the thieves goes and looks himself. This time, he memorizes every detail he can of the exterior of Ali Baba's house.
The leader of the thieves pretends to be an oil merchant in need of Ali Baba's hospitality, bringing with himmules loaded with 38 oil jars, one filled with oil, the other 37 hiding the other remaining thieves. Once Ali Baba is asleep, the thieves plan to kill him. Again, Morgiana discovers and foils the plan when her lamp runs out of oil and she has to get it from the merchant's jars; the thieves give themselves away one by one hearing her approach and mistaking her for their boss. After refilling her lamp, Morgiana kills the 37 thieves in their jars by pouring boiling oil on them one by one. When their leader comes to rouse his men, he discovers they are all dead and escapes. The next morning, Morgiana tells Ali Baba about the thieves in the jars. They bury them, and Ali Baba shows his gratitude by giving Morgiana her freedom. However, she continues living with Ali Baba and his family anyway.
To exact revenge, the leader of the thieves establishes himself as a merchant, befriends Ali Baba's son (who is now in charge of his late uncle Cassim's business), and is invited to dinner at Ali Baba's house. However, the thief is recognized by Morgiana, who performs asword dance with a dagger for the diners and plunges it into the thief's heart, when he is off his guard. Ali Baba is at first angry with Morgiana, but when he finds out the thief wanted to kill him, he is extremely grateful and rewards Morgiana by marrying her to his son. Ali Baba is then left as the only one knowing the secret of the treasure in the cave and how to access it.
"1001 Nights (Alibaba)", a song by Pappy'ion on CBS Records (CBS 7849), mainly known for its Chinese adaptation, "阿里巴巴" by Peter Chen (陳彼得) on TONY東尼機構 Records (TONY LP-026)
"Main Hoon Alibaba", a song from the 1953 Indian filmChar Chand byTalat Mehmood and Premlata, it narrates the adventures of Ali Baba.[13]
The story has been used as a popularpantomime plot for many years. An example of the "pantomime Ali Baba" was the pantomime/musicalChu Chin Chow (1916).
Badi-Bandar Rupkatha (বাঁদী-বান্দার রূপকথা) is a 2014Bangladeshi theatrical dance adaptation of Ali Baba and Forty Thieves organised by Srishti cultural centre and Nrityanchal. Many leading Bangladeshi dancers performed in the adaptation such asShamim Ara Nipa, Shibli Sadiq, etc.[15]
Alibaba and the Forty Thieves is a 1927Indian silent film adaptation by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra.[16]
Alibaba Aur Chalis Chor (Alibaba and the Forty Thieves) is a 1932 IndianHindi-language feature film byJ.J. Madan.[16]
Alibaba is a 1937 IndianBengali-language fantasy-comedy film adaptation byModhu Bose ofKshirode Prasad Vidyavinode's play based on the story of Ali Baba. It stars Bibhuti Ganguly in the title role,Sadhana Bose asMarjina and Madhu Bose as Abdullah - the antagonist.[16]
Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (Alibaba and the Forty Thieves) is a 1941 IndianTamil-language comedy film adaptation by K. S. Mani.
Ali Baba We El Arbeen Haramy (1942, in akaAli Baba and the Forty Thieves) is anEgyptian film adaptation, starring Ali Al-Kassar as Ali Baba and the comedian actorIsmail Yasin as his assistant.
Ali Baba is a 1945 Indian Hindi-language film adaptation byNanubhai Vakil.[16]
Khul Ja Sim Sim (Open Sesame) is a 1956 Indian Hindi-language action film byNanubhai Vakil, starringMahipal andShakila in the lead roles. It starts from when Ali Baba has gained the treasure of the thieves after defeating them but his arrogance grows and he starts using the money for his own pleasure.[16]
Sim Sim Marjeena is a 1958 Indian Hindi-language fantasy film by Naren Dave, starringHelen andMahipal in the lead roles. It follows the adventures of Ali Baba andMarjeena, who serves as his love interest here. It is a sequel to 1956'sKhul Ja Sim Sim.[16][22]
Aik Tha Alibaba (There was a Alibaba) is a 1963 Indian Hindi-language action film adaptation by Harbans Singh.[16]
Sindbad Alibaba and Aladdin is a 1965 Indian Hindi-language musical fantasy-adventure film by Prem Narayan Arora. It features the three most popular characters from the Arabian Nights.
Ali Baba Bujang Lapok (1960) is aSingaporeann comedy film which quite faithfully adhered to the tale's plot details but introduced a number of anachronisms for humour, for example the usage of a truck instead of donkey by Cassim Baba to steal the robbers' loot.
Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (Alibaba and 40 Thieves) is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language action adventure-drama film bySunil Agnihotri. A modern-day retelling of the folktale, it follows Alibaba (Arbaaz Khan) as he faces off against a local bandit who has been terrorizing his village.[16]
Sovietpuppet film of the same name (Russian:Али-Баба и сорок разбойников) directed by Grigory Lomidze, filmed in 1959 at the «Soyuzmultfilm» film studio.
Ali Baba appears as a protagonist in the 1975 anime seriesArabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures. This version is portrayed as a young desert raider who befriends Sinbad and accompanies him on his adventures.
Alibaba and The Forty Thieves is a 2018 Indian 3D-animated film adaptation by V. Murugan.[31]
Ali Baba was adapted as a children’s animated film in 1993 by theAustralianBurbank Animation Studios. Several aspects of the story were changed to be more suitable for a younger audience, such as Morgiana being agenie that Ali Baba discovers in a lamp, and Morgiana transforming the head thief into a cat instead of killing him. Ali Baba’s wife also has a larger role in the story.[32]
In the American/British television mini-seriesArabian Nights (2000), the story is told faithfully with two major changes. The first is: when Morgiana discovers the thieves in the oil jars, she alerts Ali Baba and, together with a friend, they release the jars on a street with a steep incline that allows the jars to roll down and break open. Furthermore, the city guard is alerted and arrest the disoriented thieves as they emerge from their containers. Later, when Morgiana defeats the thief leader, Ali Baba, who is young and has no children, marries the heroine himself.
In the 2019 BBC/FXadaptation ofA Christmas Carol, Ali Baba was portrayed byKayvan Novak. This was an expansion from a reference to the character in theoriginal novel.[34]
Adventures of Ali Baba (2018–2019) is an Indian animated television series, produced by Shilpa Shetty Kundra, which aired on Colors Rishtey. A modern-day retelling of the folktale, it follows brothers Ali and Baba, who protect dungeons and fight evil forces with their supernatural powers.
Ali Baba Bunny (1957) is a Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies short directed by Chuck Jones. Released on February 9, 1957, it features Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck stumbling upon a cave filled with treasure, guarded by a ruthless character named Hassan.
At theUnited States Air Force Academy, Cadet Squadron 40 was originally nicknamed "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" before eventually changing its name to the "P-40 Warhawks".[37]
The name "Ali Baba" was often used as derogatoryslang byAmerican andIraqi soldiers and their allies in theIraq War, to describe individuals suspected of a variety of offenses related to theft and looting.[38] Additionally, British soldiers routinely used the term to refer to Iraqi civilians.[39] In the subsequentoccupation, it is used as a general term for the insurgents.[40]
The Iraqis adopted the term "Ali Baba" to describe foreign troops suspected of looting.[41]
^Burton, R. F.Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night with Notes Anthropological and Explanatory. Vol. III, fasc. 2. p. 369. (n.)
^Mahdi, Muhsin (1994). "Galland's Successors".The Thousand and One Nights: From the Earliest Known Sources;Part 3, "Introduction and Indexes".
^Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. FF Communications. p. 592 - 594.
