Aleksandr[a] Gelyevich Dugin (Russian:Александр Гельевич Дугин; born 7 January 1962) is a Russianfar-right political philosopher.[3][4] He is the leading theorist of Russianneo-Eurasianism.
Dugin is a strong supporter of Russian presidentVladimir Putin.[7] Although he has no official ties to the Kremlin,[15] he is often referred to in foreign media as "Putin's brain";[16] others say that his influence has been greatly exaggerated.[17][18][19][20] Dugin vocally supported the 2014Russian annexation of Crimea and the 2022invasion of Ukraine.[b] His daughter,Darya, was assassinated in a car bombing in 2022.[21] The assassination is widely believed to have been conducted by Ukraine,[22][23] though the exact relation of the assassins to the Ukrainian government is undetermined.
Early life and education
Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin was born on 7 January 1962, in Moscow, into the family of a colonel-general in theGRU, a Soviet military intelligence agency, andcandidate of law, Geliy Aleksandrovich Dugin, and his wife Galina, a doctor and candidate of medicine.[24] His father left the family when he was three, but ensured that they had a good standard of living, and helped Dugin out of trouble with the authorities on occasion.[25] He was transferred to the customs service due to his son's behaviour in 1983.[26]
In 1979, Aleksandr entered theMoscow Aviation Institute. He was expelled without a degree either because of low academic achievement, dissident activities or both.[27] Afterwards, he began working as a street cleaner. He used a forged reader's card to access theLenin Library and continue studying. However, other sources claim he instead started working in aKGB archive, where he had access to banned literature on Masonry, fascism, and paganism.[28]
In 1980, Dugin joined the "Yuzhinsky circle [ru]", an avant-garde dissident group which dabbled inSatanism,esoteric Nazism and other forms of theoccult.[29] The Yuzhinsky circle gained a reputation for Satanism, for séances, a devotion to all things esoteric – mysticism, hypnotism, Ouija boards, Sufism, trances, pentagrams and so forth.[30][31] In the group, he was known for his embrace ofNazism which he attributes to a rebellion against his Soviet upbringing, as opposed to genuine sympathy forHitler.[32] He adopted analter ego with the name of "Hans Sievers", a reference toWolfram Sievers, a Nazi researcher of theparanormal.[33] Under the pseudonym, transcribed as Hans Zievers in Cyrillic, he recorded a musical album in 1981-1984.[34]
Studying by himself, he learned to speak Italian, German, French, English,[35] and Spanish.[36] He was influenced byRené Guénon and by theTraditionalist School. In the Lenin Library, he discovered the writings ofJulius Evola, whose bookPagan Imperialism he translated into Russian.[37][38]
Dugin publishedFoundations of Geopolitics in 1997. The book was published in multiple editions, and is used in university courses on geopolitics,[28] reportedly including theAcademy of the General Staff of the Russian military.[42] It alarmed political scientists in the US,[43] and is sometimes referenced by them as being "Russia'sManifest Destiny".[44] In 1997, his article, "Fascism – Borderless and Red", described "national capitalism" as pre-empting the development of a "genuine, true, radically revolutionary and consistent, fascist fascism" in Russia. He believes that it was "by no means the racist and chauvinist aspects ofNational Socialism that determined the nature of its ideology. The excesses of this ideology in Germany are a matter exclusively of the Germans... while Russian fascism is a combination of natural national conservatism with a passionate desire for true changes."[45] The "Waffen-SS and especially the scientific sector of this organization,Ahnenerbe," was "an intellectual oasis in the framework of the National Socialist regime", according to him.[45]
Dugin soon began publishing his own journal entitledElementy, which initially began by praising Franco-BelgianJean-François Thiriart, belatedly a supporter of a "Euro-Soviet empire which would stretch fromDublin toVladivostok and would also need to expand to the south, since it require(s) a port on the Indian Ocean."[46] Consistently glorifying bothTsarist andStalinist Soviet Russia,Elementy also indicated his admiration forJulius Evola. Dugin also collaborated with the weekly journalDen (The Day), previously directed byAlexander Prokhanov.[41] In the journal he obtained the last interview of the BelgianNazi collaboratorLeon Degrelle six months before his death.[47]
Ideology
