The island's area is 3 square miles (8 km2), making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands, and the second in theBailiwick only to itsnamesake. It is around 10 miles (16 km) to the west of theCap de la Hague on theCotentin Peninsula,Normandy, in France, 20 miles (32 km) to the northeast ofGuernsey and 60 miles (100 km) from the south coast ofGreat Britain. It is the closest of the Channel Islands both to France and to the United Kingdom. It is separated from the Cap de la Hague by the dangerousAlderney Race (French:Raz Blanchard).
As of March 2023, the island had a population of 2,167; natives are traditionally nicknamedvaques[5] after thecows, or elselapins[6] after the manyrabbits seen in the island. Formally, they are known asRidunians, from the LatinRiduna.
The onlyparish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne, which covers the whole island.
The main town,Saint Anne, historically known asLa Ville ('The Town'), is often referred to asSt Anne's by visitors and incomers, but rarely by locals (who, in normal conversation, still most frequently refer to the area centred on Victoria Street simply asTown). The town's "High Street", which formerly had a small handful of shops, is now almost entirely residential, forming a T-junction with Victoria Street at its highest point.
The town area features an imposing church and an unevenlycobbled main street: Victoria Street (Rue Grosnez, the English name being adopted on the visit ofQueen Victoria in 1854). There is one school (providing both primary and secondary education), a post office, hotels, restaurants, shops, and a bank. Other settlements includeBraye, Crabby,Longis, Mannez, La Banque, and Newtown.
Alderney shares its prehistory with the other islands in theBailiwick of Guernsey; it became an island in theNeolithic period as the waters of theEnglish Channel rose. Formerly rich indolmens, like the other Channel Islands, Alderney with its heritage ofmegaliths has suffered through the large-scale military constructions of the 19th century and also by the Germans during theWorld War II occupation, who left the remains at Les Pourciaux unrecognisable as dolmens. Acist survives nearFort Tourgis, and Longis Common has remains of anIron Age site. There are traces of Roman occupation[7] including a fort, built in the late 300s, at49°43′09″N2°10′36″W / 49.71917°N 2.17667°W /49.71917; -2.17667 above the island's only natural harbour.[8][9]
Theetymology of the island's name is obscure. It is known inLatin asRiduna but, as with the names of all the Channel Islands in the Roman period, there is a degree of confusion.Riduna may be the original name ofTatihou, while Alderney is conjectured to be identified withSarnia.Alderney/Aurigny is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name. It may be a corruption ofAdreni orAlrene, which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning "island near the coast".
Alternatively, it may derive from three Norse elements:alda (swelling wave, roller),renna (strong current, race) andöy or-ey (island).[10]Alderney may be mentioned inPaul the Deacon'sHistoria Langobardorum (I.6) as 'Evodia' in which he discussed a certain dangerous whirlpool. The name 'Evodia' may in turn originate from the seven 'Haemodae' of uncertain identification inPliny the Elder'sNatural History (IV 16 (30) orPomponius Mela'sChronographia (III 6,54).
Along with the other Channel Islands, Alderney was annexed by theDuchy of Normandy in 933. In 1042, William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy (laterWilliam the Conqueror, King of the English), granted Alderney to the Abbey ofMont Saint-Michel. In 1057, the Bishop ofCoutances took back control of the island.
After 1204, when mainland Normandy was incorporated into theKingdom of France, Alderney remained loyal to the English monarch in his dignity ofDuke of Normandy.
Henry VIII of England undertookfortification works, but these ceased in 1554.Essex Castle perpetuates the name of theEarl of Essex, who purchased the governorship of Alderney in 1591. Prior to the Earl's execution for treason in 1601, he leased the island to William Chamberlain, and Alderney remained in the hands of the Chamberlain family until 1643. From 1612, aJudge was appointed to assist the Governor's administration of Alderney, along with theJurats. The function of the Judge was similar to that of the Bailiffs ofGuernsey andJersey, and continued until 1949.
During theWars of the Three Kingdoms, Alderney was held by a Parliamentary garrison underNicholas Ling, Lieutenant-Governor. Ling built Government House (now the Island Hall). The de Carterets of Jersey acquiredthe governorship, later passing it toSir Edmund Andros of Guernsey, from whom the Guernsey family of Le Mesurier inherited it, thus establishing a hereditary line of governors that lasted until 1825.
