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Alexander IV of Macedon

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King of Macedonia from 323/2 to 309 BC

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Alexander IV

Megas Basileus

King of Macedonia

Reign

323–309 BC

Predecessor

Philip III

Successor

Cassander

Pharaoh of Egypt

Reign

323–309 BC

Predecessor

Philip III

Successor

Ptolemy I

Royal titulary

Horus name

Hunu weser pehty^[1]
The youthful one, powerful of strength^[1]

Nebty name

Mery netjeru, redi en.ef iaut en it.ef^[1]
Beloved of the gods, to whom the office of his father was given^[1]

Golden Horus

Heqa nakht em ta (er)-djer-ef^[1]
Victorious ruler in the entire land^[1]

Praenomen

Haa ib re, setep en imen^[1]
Who (continually) rejoices over the mind Re, chosen by Amun^[1]
Ra makes the heart rejoice, elected by Amun

^[2]

Nomen

Aleksindres^[1]
Alexandros^[1]

King of Persia as Alexander II

Reign

323–309 BC

Predecessor

Philip III

Successor

Seleucus I

Born

August 323 BC
Babylon

Died

Late summer 309 BC (aged 14)
Macedon

Dynasty

Argead

Father

Alexander III of Macedon

Mother

Roxana of Bactria

Religion

Ancient Greek religion

Alexander IV (Greek:Ἀλέξανδρος; August 323 BC – Late summer 309 BC), sometimes erroneously calledAegus in modern times,^[3] was the younger son ofAlexander the Great (Alexander III ofMacedon) by his wifeRoxana ofBactria, bornafter his father's death. As his father's only surviving legitimate child, Alexander IV inherited the throne of the Macedonian Empire after him, however he was murdered in his early teens, never wielding actual power.

Birth

[edit]

Alexander IV was the son ofAlexander the Great (aMacedonian Greek) and Alexander's wifeRoxana (aSogdian).^[4]^[5]^[6] He had an older full brother who died in infancy in 326 BC,^[7] as well a half brother namedHeracles who was the result of an informal mating between Alexander the Great andBarsine.^[8] Heracles's illegitimacy made Alexander IV the primary successor of his father, despite the fact he was younger.

Because Roxana was pregnant when Alexander the Great died on 11 June 323 BC and the sex of the baby was unknown, there was dissension in theMacedonian army regarding the order of succession. While theinfantry supported Alexander the Great's half-brotherPhilip III (who had some unknown cognitive disability present throughout his life^[9]), thechiliarch Perdiccas, commander of the eliteCompanion cavalry, persuaded them to wait in the hope that Roxana's child would be male. The factions compromised, deciding that Perdiccas would rule the Empire asregent while Philip would reign, but only as afigurehead with no real power. If the child was male, then he would be king. Alexander IV was born in late 323 BC.

Regents

[edit]

After a severe regency, military failure inEgypt, and mutiny in the army, Perdiccas was assassinated byhis senior officers in May or June 321 or 320 BC (problems with Diodorus's chronology have made the year uncertain^[10]), after whichAntipater was named as the new regent at thePartition of Triparadisus. He brought with him Roxana and the two kings to Macedon and gave up the pretence of ruling Alexander's Empire, leaving former provinces in Egypt and Asia under the control of thesatraps. When Antipater died in 319 BC he leftPolyperchon, a Macedonian general who had served under Philip II and Alexander the Great, as his successor, passing over his own son,Cassander.

Civil war

[edit]

Cassander allied himself withPtolemy Soter,Antigonus andEurydice, the ambitious wife of king Philip Arrhidaeus, and declared war upon the regency. Polyperchon was allied withEumenes andOlympias.

Although Polyperchon was successful at first, taking control of the Greek cities, his fleet was destroyed by Antigonus in 318 BC. When, after the battle, Cassander assumed full control of Macedon, Polyperchon was forced to flee toEpirus, followed by Roxana and the young Alexander. A few months later, Olympias was able to persuade her relativeAeacides of Epirus to invade Macedon with Polyperchon. When Olympias took the field, Eurydice's army refused to fight against the mother of Alexander and defected to Olympias, after which Polyperchon and Aeacides retook Macedon. Philip and Eurydice were captured and executed on December 25, 317 BC, leaving Alexander IV king, and Olympias in effective control, as she was his regent.

Cassander returned in the following year (316 BC), conquering Macedon once again. Olympias was immediately executed, while the king and his mother were taken prisoner and held in the citadel ofAmphipolis^[8] under the supervision ofGlaucias. When the general peace between Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy, andLysimachus put an end to theThird Diadoch War in 311 BC, the peace treaty recognized Alexander IV's rights and explicitly stated that when he came of age he would succeed Cassander as ruler.

