Albert Edelfelt | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Edelfelt in 1905 | |
| Born | Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt (1854-07-21)21 July 1854 |
| Died | 18 August 1905(1905-08-18) (aged 51) Porvoo, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire |
| Education | |
| Alma mater | École Nationale des Beaux-Arts |
| Known for | Painting |
| Notable work | Luxembourg Gardens, Paris |
| Movement | Realism |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 1 |
Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt (21 July 1854 – 18 August 1905) was a Finnishpainter noted for his naturalistic style andRealist approach to art.[1] He lived in theGrand Duchy of Finland and made Finnish culture visible abroad, beforeFinland gained independence.[2] He was considered the greatest Finnish artist of the second half of 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, and one of the most prominent contributors to theGolden Age of Finnish Art.[3][4]
Edelfelt was born 1854 inPorvoo, son of theSwedish architectCarl Albert Edelfelt [fi] (1818–1869), who had lived in Finland since his early youth, and Alexandra Edelfeldt (née Brandt 1833–1901).[5] His father died when he was still young, and his mother had to raise him and his younger siblings alone compounded by financial difficulties. He remained very close to his mother throughout his life.[6][7]
He began his formal studies of art in 1869 at the Drawing School of theFinnish Art Society inHelsinki and continued as a student ofAdolf von Becker (1871–73). He then received a scholarship from the Finnish government to study history painting at theRoyal Academy of Fine Arts inAntwerp,Belgium. He studied underNicaise de Keyser for several months in 1873–74,[3] and won an award for excellence for his painting of Alexander the Great on his deathbed. He also began a long-lasting friendship with the Belgian artistÉmile Claus.[8]
In the autumn of 1874, at the age of nineteen, following the advice of his teacherAdolf von Becker,[3] he moved toParis and enrolled at theEcole des Beaux-Arts. He shared a small studio with a Finnish friend at 24Rue Bonaparte. Under the instruction of the French painterJean-Léon Gerome, he continued to focus on history painting, particularly scenes of the long series of wars involving theRussians,Swedes, andFinns.[8]
After a year inParis, he returned toHelsinki, but came back to Paris in 1876, taking a studio at 81boulevard du Montparnasse. He became friends with the painterJules Bastien-Lepage, who introduced him to the techniques of painting in the open air. His major work of this time wasDukeCharles IX of Sweden insulting the corpse of his enemyKlaus Fleming (1878). This work, which blended the formal academic style with elements of careful realism, such as the dust on the boots. This painting did not cause a stir in Paris, but it enjoyed a great success in Finland; it was purchased by the Finnish Society of Fine Arts.[7][6]
In 1879, he had his first success at theParis Salon, with a history painting entitledThe Burnt Village - a scene from the Finnish peasant revolt of 1596. The French critics praised the realism of the figures, but Edelfelt noticed the incongruity between the historical figures and the realistic outdoor setting. He wrote, "The problem right with historic subjects is that one cannot render the aspect of reality as in scenes that you have seen yourself."[9] With that judgement, he almost entirely abandoned history painting and concentrated on painting in the open air.
He returned to Finland for a time, then returned to Paris in 1881 and rented a new studio at 147, avenue des Villiers.
In the early 1880s, Edelfelt began to adapt some of the characteristics of the newImpressionist movement; natural settings, particularly parks and gardens and the seashore; intimate domestic settings; the play of light on the figures; and rapid execution, to capture the sensation of the moment. At the same time, he never became entirely an impressionist, following his realist training to concentrate on precise details and using a broad and complex palette of colors.[10]
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Throughout the 1880s, Edelfelt continued to paint outdoor scenes of life in Paris, displaying his talent for capturing the effects of light, combined with his precision of detail. During the same period he created wide variety of intimate domestic scenes, capturing the details of Parisian life.