Dugin disapproves of liberalism and the West, particularlyUS hegemony.[12] He asserts: "We are on the side ofStalin and theSoviet Union".[48] He describes himself as being a conservative: "We, conservatives, want a strong, solid state, want order and healthy family, positive values, the reinforcing of the importance of religion and the Church in society". He adds: "We want patriotic radio, TV, patriotic experts, patriotic clubs. We want the media that expresses national interests".[49]
Dugin adaptsMartin Heidegger's notion ofDasein (Existence) and transforms it into a geo–philosophical concept.[51] According to Dugin, the forces of liberal andcapitalistWestern civilization represent what theancient Greeks calledὕβρις (hubris), "the essential form of titanism" (the anti-ideal form), which opposes Heaven ("the ideal form—in terms of space, time, being"). In other words, the West would summarize "the revolt of the Earth against Heaven". To what he calls the West's "atomizing"universalism, Dugin contrasts anapophatic universalism, expressed in the political idea of "empire".[51] Values of democracy, human rights and individualism are considered by him not to be universal but uniquely Western.[52]
In 2019, Dugin engaged in a debate with French intellectualBernard-Henri Lévy on the theme of what has been called "the crisis of capitalism" and the insurrection of nationalist populisms.[53]
Dugin spent two years studying the geopolitical, semiotic and esoteric theories of the controversial Dutch thinkerHerman Wirth (1885–1981), one of the founders of the GermanAhnenerbe. This resulted in the bookHyperborean Theory (1993), in which Dugin largely endorsed Wirth's ideas as a possible foundation for hisEurasianism.[62] Apparently, this is "one of the most extensive summaries and treatments of Wirth in any language".[63] According to the Moldovan anthropologist Leonid Mosionjnik, Wirth's overtly wild ideas fitted perfectly well in the ideological void after the demise of communism, liberalism and democracy.[64] Dugin also promoted Wirth's claim to have written a book on the history of the Jewish People and the Old Testament, the so-calledPalestinabuch, which could have changed the world had it not been stolen.[65]
At the end of theSecond Chechen War, Dugin was apparently requested by the Chechen side to come and negotiate, in addition he has met with the former president of KazakhstanNursultan Nazarbayev, and the ambassadors of Iran and Syria.[66]
Dugin's ideas, particularly those on "aTurkic–Slavic alliance in the Eurasian sphere", have begun to receive attention among certain nationalistic circles in Turkey, most notably among alleged members of theErgenekon network, which is the subject of a high-profile trial (on charges of conspiracy).[citation needed] Dugin's Eurasianist ideology has also been linked to his adherence to the doctrines of theTraditionalist School. (Dugin's Traditionalist beliefs are the subject of a book length study by J. Heiser,The American Empire Should Be Destroyed—Aleksandr Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology.[67]) Dugin also advocates for a Russo-Arab alliance.[68]
In principle, Eurasia and our space, the heartland Russia, remain the staging area of a new anti-bourgeois,anti-American revolution... The newEurasian empire will be constructed on the fundamental principle of the common enemy: the rejection ofAtlanticism, strategic control of the USA, and the refusal to allow liberal values to dominate us. This common civilizational impulse will be the basis of a political and strategic union.
The reborn Russia, according to Dugin's concept, is said by Charles Clover of theFinancial Times to be a slightly remade version of the Soviet Union with echoes ofNineteen Eighty-Four byGeorge Orwell, whereEurasia was one of three continent-sized super states includingEastasia andOceania as the other two and was participating in endless war between them.[39] In the Eurasian public discourse sphere, the totalitarian communist policy deployed in over three decades of works by various international groups that are part of the movement, is "a version of reintegration of the post-Soviet space into a 'Eurasian' sphere of influence for Russia".[69] The North American program "works with a wide range of partners from all sectors of civil society" and "is advanced through grant making, advocacy and research, regional initiatives, and close engagement".[70]
The Kremlin invited Dugin to speak at itsAnti-Orange Rally in Moscow in February 2012. There, Dugin addressed tens of thousands with this message:[71]