Henry Le Mesurier prospered throughprivateering, and moved the harbour from Longis to Braye, building ajetty there in 1736. Warehouses and dwellings were built at Braye, and the export of cattle generated wealth for the economy. The Court House was built in 1770 and a school in 1790. AMethodist chapel was constructed in 1790, followingJohn Wesley's visit in 1787. Anoptical telegraph tower was constructed above La Foulère in 1811, enabling signals to be relayed visually to Le Mât inSark and on to Guernsey – early warning of attack during theNapoleonic Wars was of strategic importance. With the end of those wars privateering was ended and smuggling suppressed, leading to economic difficulties.[7]
The last of the hereditary Governors,John Le Mesurier, resigned his patent tothe Crown in 1825, and since then authority has been exercised by theStates of Alderney, as amended by the constitutional settlement of 1948.
TheBritish Government decided to undertakemassive fortifications in the 19th century and to create a strategic harbour to deter attacks from France.[11] These fortifications were presciently described byWilliam Ewart Gladstone as "a monument of human folly, useless to us ... but perhaps not absolutely useless to a possible enemy, with whom we may at some period have to deal and who may possibly be able to extract some profit in the way of shelter and accommodation from the ruins." An influx of English and Irish labourers, plus the sizeable British garrison stationed in the island, led to rapid Anglicisation. Theharbour was never completed – the remaining breakwater (designed byJames Walker) is one of the island's landmarks, and is longer than any breakwater in the UK.
Queen Victoria andPrince Albert visited Alderney on 9 August 1854.[12] The Albert Memorial and the renaming of Rue Grosnez to Victoria Street commemorate this visit.[7]
At the same time as the breakwater was being built in the 1850s, the island was fortified by a string of 13 forts, designed to protect the harbour of refuge. The accommodation quarters of several of the forts have been converted into apartments; two are now private homes; and one,Fort Clonque, at the end of a causeway that can be flooded at high tide, belongs to theLandmark Trust and can be rented for holidays. Scenes from the filmSeagulls Over Sorrento were shot at Fort Clonque in 1953.
Some of the forts are now in varying stages of dereliction, the most ruined being Les Hommeaux Florains, perched on outlying rocks, its access causeway and bridge having been swept away long ago. Houmet Herbé resembles aCrusader castle with its squat round towers. Like many of the forts, it included such apparently anachronistic features as adrawbridge andmachicolation, which were still common in military architecture of the period.
In June 1940, almost the entire population of Alderney of 1,400 was evacuated to Britain. Most went on the official evacuation boats sent from mainland Britain. Some, however, decided to make their own way, mostly via Guernsey, but due to the impending occupation many found themselves unable to leave and were forced to stay on Guernsey for the duration of the war. Eighteen Alderney people elected not to leave with the general evacuation.[13] However, boats from Guernsey came and collected some of them before theGerman Army arrived, on the basis that it was best for their personal safety. During theSecond World War, the Channel Islands were the only part of theBritish Isles that wasoccupied by Germany, although other parts of the Empire were occupied by theAxis powers.
The Germans arrived to a nearly deserted island, and began to follow their orders to fortify Alderney as part of Hitler'sAtlantic Wall. In January 1942, they built fourcamps in Alderney: two work camps,Lager Helgoland andLager Borkum, and two concentration camps,Lager Sylt andLager Norderney.[14] The jail behind the main police station was used by the Nazis as a prison.[15]
The camps were built by theNaziOrganisation Todt (OT) to house the labour used to buildfortifications includingbunkers, gun emplacements, tunnels, air-raid shelters and other concrete and field fortifications. Lager Norderney, containing Russian and PolishPOWs, and theLager Sylt camp holdingJewishslave labourers, were transferred toSS administration in March 1943 under the control ofHauptsturmführerMaximilian List. There are 397 graves in Alderney, which when added to the men who died in ships, takes the total to over 700 out of a total inmate population of 6,000 who died before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to France in 1944.
On the return to their island, Alderney evacuees had little or no knowledge of the crimes committed on their island during the occupation, because by December 1945, the first date civilians could return home, all the slave labourers had been sent away and the majority of the German troops left behind were not senior staff. Evidence, however, was all over the island, with concrete fortifications and graveyards for the prisoners kept there during the occupation.
