Alfred C. Redfield | |
|---|---|
 Relief sculpture | |
| Born | (1890-11-15)November 15, 1890 |
| Died | March 17, 1983(1983-03-17) (aged 92) |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (BS, Ph.D) |
| Known for | Redfield ratio |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 3, includingAlfred G. Redfield |
| Awards | Alexander Agassiz Medal 1955 Eminent Ecologist Award 1966 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Oceanography |
Alfred Clarence Redfield (November 15, 1890 – March 17, 1983) was anAmericanoceanographer known for having discovered theRedfield ratio, which describes the ratio between nutrients in plankton and ocean water.[1] He was a professor of physiology atHarvard University and one of the original staff of theWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution upon its founding in 1930.[2]
Redfield was born in Philadelphia and grew up inWayne, Pennsylvania.[2] The family often spent summers onCape Cod, where the young Redfield became fascinated with natural history.[3]
After attendingHaverford College for one year (1909-1910), he enteredHarvard University, where he received his bachelor of science degree in 1913 and Ph.D. in 1917.[2][3] He was assistant professor of physiology at theUniversity of Toronto, and joined the Harvard faculty in 1921, becoming a full professor in 1931.[2] He was chairman of the biology department from 1935-1938, and retired in 1956 as professor emeritus.[2][3]
During the years 1930 to 1970, Redfield was intimately involved withWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution atWoods Hole, Massachusetts, known familiarly then as "The Oceanographic" and today as "WHOI." Like the other WHOI scientists, he spent the summers at "The Oceanographic" and the academic year teaching at Harvard. At WHOI, he was named senior biologist from 1930 to 1942, associate director between 1942 and 1957, senior oceanographer emeritus in 1957, and honorary trustee in 1963.[4]
He was named president of theEcological Society of America in 1946,[3] and was president of theBermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences from 1962 to 1965.[2] He as also locally involved in the Woods Hole Public Library and the Cape Cod Chamber of Commerce.[3]
Redfield died at age 92 in March 1983, leaving his wife, three children, ten grandchildren, and seven great-grandchildren.[2]
His research was used byJames Lovelock in the formulation of theGaia hypothesis, that "Organisms and their environment evolve as a single, self-regulating system."[5] From 1918 to 1924, Redfield worked withElizabeth M. Bright on studies that involved the effects of radiation andNereis. In collaboration the team published 12 papers.[6]
During his doctoral research, he studied the mechanism of horned toad skin coloration, identifying adrenaline as the primary control of skin coloration. He later studied the effects of X rays and radium radiation on the physiological action.
Following his graduation, he went on to study marine biology. He studiedhemocyanin, which is the blood pigment of many invertebrate species, which binds oxygen, and characterized its physiological behavior.[7]
During the 1930s, Redfield made his most important discovery. He discovered that the atomic ratios of the chemical components of phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon atoms are identical with their relative proportions in the open ocean. This idea was used to explain some characteristics of the carbon life cycle in the sea.[3] This ratio has come to be known as theRedfield ratio, and Oceans in which this ratio holds are sometimes known as "Redfield Oceans."[3] This discovery led to an aphorism for which Redfield became well known: “Life in the sea cannot be understood without understanding the sea itself."[3]
During World War II, the staff at "The Oceanographic" grew by thirty times, and military research became its top priority.[3] Redfield moved permanently to Woods Hole from Cambridge, and was appointed WHOI's assistant director (though he retained his Harvard professorship).[3] At this time Redfield, together withAllyn Vine, focused on studying how temperature gradients affect the accuracy ofsonar in detection and tracking submerged submarines. Redfield and Vine demonstrated that submerged submarines could take advantage of ocean temperature gradients to avoid detection by enemy sonar.[3]
Late in life, Redfield turned to studying tides in coastal waters, and the ecology of salt marshes along the U.S. east coast, publishing his last scientific paper “The Tides of the Waters of New England and New York” at age 89.[3]
Alfred Clarence Redfield came from a notable scientific family. His great-grandfather was pioneering amateur meteorologistWilliam Charles Redfield (1789 – 1857), the first president of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science.[3] His grandfather was a botanist in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia; his fatherRobert Redfield was a naturalist photographer, whose works are held byLibrary Company of Philadelphia andYale University.[3]
His sonAlfred G. Redfield (d. 2019) was professor of physics and biochemistry atBrandeis University and a member of theNational Academy of Sciences.[8][3] His daughterElizabeth R. Marsh (died 2009) was said to have been "influential in founding"Stockton University in New Jersey, where she taught environmental studies, natural sciences, and mathematics.[9]
Redfield's married his first wife Elizabeth Pratt in 1913.[3] She died in the1918 flu pandemic. He married Martha Putnam in 1922; they had three children. Martha outlived him by only a few months.[3]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