Dear Russian people! The global American empire strives to bring all countries of the world together under its control. They intervene where they want, asking no one's permission. They come in through the fifth column, which they think will allow them to take over natural resources and rule over countries, people, and continents. They have invaded Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya. Syria and Iran are on the agenda. But their goal is Russia. We are the last obstacle on their way to building a global evil empire. Their agents at Bolotnaya Square and within the government are doing everything to weaken Russia and allow them to bring us under total external control. To resist this most serious threat, we must be united and mobilized! We must remember that we are Russian! That for thousands of years we protected our freedom and independence. We have spilled seas of blood, our own and other people's, to make Russia great. And Russia will be great! Otherwise it will not exist at all. Russia is everything! All else is nothing![71]
Dugin's Eurasianism is often cited as belonging to the same spectrum of these movements,[74] as well as also having influences fromHermetic,Gnostic andEastern traditions.[75] He calls to rely upon "Eastern theology and mystical currents" for the development of theFourth Political Theory.[76]
According toMarlene Laruelle, Dugin's adherence to the Old Believers allows him to stand between Paganism and Orthodox Christianity without formally adopting either of them. His choice is not paradoxical, since, according to him—in the wake ofRené Guénon—Russian Orthodoxy and especially the Old Believers have preserved anesoteric and initiatory character which was utterly lost in Western Christianity. As such, the Russian Orthodox tradition may be merged withNeopaganism and may host "Neopaganism's nationalist force, which anchors it in the Russian soil, and separates it from the two other Christian confessions".[72]
Other views
InFoundations of Geopolitics, Dugin advocated for the dismantling of thePeople's Republic of China, withXinjiang,Tibet,Inner Mongolia, andManchuria becomingbuffer states.[43] After the loss of leadership in Russia,Zhang Weiwei, director of the China Institute ofFudan University, invited Dugin for lectures, which caused a shift in Dugin's attitude towards China. Originally advocating "territorial disintegration, division, and political and administrative partition" of China, Dugin has since supported China's "Tianxia" and believes that a Russian-Chinese alliance would help counter Atlanticism. Dugin has been appointed as a senior fellow at Fudan University, and Chinese public opinion considers Dugin to be the most important thinker around Putin.[77][78]
Dugin wrote a 1997 essay in which he described Soviet-era serial killerAndrei Chikatilo as a mystic and "a practitioner of Dionysian "sacraments" in which the killer/torturer and the victim transcend their "metaphysical dualism" and become one".[79]
Political parties
National Bolshevik Party
In 1992, Eduard Limonov founded the National Bolshevik Party as an amalgamation of six minor groups.[80] Aleksandr Dugin was among its earliest members and was instrumental in convincing Limonov to enter politics, and signed the declaration of the founding of the party in 1993.[81] The party first attracted attention in 1992 when two members were arrested for possessinggrenades. The incident gave the NBP publicity for a boycott campaign they were organizing against Western goods.[82]
The NBP joined forces with theNational Salvation Front (a broad coalition of Russiancommunists andnationalists).[83] In 1998, Dugin left the NBP as a result of a conflict with other members of the party.[84] This led to the party moving further left in Russia's political spectrum, and led to members of the party denouncing Dugin and his group as fascists.[85]
Eurasia Party
Dugin (left) at the International Conference "New Horizon" in May 2018 inMashhad,Iran
TheEurasia Party, which advancesneo-Eurasianist ideas, was launched in April 2001. Dugin was reported as the group's founder. He said the movement would stress cultural diversity in Russian politics, and oppose "American style globalisation, and would also resist a return to communism and nationalism." It was officially recognized by theMinistry of Justice on 31 May 2001.[41] The Eurasia Party claims support in some military circles and by leaders of theOrthodox Christian faith in Russia. The party hopes to play a key role in attempts to resolve theChechen problem, setting the stage for Dugin's objective of a Russian strategic alliance with European and Middle Eastern states, primarily Iran.
"It is impossible to do without the mobilization of the Russian people, without explaining to them its historical mission, without awakening its deepest beginning, without these words "brothers and sisters". Get up,Russian people, wake up, you are called to accomplish great deeds... All your ancestors, all generations were moving towards this moment, towards this clash with our ontological enemy... We are fighting absolute Evil, embodied inWestern civilization, itsliberal-totalitarian hegemony, inUkrainian Nazism. We were created for this mission. That's what is needed now - a call is needed."