TheRoyal Navyblockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following theliberation of Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in someRed Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the five years of German occupation, particularly in the final months when the Germans themselves were close to starvation. The Germans surrendered Alderney on 16 May 1945, eight days after theAllies formally accepted theunconditional surrender of the armed forces ofNazi Germany and theend of World War II in Europe, and seven days after the liberation of Guernsey and Jersey. 2,332 German prisoners of war were removed from Alderney on 20 May 1945, leaving 500 Germans to undertake clearing up operations under British military supervision.[16]
The people of Alderney could not start returning until December 1945 due to the huge cleanup operation needed simply to make the island safe for civilians. When the islanders returned home they were shocked to see the state of the island, with many houses completely derelict: the Germans had burned anything wooden, including front doors, for fuel. Archival and object evidence of the general evacuation in 1940 and the subsequent occupation of Alderney can be found in theAlderney Society Museum.
In 1949, two formerSS officials from theLager Norderney concentration camp, SSObersturmführer Adam Adler andLagerführer Heinrich Evers, were prosecuted inFrance for crimes committed during their administration of the camp. Adler was sentenced to ten years, while Evers received a seven-year sentence.[17][18][19] Members of the Association des Anciens Déportés d'Aurigny considered the sentences overly lenient. A 1945 British military report, known as the Pantcheff Report, documented that eight French nationals had perished in the Alderney camps.
In May 2024, an investigative commission led byLord Pickles concluded that between 641 and 1,027 individuals likely died in the Nazi camps on Alderney. The report highlighted the atrocious conditions faced by forced labourers, who endured starvation, dangerously long hours, hazardous construction tasks, frequent abuse, torture, inadequate housing, and, in some cases, execution.[20]
A series of tunnels also remain in place on Alderney, constructed by forced labour. These are in varying degrees of decay, being left open to the public and the elements.
For two years after the end of the war, Alderney was operated as a communal farm. Craftsmen were paid by their employers, while others were paid by the local government out of the profit from the sales of farm produce.[21] Remaining profits were put aside to repay the British Government for repairing and rebuilding the island. The local people resented being unable to control their own land; this led to the United KingdomHome Office setting up an enquiry that led to the "Government of Alderney Law 1948", which came into force on 1 January 1949. The law organised the construction and election of theStates of Alderney and the justice system; and, for the first time in Alderney, the imposition of taxes. The legislature and judiciary were separated. The position of Judge, who had headed the island's government since the resignation of the last Governor in 1825, was abolished, and the Jurats were removed from their legislative function.[7]
Because of the island's small population, it was believed that the island could not be self-sufficient in running the airport and theharbour, or providing services that would match those of the UK. Taxes were therefore collected into the general Bailiwick of Guernsey revenue funds at the same rate as in Guernsey, and administered by theStates of Guernsey. Guernsey became responsible for providing many government functions and services.
The 20th century saw much change in Alderney, from the building of theairport in the late 1930s to the death of the last speakers of the island'sAuregnais language, a dialect of theNorman language. The economy has gone from depending largely onagriculture to earning money from thetourism and finance industries. E-commerce has become increasingly important, and the island hosts thedomain name registry for both Bailiwicks and dozens of gambling website operators. Alderney has a full regulatory authority in operation.[citation needed]
While Alderney enjoys full autonomy in law (except in matters of foreign affairs and defence, like the other Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), under the provisions of a formal agreement (known as "the 1948 Agreement") entered into between the Governments of Alderney and of Guernsey, certain matters have been delegated to Guernsey. These are known as 'the transferred services'.
Transferred services include policing, customs and excise, airport operations, health, education, social services, childcare and adoption. (The States of Alderney retains policy control of aviation to and from the island). In return for providing the transferred services Guernsey levies various taxes and duties on Alderney.
Immigration is the responsibility of the UK (UK law applies), with day-to-day operations carried out by theGuernsey Border Agency. In addition to the transferred services, both the UK and Guernsey may legislate on other matters with the consent of the States of Alderney.[24]
For a number of taxation purposes, Alderney is treated as if it were part ofGuernsey. Income Tax is administered by the Guernsey Revenue Service but there are some differences between Alderney and Guernsey Income Tax, specifically in the matter of the cap on Income Tax (which is set lower in Alderney than in Guernsey).