Death

[edit]

Tomb III inVergina, which probably belonged to Alexander IV

Following the treaty, defenders of theArgead dynasty began to declare that Alexander IV should now exercise full power and that a regent was no longer needed, since he had almost reached the significant age of 14, the age at which a Macedonian noble could become a court page.Cassander's response was definitive: to secure his rule, in 309 BC he commandedGlaucias to secretly assassinate the 14-year-old Alexander IV and his mother. The orders were carried out, and they were both poisoned. There is controversy about the exact year of Alexander IV's death because of conflicting sources, but the consensus of ancient Macedonian scholarsN.G.L. Hammond andF.W. Walbank inA History of Macedonia Vol. 3 was that Alexander was killed late in the summer of 309 BC, shortly after his alleged half-brotherHeracles. However, classical historianPeter Green contends that Heracles was killed after Alexander IV's assassination.^[11]

One of the royal tombs discovered by the archaeologistManolis Andronikos in the so-called "GreatTumulus" inVergina in 1977/8 is believed to belong to Alexander IV.^[12]

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jLeprohon (2013). Doxey, Denise M. (ed.).The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 176. Retrieved29 September 2022.
^Lepsius, Karl Richard (1849).Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien IV. pp. 1a.
^The error was caused by a modern misreading,ΑΙΓΟΥ forΑΛΛΟΥ, of the text ofPtolemy'sCanon of Kings. See e.g.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Alexander the Great s.v. Alexander 'Aegus'" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 549. andChugg, Andrew Michael (2007).The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the Great.Lulu. p. 42.ISBN 9780955679001. AtGoogle Books.
^Ahmed, S. Z. (2004),Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.
^Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008),Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87,ISBN 978-1-907200-02-1.
^Livius.org. "Roxane."Articles on Ancient History. Page last modified 17 August 2015. Retrieved on 29 August 2016.
^Loube, Heather (1995).The Metz Epitome: Alexander (July, 330 B.C. - July, 325 В.С.) A Commentary. Department of Classical Studies University of Ottawa. pp. 10-11 of Introduction.
^^a ^bAnson, Edward M. (2014-07-14).Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors. John Wiley & Sons. p. 116.ISBN 978-1-4443-3962-8.
^Habicht, Christian (1998).Hellēnistikē Athēna (1. ekdosē ed.). Ekdoseis Odysseas. p. 69.ISBN 960-210-310-8.
^Anson, Edward M (Summer 1986). "Diodorus and the Date of Triparadeisus".The American Journal of Philology.107 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press:208–217.doi:10.2307/294603.JSTOR 294603.
^Green, Peter. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age. p44, 2007 Ed.
^"Royal Tombs: Vergina". Macedonian Heritage. Archived fromthe original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved9 July 2013.

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toAlexander IV of Macedon.

Regnal titles
Alexander IV of Macedon Argead dynasty Born: 323 BC Died: 309 BC
Preceded by Philip III	King of Macedon 323–309 BC	Succeeded by Cassander
	King of Persia 323–309 BC	Succeeded by Seleucus I Nicator
	Pharaoh of Egypt 323–309 BC	Succeeded by Ptolemy I Soter
	King of Thrace 323–309 BC	Succeeded by Lysimachus
	King of Asia Minor 323–309 BC	Succeeded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus

v t e Kings of Macedon
Legendary	Caranus Coenus Tyrimmas	Vergina Sun
Argead dynasty	Perdiccas I Argaeus I Philip I Aeropus I Alcetas Amyntas I Alexander I Perdiccas II Archelaus Orestes Aeropus II Amyntas II Pausanias Amyntas III Argaeus II Alexander II Ptolemy of Aloros Perdiccas III Amyntas IV Philip II Alexander III (the Great) Philip III Alexander IV
Antipatrid dynasty	Cassander Philip IV Antipater I Alexander V
Dynastic conflict	Demetrius I Pyrrhus Lysimachus Ptolemy Ceraunus Meleager Antipater II Sosthenes Antigonus II Pyrrhus
Antigonid dynasty	Antigonus II Demetrius II Antigonus III Philip V Perseus
Post-Conquest Rebel Kings	Andriscus Pseudo-Alexander Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus Euephenes
Debatable or disputed rulers are initalics.

v t e Hellenistic rulers
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos withLaodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander withDynamis Mithridates II Asander withDynamis Scribonius's attempted rule withDynamis Dynamis withPolemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded byHellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami I Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini Iuput II of Leontopolis Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis Nimlot I of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat of Hermopolis Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III