Dugin supportsRussian presidentVladimir Putin and his foreign policies but has opposed the Russian government's economic policies. He stated in 2007: "There are no more opponents of Putin's course and, if there are, they are mentally ill and need to be sent off for clinical examination. Putin is everywhere, Putin is everything, Putin is absolute, and Putin is indispensable". It was voted number two in flattery by readers ofKommersant.[88][clarification needed]
Inthe Kremlin, Dugin represents the "war party", a division within the leadership over Ukraine.[89] Dugin is an author of Putin's initiative for theannexation of Crimea by Russia.[90] He considered the war between Russia and Ukraine to be inevitable and appealed for Putin to intervene in thewar in Donbas.[90] Dugin said: "The Russian Renaissance can only stop at Kyiv."[91]
During thewar in Donbas, Dugin was in regular contact with pro-Russian separatist insurgents.[92] He described his position as "unconditionally pro-DPR and pro-LPR".[93] ASkype video call posted on YouTube showed Dugin providing instructions to separatists of South and Eastern Ukraine as well as advisingEkaterina Gubareva, whose husbandPavel Gubarev declared himself theDonetsk Region governor and after that was arrested by theSecurity Service of Ukraine.[86]
On 31 March 2014, Oleg Bahtiyarov, a member of the Eurasia Youth Union of Russia founded by Dugin, was arrested.[86] He had trained a group of about 200 people to seize parliament and another government building, according to theSecurity Service of Ukraine.[86]
Dugin stated he was disappointed in President Putin, saying that Putin did not aid the pro-Russian insurgents in Ukraine after theUkrainian Army's early July 2014 offensive.[92] In August 2014, Dugin called for an eradication of Ukrainian identity.[94]
Halya Coynash of theKharkiv Human Rights Protection Group said that the influence of Dugin's "Eurasian ideology" on events in eastern Ukraine and on Russia's invasion of the Crimea was beyond any doubt.[95] According to Vincent Jauvert, Dugin's radical ideology became the basis for the internal and foreign policy of the Russian authorities.[96] "So Dugin is worth listening to, in order to understand to which fate the Kremlin is leading its country and the whole of Europe."[96]
Beforewar broke out between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Dugin visitedSouth Ossetia and predicted: "Our troops will occupy the Georgian capital Tbilisi, the entire country, and perhaps even Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula, which is historically part of Russia, anyway."[100] Afterwards he said Russia should "not stop at liberating South Ossetia but should move further," and "we have to do something similar in Ukraine."[101] In 2008, Dugin stated that Russia should repeat the Georgian scenario in Ukraine, namely attack it.[102] In September 2008, after the Russian-Georgian war, he did not hide his anger towards Putin, who "dared not drop the other shoe" and "restore the Empire."[96]
On 10 October 2014, Dugin said, "Only after restoring the Greater Russia that is theEurasian Union, we can become a credible global player. Now these processes slowed down very much. TheUkrainian maidan was the response of the West to the advance of the Russian integration."[103] He described theEuromaidan as a coup d'état carried out by the United States: "America wishes to wage the war against Russia not by its own hands but by the hands of the Ukrainians. Promising to wink at up to 10 thousand victims among the peaceful population of Ukraine and actually demanding the victims, the United States led to this war. The United States carried out the coup d'état during the maidan for the purpose of this war. The United States raisedneo-NazisRussophobes to the power for the purpose of this war."[104]
Dugin said Russia is the major driving force for the current events in Ukraine: "Russia insists on its sovereignty, its liberty, responds to challenges thrown down to it, for example, in Ukraine. Russia is attempting to integrate the post-Soviet space."[103] As Israeli political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachov states, "If one seriously takes the fact that such a person as Alexander Dugin is the ideologist of the imperial dash for the West, then one can establish that Russia is not going to stop as far as the Atlantic Ocean."[105]
In the 2014 article byDmitry Bykov "Why TV, Alexander Dugin and Galina Pyshnyakcrucified a boy",Channel One Russia's use of the aired story by Dugin and Pyshnyak about the allegedly crucified boy as a pretext for escalating the conflict was compared to the case ofBeilis.[106] On 9 July 2014, Dugin on his Facebook account wrote a story that a 6-year-old child was allegedly nailed down to an advertisement board and shot to death before his father's eyes.[107]
On 16 July 2014,Novaya Gazeta provided a videotape of its correspondent Eugen Feldman walking along the main square inSloviansk, asking local old women if they had heard of the murder of the child. They said such an event did not take place.[107] The websiteChange.org hosted a petition of citizens who demanded "a comprehensive investigation with identification for all persons involved in the fabrication of the plot."[107]