From 2016, Alderney took back control of Tax on Real Property (TRP). From 2021, Alderney is responsible for setting the rate and collecting the Taxation on Real Property (TRP), with Occupier's Rates (OR) now included within that bill.[26] Alderney now also receives Motor Fuel Excise Duty and Document Duty on property conveyances.[27]
Its climate is temperate, moderated by the sea, and summers are usually warmer than elsewhere in theBritish Isles.
Under theKöppen climate classification, Alderney has anoceanic climate (Cfb), similar to a warm-summerMediterranean climate (Csb). Alderney has cool, wet winters and mild summers with moderate rainfall. February is the coldest month with an average high of 8 °C (47 °F), and a low of 4 °C (40 °F). July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 19 °C (66 °F), and a low of 13 to 14 °C (around 56 °F). October is the wettest month with 107.2 mm (4.22 in) of rain, and April is the driest month with 42.4 mm (1.67 in). Snow is very rare. Average annual sunshine hours are around 1780.
Climate data for Alderney Airport, Guernsey (1981-2010)
Vegetation of Alderney (cabbage trees)Les Étacs –gannet colonyAlderney (centre) andBurhou (upper right)Ortac in the distance, seen from the ferry. Alderney is in the background.Breakwater of Alderney, Braye HarbourEnlargeable, detailed map of Alderney and associated islands
Alderney is similar to the other Channel Islands in having sheer cliffs broken by stretches of sandy beach and dunes. The highest point is on the central plateau of the island at 296 feet (90 metres).[12]
Alderney and its surrounding islets support a rich flora and fauna. Trees are rather scarce, as many were cut down in the 17th century to fuel the lighthouses on Alderney and theCasquets. Those trees that remain includecabbage trees (due to the mild climate – often miscalled "palms" but of theasparagus family), and there are some small woods dotted about the island.Puffins onBurhou andgannet on Les Étacs (popularly called Gannet Rock) just off Alderney are a favourite of many visitors to the island.
About a quarter ofAlderney hedgehogs are of the "white" or "blonde" variety, which does not carry fleas.[29] These are not albinos, but descent of rarely met blondeEuropean hedgehogs, with a blonde pair released on the island in the 1960s.[30] The island had its own breed of cattle, called theAlderney. The pure breed became extinct in 1944, but hybrids remain elsewhere, though no longer on Alderney. In August 2005, the west coast of Alderney and associated islands, includingBurhou andOrtac, were designated asRamsar wetlands of international importance. TheAlderney Wildlife Trust helps to manage the twonature reserves, at Longis and Vau du Saou.
The island is surrounded by rocks, which have caused hundreds of wrecks. There are treacherous tidal streams on either side of the island:the Swinge between Alderney and Burhou, just outside the harbour, and Le Raz between the island and the Normandy mainland. TheCorbet Rock lies in the Swinge.
The language of the island is now English with a few minor variants, comprising a form ofChannel Island English.
For centuries the island had its own dialect of theNorman language calledAuregnais, now extinct. It was primarily a spoken language, with only a few known poems and written works using it.
French was once widely used on the island, and increasingly replaced Auregnais from the late 19th century onward, but it ceased to be anofficial language there in 1966. French declined partly because of the many English and Irish workers in the island from 1850 onwards, building fortifications and providing the garrison soldiers; English prevailed in part due to its use as the medium of education, but also because most of the population was evacuated to the United Kingdom during theSecond World War.[31]
However, there is a strong cultural legacy of both languages in the island: most of the local place-names are in French or Auregnais, as are many local surnames. The pronunciation of various local names is also dialectal, e.g. Dupont as "dip-oh" rather than in the traditional Parisian fashion, and Saye (the name of a beach on the island) as "soy". One or two French/Auregnais words are still in common use, e.g.vraic (seaweed fertiliser), as well asimpôt, which is the word used for the island's landfill.
Island sports include golf, fishing and water sports, supported by clubs and associations. Alderney competes in the biennialIsland Games. Athletes from Alderney have also competed at theCommonwealth Games as part of theGuernsey team.[32] Every September, the Alderney Air Races attract a number of aircraft to compete in the deciding and final round for the European Air Racing championship, organised by theRoyal Aero Club. This involves high-speed circuits round the airfield, lighthouse,Casquets and then back around.[33] TheAlderney football team plays in the annualMuratti Vase alongside teams from fellow Channel Islands, Guernsey and Jersey. Since the competition started in 1905, Alderney's sole championship victory was in 1920.[34]
Partly because of the tourist industry, but mainly to the Ridunians' own drinking culture (there is a common expression elsewhere in the Channel Islands that Alderney is composed of 'two thousand alcoholics, clinging to a rock'[35]), there are many restaurants and public houses.
