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| Abbreviation | AdTI |
|---|---|
| Named after | Alexis de Tocqueville |
| Formation | 29 July 1985 (1985-07-29) |
| Dissolved | 2007 |
| Type | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | New York City, U.S. |
President | Ken Brown |
Chairman | Gregory Fossedal |
TheAlexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI) was aWashington, D.C.–basedthink tank.
AdTI was named after the French historianAlexis de Tocqueville. Founded in 1988, its president was Ken Brown and its chairman wasGregory Fossedal. At its peak it had 14 full-time staff researchers. In 2006, the organization ceased most operations, issuing its last press release in 2007 to announce that its former chairman,Mike Gravel, wasrunning for President of the United States.
The AdTI published a series of studies beginning in 2002 on the theme ofintellectual property in the software industry. The Institution authoredOpening the Open Source Debate (June 2002), a report critical of Microsoft's open-source rivals. This report claimed that open source software was inherently lesssecure thanproprietary software and hence a particular target forterrorists.
These studies culminated inSamizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code (prereleased May 2004), questioning the generally accepted provenance of Linux and other open source projects, and recommending that government-funded programming should never be licensed under theGNU General Public License but under theBSD license or similar licenses. While the book called for increased investment in open source development, it criticized what it called "hybrid" source models, in which true open source code is mixed with proprietary code, with the result that intellectual property rights are nullified.[1]
To illustrate potential problems with this approach, the book cited the case ofLinus Torvalds, creator ofLinux. It claimed Torvalds used source code taken fromMinix, a smallUnix-likeoperating system used in teachingcomputer science, to create Linux 0.01, on the theory that no mere student could write an entire Unix-likekernel single-handedly—although writing a kernel of similar size and capabilities is a standard part of manycomputer science degrees.[2][3][4] These claims have been seriously questioned, including by many of those quoted in support, such asAndrew S. Tanenbaum, author of Minix;Dennis Ritchie, one of the creators of Unix; andRichard Stallman, leader of the GNU project. Others have said that quotes attributed as being from an "interview with AdTI" were in fact from prerelease papers (Ilkka Tuomi) or frommessage board posts (Charles Mills, Henry Jones).Alexey Toptygin said he had been commissioned by Brown to find similarities between Minix and Linux 0.01 source code, and found no support for the theory that Minix source code had been used to create Linux;[5] this study is not mentioned in the book.
It cited a number of arguments for the claim, including an email from Tanenbaum saying MINIX "was the base" Torvalds used to create Linux. Tanenbaum later published a refutation of the book's interpretation, wherein he recounted an interview with Ken Brown while the latter was researching the book, during which Tanenbaum had emphatically stated his belief that Torvalds wrote Linux single-handedly and provided examples of other people or small teams who had performed similar feats in the past.[6]
The AdTI was preparing a new study in November 2004, tentatively titledIntellectual Property Left, to argue that "the IT industry sector's reluctance to pursue rampant IP infringement against public domain software developers and users is going to precipitate billions of dollars in balance sheet downgrades by Wall Street."[7]The later papers stand in contrast to the Institution's 2000 paper,The Market Place Should Rule on Technology, which discusses Linux as a direct competitor toMicrosoft Windows.
The AdTI produced a number of papers on education policy.[which?]
When theB-2 bomber program was threatened in 1995, the AdTI organised a letter to President Bill Clinton signed by seven formerPentagon chiefs:Dick Cheney,Caspar Weinberger,Frank Carlucci,Harold Brown,James Schlesinger,Donald Rumsfeld andMelvin Laird.[8]
The AdTI publishedNewt Gingrich's 2003 book,Saving Lives & Saving Money: Transforming Health and Healthcare.[9]
AdTI was a member organization of theCooler Heads Coalition which asserts that "the science of global warming is uncertain" and is focused on "dispelling the myths of global warming by exposing flawed economic, scientific, and risk analysis".[10]
Microsoft had been one of the Institution's backers for five years, although a Microsoft spokesman said they had not funded any specific research.[11][12]
I said that to the best of my knowledge, Linus wrote the whole kernel himself, but after it was released, other people began improving the kernel, which was very primitive initially, and adding new software to the system – essentially the same development model as MINIX. [...] By the time Linus started, five people or small teams had independently implemented the UNIX kernel or something approximating it, namely, Thompson, Coherent, Holt, Comer, and me. All of this was perfectly legal and nobody stole anything. Given this history, it is pretty hard to make a case that one person can't implement a system of the complexity of Linux, whose original size was about the same as V1.0 of MINIX.
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