On 2 October 2014, Dugin described the situation in Donbas: "Thehumanitarian crisis has long since been raging on the territory ofNovorossiya. Already up to a million, if not more, refugees are in the Russian Federation. A large part of the inhabitants of theDPR and theLPR simply moved abroad."[108] In the end of October 2014, Dugin advised the separatists to establish dictatorship in Novorossiya until they win in the confrontation.[109]
Influence on Putin
Dugin in 2020
Dugin's influence on the Russian government and on presidentVladimir Putin is disputed.[7] He has no official ties to the Kremlin,[15] but is often referred to in the media as "Putin's brain",[16] and as being responsible for shapingRussian foreign policy.[90][110][111][112] Others contend that Dugin's influence is limited and has been greatly exaggerated,[19][18][17] on the basis that the correlations between his views and Russian foreign policy do not imply causation.[20]
In 2016, international relations professor Peter Rutland wrote a review of a book by Charles Clover, theFinancial Times's Moscow correspondent. Rutland wrote:
"Clover makes it clear that Dugin does not have any sort of direct influence over Putin. Rather what is happening is that Dugin expressed, early on, the zeitgeist of post-Soviet Russia, identifying the forces of disorientation and ressentiment that fueled Putin's subsequent actions."[113]
Mark Galeotti, writing in 2022 forThe Spectator, argued that Western commentators tend to overstate the importance of Dugin in Russian politics, sometimes even describing him as a newRasputin. He argued that Dugin's influence on the politics since 2016 was negligible, but that he tried to present himself as an influential person.[114]
In November 2022, the Latvia-based newspaperMeduza reported that, according to sources close to the Kremlin, Dugin's influence on Putin had grown after the killing of his daughterDaria Dugina. According toMeduza's interlocutors, the Western media had often exaggerated Dugin's political influence in the past, but after the murder of Dugina, Putin had allegedly started to take a serious interest in his ideas and to use one of his favourite terms ("Anglo-Saxon") in a public speech.[115]
Dugin openly criticized Putin for failing to defend "Russian cities" such asKherson, which wasliberated from Russian control on 11 November 2022.[116][117]
Relationships with radical groups in other countries
Dugin made contact with the French far-right thinkerAlain de Benoist in 1990.[118][27] Around the same time he also met the BelgianJean-François Thiriart andYves Lacoste.[119] In 1992 he invited some of the European far-right figures he had met into Russia.[120] He also brought members ofJobbik andGolden Dawn to Russia to strengthen their ties to the country.[66]
According to the bookWar for Eternity byBenjamin R. Teitelbaum, Dugin metSteve Bannon in Rome in 2018 to discuss Heidegger, Traditionalist esotericism, and a series of geopolitical matters which Bannon disagreed with him, wherein Bannon pressed him to abandon his support for China, Turkey, and Iran.[121] Dugin also developed links with far-right and far-left political parties in the European Union, includingSyriza in Greece,Ataka in Bulgaria, theFreedom Party of Austria, andFront National in France, to influence EU policy on Ukraine and Russia.[94][122][123][124] Dugin is also closely aligned with Israeli journalistAvigdor Eskin, who previously served on the board of Dugin's Eurasia Party.[125]
Support for Donald Trump
Dugin celebrated Trump's re-election, stating that "'Putinism' has triumphed in the United States" and advocating for Russian victory in theRusso-Ukrainian War. He also said that "One of the ideologues ofTrumpism,Curtis Yarvin, has declared that it's time to establish a monarchy in the United States. If Republicans gain a majority in both houses, what could stop them?"[126]
Fifth column
The typical rhetoric about thefifth column asforeign agents is used by Dugin for political accusations in many publications. In his 2014 interview published byVzglyad andKomsomolskaya Pravda, he says, "A huge struggle is being conducted. And, of course, Europe has its own fifth column, its ownBolotnaya Square-minded people. And if we have them sitting idly and doing nasty things onTV Rain, Europe is indeed dominated and ruled by the fifth column in full swing. This is the same American riffraff."[127][128]
He sees the United States standing behind all the scenes, including the Russian fifth column. According to his statement, "The danger of our fifth column is not that they are strong, they are absolutely paltry, but that they are hired by the greatest 'godfather' of the modern world—by the United States. That is why they are effective, they work, they are listened to, they get away with anything because they have the world power standing behind them."[127][128] He sees the US embassy as the center for funding and guiding the fifth column and asserts, "We know that the fifth column receives money and instructions from the American embassy."[108]
Dugin proposes to deprive the fifth column of Russian citizenship and deport the group from Russia: "I believe it is necessary to deport the fifth column and deprive them of their citizenship."[131] However, in 2007, Dugin argued, "There are no longer opponents of Putin's policy, and if there are, they are mentally ill and should be sent to prophylactic health examination."[132][133] In 2014, Dugin in an interview toDer Spiegel confirmed that he considers the opponents of Putin to be mentally ill.[40]