The States of Alderney passed pub anti-smoking legislation recently in comparison to the rest of the British Isles. Following the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010, the legislation came into force at 4am on 1 June 2010 with Guernsey, Jersey, the UK, and the Isle of Man all having outlawed this at a previous stage.[36]
Local TV coverage is provided byBBC Channel Islands andITV Channel Television. Television signals are received from the island's relay transmitter situated in the eastern part of Alderney.[38]
The island is also served by bothBBC Radio Guernsey on 99 FM andIsland FM on 93.7 FM which both broadcast fromSt. Peter Port. Alderney has its own radio station,QUAY-FM, which broadcasts on 107.1 and online. Initially it only operated at seasonal highpoints such as the summer Alderney Week festival, but from 2015 it has broadcast 24 hours a day.[39]
Alderney Week is the island's annual summer festival, beginning the first Monday of August and lasting six days, it involves islanders and attracts visitors.[40]
Miss Alderney is chosen during the Easter Holiday weekend each year at a public event held at the Island Hall. Application to the event is online, with the winner chosen by a panel of judges made up by non-residents and holidaymakers[41]
Every year in mid-September Alderney hosts a motorsport weekend that is organized by the Guernsey Kart and Motor Club. The event has been held for more than 20 years. The event attracts Guernsey drivers who come to Alderney with high powered cars, motorbikes, sidecars and karts.[citation needed]
Race vehicles are shipped to Alderney two days before the event. On the Friday, a sprint is held on the public roads of Fort Corbelets in the east of the island which are closed for the event. The following day a hill climb is held at Fort Tourgis in the west of the island and on a public road which is closed for the event. Spectators travel from Guernsey. Local Alderney people watch as the closed roads have vehicles racing at high speed where normally speed limits of 35 miles per hour (56 kilometres per hour) apply.[citation needed]
The Alderney Literary Festival began in March 2015, with talks and events relating to historical fiction and non-fiction. It is organised by the Alderney Literary Trust.[43]
In April 2011, sculptorAndy Goldsworthy completed a project called Alderney Stones, commenced in 2008, in which 11 large dried-earth spheres were placed at different sites on the island. The intention is that each stone will gradually erode, at different speeds depending on the location, and in some cases revealing objects buried inside.[44] Materials included clay, earth, chain, old work gloves, bricks, hawser, wheat, wire, blackberries, poppy seeds and tools.[45] Goldsworthy has stated that he selected Alderney as "It seems to have a strong sense of layered past and a wide variety of locations in a small area."[46]
Boats sail regularly between the island and France, and to the other Channel Islands. Manche Iles Express operates a high-speed passenger ferry in summer to Diélette in the commune ofFlamanville, Manche in France, and toSt Peter Port, Guernsey. Two boats offer seasonal service to Guernsey. A 12-passenger boat operates services toCherbourg Harbour,Sark and St Peter Port.[49] Alderney is 72.5 miles (116.7 kilometres) fromSt Malo and 70.3 miles (113.1 kilometres) fromPoole.
There are boat trips, water-taxi services and water and fuel access to visiting yacht crews. The busiest time is during the peak months of June, July and August as nearly 30,000 yacht crew members visit this harbour every year.[citation needed]
Because of the island's size, vehicular transport is often unnecessary, although taxis, cars and bicycles are used. TheAlderney Railway is the only remaining railway in the Channel Islands; it gives a timetabled public service, with scheduled trains to the lighthouse during the summer and special occasions such as Easter and Christmas. There is an occasional bus service around the island.[citation needed]
Alderney allows people to ride motorbikes andmopeds without helmets and drive cars without seatbelts, but it is compulsory for those under 18 to wear helmets. Theinternational vehicle registration code isGBA.