In one of his publications, Dugin introduced the termthe sixth column and defined it as "the fifth column which just pretends to be something different",[129] those who are in favor of Putin, but demand that he stand for liberal values (as opposed to the liberal fifth column, which is specifically against Putin). During the2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Dugin said that all the Russian sixth column stood up staunchly for Ukrainian oligarchRinat Akhmetov.[91] As he asserts, "We need to struggle against the fifth and sixth columns."[103]
Russian-American artistMihail Chemiakin says Dugin is inventing "the sixth column". "Soon, probably, there would already be the seventh one as well. 'The fifth column' is understandable. That is we, intelligentsia, lousy, dirty, who readCamus. And 'the sixth column', in his opinion, is more dangerous, because that is the personal entourage of Vladimir Putin. But he is naïve and understands nothing. And as for Dugin, he can tell him who to shoot to death and who to imprison. MaybeKudrin, and maybeMedvedev..."[134]
According to Dugin, the whole Internet should be banned: "I think that Internet as such, as a phenomenon is worth prohibiting because it gives nobody anything good."[135] In June 2012, Dugin said in a lecture that chemistry and physics are demonic sciences, and that all Orthodox Russians need to unite around the president of Russia in the last battle between good and evil, following the example of Iran and North Korea.[136] He added: "If we want to liberate ourselves from the West, it is needed to liberate ourselves from textbooks on physics and chemistry."[136]
In June 2014, Dugin characterized his position on theRusso-Ukrainian war as "firm opposition to the Junta and Ukrainian Nazism that are annihilating peaceful civilians" as well as rejection of liberalism and US hegemony.[93]
Loss of departmental headship
In 2008 Dugin established a Center for Conservative Studies at theMoscow State University. The Center focused on counter-Enlightenment and conservative ideas of authors such asGuénon,Evola,Schmitt andHeidegger, and on their application to Russian politics.[27] In 2014 Dugin lost that academic position due to the controversy following an interview where he commented on thedeath of 42 anti-Maidan activists in Odesa saying "But what we see on May 2nd is beyond any limits. Kill them, kill them, kill them. There should not be any more conversations. As a professor, I consider it so". Media outlets interpreted this as a call to kill Ukrainians.[92][137][138] A petition entitled "We demand the dismissal of MSU Faculty of Sociology Professor A. G. Dugin!" was signed by over 10,000 people and sent to the MSU rectorViktor Sadovnichiy.[139][137]
Dugin claimed to have been fired from this post. The university claimed the offer of the position of the department head resulted from a technical error and was therefore cancelled, and that he would remain a professor and deputy department head under contract until September 2014.[92] Dugin wrote the statement of resignation from thefaculty staff to be reappointed to the Moscow State University staff due to the offered position of department head, but since the appointment was cancelled he was no longer a staff member of the faculty nor a staff member of the Moscow State University (the two staff memberships are formally different at the MSU).[12]
Dugin's first wife wasEvgenia Debryanskaya, a Russian activist. They have a son, Artur Dugin, whom they named in honor ofArthur Rimbaud.[79] Dugin had a daughter,Darya Dugina, with his second wife, philosopher Natalya Melentyeva.[141] On 20 August 2022, Darya Duginawas killed in acar bombing when the car she was driving exploded nearBolshiye Vyazemy, a suburb of Moscow.[142][143] It is unclear whether she was targeted deliberately, or whether her father, who had been expected to travel with her, but switched to another car at the last minute, was the intended target.[143]
On 3 March 2022, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned the outletGeopolitika [ru] due to its alleged control by Dugin. Additionally, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Dugin's daughterDarya on the basis of her work as chief editor of the website United World International (UWI). According to the United States Department of the Treasury, UWI was developed as part ofProject Lakhta, owned byYevgeny Prigozhin, who is held responsible for part of theRussian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[146][147]
In January 2023, both Japan and Ukraine imposed sanctions on Dugin for promoting Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[148][149]
Bibliography
Several of Dugin's books have been published by the publishing houseArktos, an English-language publisher for traditionalist and alt-right books, which also published works by other fascists and neo-Nazis.[150][151][152]
The Trump Revolution, Arktos (2025)
Talking to the Wolf: The Alexander Dugin Interviews, Arktos (2023)
Templars of the Proletariat, Arktos (2023)
The Great Awakening vs the Great Reset, Arktos (2021)
Political Platonism, Arktos (2019)
Ethnos and Society, Arktos (2018)
Konflikte der Zukunft – Die Rückkehr der Geopolitik, Bonus (2015)
^Lukic, Rénéo; Brint, Michael, eds. (2001).Culture, politics, and nationalism in the age of globalization. Ashgate. p. 103.ISBN9780754614364. Retrieved12 October 2015.Dugin defines 'thalassocracy' as 'power exercised thanks to the sea,' opposed to 'tellurocracy' or 'power exercised thanks to the land'... The 'thalassocracy' here is the United States and its allies; the 'tellurocracy' is Eurasia.
In a 1999 interview for the Polish magazineFronda, Dugin explains: "InRussian Orthodox christianity a person is a part of the Church, part of the collective organism, just like a leg. So how can a person be responsible for himself? Can a leg be responsible for itself? Here is where the idea of state, total state originates from. Also because of this, Russians, since they are Orthodox, can be the true fascists, unlike artificial Italian fascists: of Gentile type or their Hegelians. The trueHegelianism is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented theoprichnina forIvan the Terrible. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing."
"Czekam na Iwana Groźnego" [I'm waiting for Ivan the Terrible].11/12 (in Polish). Fronda. 1999. p. 133. Retrieved23 February 2015.
Rascoe, Ayesha (27 March 2022)."Russian intellectual Aleksandr Dugin is also commonly known as 'Putin's brain'".NPR News. Retrieved21 August 2022.Dugin is a good old-fashioned mystical fascist of the sort that kind of flourished after World War I, when many people in Europe felt lost, felt like the Old World had failed, and were searching around for explanations. And a certain set of them decided the problem was all of modern thinking, the idea of freedom, the idea of individual rights. And in Dugin's case, he felt that the Russian Orthodox Church was destined to rule as an empire over all of Europe and Asia. And eventually, in a big book in 1997, he laid out the road map for accomplishing that. He's continued to be intimately involved in the Russian military, Russian intelligence services and Putin's inner circle.
Dunlop, John B. (31 January 2004)."Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics".The Europe Center, Stanford University. Retrieved13 May 2022.By summer 2001, Aleksandr Dugin, a neo-fascist ideologue, had managed to approach the center of power in Moscow, having formed close ties with elements in the presidential administration, the secret services, the Russian military, and the leadership of the state Duma.
^abLaruelle, Marlène (2015).Eurasianism and the European Far Right : Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship. Lanham. p. 59.ISBN9781498510691.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Доктор Дугин (in Russian). Литературная Россия. Archived fromthe original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved18 March 2012.
^Clover, Charles (26 April 2016).Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press. pp. 234–235.ISBN978-0-300-22394-1.Dugin, who left Alexander's mother when his son was three. While Dugin had very little contact with the man after that, it does appear that his father loomed large in his life. Dugin has been vague in various interviews about his father's profession. He told me and others that Geli was a general in military intelligence (the GRU). But when pressed, he admitted he didn't actually know for a fact what he did. 'At the end of his life he worked for the customs police, but where he worked before that – he did not tell me. That I do not really know.' Dugin's friends, however, are adamant that his father must have been someone of rank within the Soviet system. For starters, the family had the accoutrements of prestige – a nice dacha, relatives with nice dachas, and access to opportunities. According to Dugin's close friend and collaborator Gaidar Dzhemal, Geli Dugin had, on more than one occasion, intervened from a high-ranking position in the Soviet state to get his son out of trouble.
^Clover, Charles (26 April 2016).Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-22394-1.Dugin is very forthright about his early Nazi antics, which he says were more about his total rebellion against a stifling Soviet upbringing than any real sympathy for Hitler. Still, virtually everyone who remembers Dugin from his early years brings it up.
^Clover, Charles (26 April 2016).Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-22394-1.He adopted the nom de plume 'Hans Sievers', which added a hint of Teutonic severity to an already colourful and fairly camp militaristic–folklore style. The impression he created was, as his later collaborator Eduard Limonov described it, a 'picture of Oscar Wildean ambiguity'. Sievers was not just a stage name: it was a complete persona and alter ego. This was painstakingly composed of as many antisocial elements as its creator could find – a total and malevolent rebellion not just against the Soviet Union, but against convention and public taste as a whole: his namesake, Wolfram Sievers
^abcJohn Dunlop (January 2004)."Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics"(PDF).Demokratizatsiya.12 (1): 41. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 June 2016.'It is especially important,' Dugin adds, 'to introduce geopolitical disorder into internal American activity, encouraging all kinds of separatism and ethnic, social and racial conflicts, actively supporting all dissident movements—extremist, racist, and sectarian groups, thus destabilizing internal political processes in the U.S.'