The Alderney Water Board is responsible for the supply of water on the island. Water is sourced from bore holes and streams and is treated and stored at Corblets Quarry and Battery Quarry.[50]
Electricity was first supplied on Alderney in 1934 by Mr. M.P.D. Marshall.[51] The supply concession was transferred to Alderney Light and Power Company in 1939, which came under the control of the States of Guernsey Electricity Department, before reverting to the States of Alderney in 1950. Supplies from a new power station operated by Alderney Electricity Limited started on 1 April 1952.[51] Electricity is generated by fuel oil driven generators. There are 3 × 2,000 kW, 2 × 50 kW and 2 × 450 kW engine generators.[52] As of 2020[update], there are currently plans to develop tidal power and to construct a 220 kilometre France-Alderney-Britain cable link.[53]
The Alderney Voluntary Fire Brigade has a crew of 12 volunteer firefighters, and operates oneIveco Daily light water tender with a 10.5m ladder, two Iveco water carriers each with a capacity of 4,500litres, oneFord Ranger rapid response unit and two trailer units. A new fire station was officially opened on 20 October 2004 byLt.-GeneralSir John Foley, theLieutenant Governor of Guernsey. The fire station is nearBraye Harbour, has four appliance bays, a workshop, kit room, mess and a training room, and achieves an average response time of nine minutes. TheAlderney Airport Fire and Rescue Service is sometimes called on to help with larger conflagrations.[54][55]
In 2020, the Ambulance service merged into the Fire service to form the first combined fire and ambulance service in the British Isles outside ofDublin.[56]
Until 2020, the St John Alderney Ambulance Service operated the ambulance service on the island, and was staffed by volunteers. It had served Alderney since 1952 and was registered as a private company.[57] Patients are transferred to theMignot Memorial Hospital in St Anne, and any having major complications are then transferred to Guernsey or Southampton by theAurigny between 7am and 7pm on an emergency basis. Outside these hours or in the event of bad weather preventing an air evacuation the transfer is achieved with the aid of theRNLI lifeboat service.[58] There was no paramedic service available on the island, but this has now changed[59][60]
Because of Alderney's low crime rate, day-to-day policing of Alderney is provided by a team of five locally based officers from theGuernsey Police, consisting of a sergeant in charge, two constables, and twospecial constables.[61] They are regularly assisted by visiting constables from Guernsey.[59] The police station is in QEII Street.
The Alderney lifeboat station was established in 1869, was closed in 1884, and was re-established in 1985 by theRNLI. The lifeboat station operates an all-weatherTrent class lifeboat[62]
Search and rescue services are provided by Channel Islands Air Search, which uses aBritten-Norman Islander to search large areas of water usinginfrared cameras and a number of other technologies.[63] Formed in 1980, it is staffed entirely by volunteers and is based in Guernsey. When a major search is underway, the French coastguard[clarification needed] and the Royal Navy are often involved, co-ordinated by the Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre inJobourg, France.[citation needed]
In the song "Alderney" on her 2013 albumThe Sea Cabinet,Gwyneth Herbert tells the story of the sudden evacuation of Alderney's inhabitants during the Second World War and the irrevocable changes introduced during the Nazi occupation of the island.[65][66]
In the 2021 novelA Line to Kill byAnthony Horowitz, the island is featured as the setting. In which, during the island's Alderney Literary Festival, a murder takes place.
^"God Save the King" is thenational anthem by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.[1] The wordsKing, he, him, his, used at present, are replaced byQueen, she, her when the monarch is female.
^Nicholas Hogben,"Alderney's 'Shore Fort'"Archived 2012-01-12 at theWayback Machine: "My best guess is that the outer structure was constructed in the second half of the third century or later by the Roman navy around an existing combined harbour master's and revenue office, perhaps to protect it, and hence the island, from the 'pirates' that Carausius hunted."THE ASSOCIATION FOR ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY Newsletter no. 23, not dated.
^King's Road, St Peter Port (29 September 2011)."Emergency Services".alderney.gov.gg.Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved22 December 2018.
The Alderney Story: 1939–1949, Michael St John Packe and Maurice Dreyfus (1966?) "The Alderney Society and Museum decided shortly after its inception in 1966 to collect all reliable reminiscences whether written or verbal lest with the passage of time they would be lost."
Alderney Place Names, Royston Raymond, 1999 AlderneyISBN0-9537127-0-2
Noms de lieux de Normandie, René Lepelley, 1999 ParisISBN2-86253-247-9
Backman, Anders & Forrester, Bob (1981). The Postage Stamps of the Smaller Channel Islands, Channel Islands Publishing.