^"Elogio di Bernard-Henri Levy, il filosofo engagé dei nostri tempi oscuri" [Praise to Bernard-Henri Levy, the committed philosopher of our dark times].Linkiesta (in Italian). 5 November 2019. Retrieved27 April 2020.A few weeks earlier, the confrontation with Aleksandr Dugin, Russian intellectual and theorist of the Euro-Asian empire.... Sometimes he [Lévy] stands as a witness, sometimes he thinks as an activist. Sometimes, and in certain periods more and more, he stands as a bulwark. Against Zemmour and for the Kurds. Against Dugin and for democracy.
^"Aleksander Dugin: Czekam na Iwana Groźnego" [Aleksander Dugin: I am waiting for Ivan the Terrible].Fronda (in Polish). 23 February 2015. p. 133. Retrieved27 April 2020.InRussian Orthodox christianity a person is a part of the Church, part of the collective organism, just like a leg. So how can a person be responsible for himself? Can a leg be responsible for itself? Here is where the idea of state, total state originates from. Also because of this, Russians, since they are Orthodox, can be the true fascists, unlike artificial Italian fascists: of Gentile type or their Hegelians. The trueHegelianism is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented theoprichnina forIvan the Terrible. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing.
^Highly critical of Dugin's enthousiasm for Wirth: Leonid A. Mosionjnik,Technology of the Historical Myth (Tekhnologiya istoricheskogo mifa), Saint Petersburg 2012, p. 95–102 et passim (here for download).
^James D. Heiser (May 2014).The American Empire Should Be Destroyed: Alexander Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology. Repristination Press.ISBN978-1891469435.
^Aleksandr Dugin.The Fourth Political Theory. Arktos, 2012. p. 210.
^Huang, Yuxiang (May 2022)."杜金從仇中到親中的轉變" [Durgin's transformation from China-hating to China-friendly].Yazhou Zhoukan (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved29 May 2023.
^Yasmann, Victor (29 April 2005)."Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'".Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved15 November 2018.For this mobilization, the NBP used a bizarre mixture of totalitarian and fascist symbols, geopolitical dogma, leftist ideas, and national-patriotic demagoguery.
^Кто похвалит его лучше всех [Who will praise him better than the rest].Kommersant (in Russian). 2007. Retrieved24 March 2016. (Click the "Results" ("Результаты") button at the bottom of the page)
^Burbank, Jane (22 March 2022)."The Grand Theory Driving Putin to War".The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved23 March 2022.After unsuccessful interventions in post-Soviet party politics, Mr. Dugin focused on developing his influence where it counted – with the military and policymakers ... In Mr. Dugin's adjustment ofEurasianism to present conditions, Russia had a new opponent – no longer just Europe, but the whole of the 'Atlantic' world led by the United States. And his Eurasianism was not anti-imperial but the opposite: Russia had always been an empire, Russian people were 'imperial people', and after the crippling 1990s sellout to the 'eternal enemy', Russia could revive in the next phase of global combat and become a 'world empire'.
^Clover, Charles (26 April 2016).Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-22394-1.Before being introduced to Alexander Dugin in June 1990, the French writer Alain de Benoist had never really gone out of his way to meet Russians, and they had never really gone out of their way to meet him.
^Clover, Charles (26 April 2016).Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-22394-1.Another radical Dugin courted was Jean-François Thiriart, an eccentric Belgian optician, who was a proponent of National Bolshevism and a European empire stretching from Vladivostok to Dublin... Dugin also met Yves Lacoste, publisher of Hérodote, a journal devoted to geopolitics, who appears to have been an adviser to various French political figures.
^Clover, Charles (26 April 2016).Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-22394-1.Dugin travelled extensively in Europe. He spoke at a colloquium organized by de Benoist, and appeared on Spanish TV and at various conferences. In 1992 he would ultimately invite his new cohort of European far-rightists to Moscow, where they met some of Dugin's new patrons, who – they were surprised to realize – included quite a few military men.
.svg)
.svg)