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In 1880, Edelfelt became a friend of Jean-Baptiste Pasteur, the son of the famous chemistLouis Pasteur, who introduced him to Pasteur the following year. He became a close friend of the family and painted many of their portraits over the years that followed. Pasteur had a good sense of public relations and participated with Edelfelt in the planning of his own portrait.[11][12]
Edelfeld's portrait of Pasteur in his laboratory, painted in 1885, had a great success at the Paris Salon of 1886 and became one of the most familiar images of the scientist. It gained the painter the award of theLegion of Honor when he was only thirty-five years old.[10]
Edelfelt began by painting portraits of his family and relatives, but his skills very quickly brought him a large clientele. In 1881, he visitedSaint Petersburg, where previous theRussian Academy had awarded him an honorary membership in 1878. TheGrand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, brother of theRussian Emperor, commissioned him to make portraits of his children. This led to another commission to paint the children of TsarAlexander III of Russia. In 1896, he returned to Russia to make a portrait ofTsar Nicholas II.[13]
In February 1899, Tsar Nicholas II issued a decree suppressing the political liberties of the Finns. Edelfelt mobilised a network of Finnish artists and cultural figures with a petition to the Russian government, called "Pro Finlandia", seeking recognition of the independence of the arts in Finland. He also took on the role of a cultural diplomat as the commissioner of the Finnish participation in the ParisExposition Universelle (1900).[14]
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Edelfelt spent his summers in Finland exploring and painting. While his French paintings were almost all of Paris scenes, his paintings in Finland captured the scenery, people, and particular light of the Finnish countryside. He presented them regularly at the Paris Salon. For his painting of an outdoor church service on the coast at Haikko, nearPorvoo, he made a series of oil sketches, to capture exactly the tonalities of the water and the sky.[15]
In 1880, his family purchased a summer house at the coastal manor of Haikko, located in the southwest part of the country, and he established a studio there in 1883. He frequently used his family and local residents as models. His pictures possess a spontaneity and naturalness that result from his careful observation and empathy for the subjects.[15][16]
Edelfelt, very early in his career, became a master of portrait painting, which provided the major part of his income. "Portraits for the soup, paintings for the glory", he wrote in 1878, citing the Belgian artistAntoine Wiertz. From 1880 onwards, he participated in the Paris Salon, and portraits were his major source of income.[17]
Each portrait he painted involved a lengthy process. He created a series of preparatory drawings using pencil and crayon, followed by pastel colors, before completing the final oil painting. Besides paying close attention to the expression of the model and the pose, he also focused on the surroundings of the subject, including books, pets, or objects that could reveal the personality of the subject.[17]
While he painted portraits of influential and famous people, such as Pasteur, many of his best portraits are not posed but depict Finnish men and women in natural settings, including village life or at sea.
In April and May 1881, Edelfelt spent five weeks inSpain, where he learned many new aspects of art and studied the phenomenon calledespagnolisme, which is the impact that Spanish influences had onFrance starting from the 1830s. In Spain, Edelfelt also gained a deeper grasp ofGypsy culture and Orientalism, which had always interested him. His most important picture fromGranada isGitana Dancing I, a genre portrait of a dancing Gypsy girl.[18]
In the 1890s, he became interested in illustrating poetry.[3] Edelfelt admired the poetJohan Ludvig Runeberg, who was a friend of the family. The company of Runeberg had a lasting impact on Edelfelt, who occasionally drew inspiration from scenes in Finnish history for his paintings. Edelfelt went on to illustrate Runeberg's epic poemThe Tales of Ensign Stål.[19]
Edelfelt also later dabbled in religious painting, and in his 1890Christ and Mary Magdalene he set a biblical scene in the Finnish landscape, influenced byKanteletar.[20][21]
He sent his mother hundreds of letters when he was away. In Paris, he shared a studio with the AmericanJulian Alden Weir, who introduced him toJohn Singer Sargent. He had romantic relationships with numerous women, including Antonia Bonjean and Virginie in Paris.[2][6] He married Baroness Anna Elise "Ellan" de la Chapelle in 1888, and the same year they had one child, Erik.[6] They had known each other since childhood, but their marriage did not have a lot of warmth.[22] The death of his mother in 1901 affected him greatly.[6]
He died abruptly from heart failure in 1905 at the age of fifty-one. His funeral was attended by a large number of notable Finns.[22] His son Erik died not long afterwards in 1910.[22][23]
In 2013,Boys Playing on the Shore (1884) was selected by Nordic Moneta as Finland's most significant painting.[24]
In Finland, he was one of the founders of theRealist art movement. He influenced several younger Finnish painters and helped fellow Finnish artists such asAkseli Gallen-Kallela andGunnar Berndtson to make their breakthrough in Paris. Among his students wasLéon Bakst. Edelfelt was one of the first Finnish artists to achieve international fame. Albert Edelfelt is considered one of the most notable artists of theGolden Age of Finnish Art.[25] A museum under his name operates in Porvoo.[26][27] He was selected as the main motif on a Finnish commemorative coin celebrating the 150th anniversary of his birth, the €100Albert Edelfelt and painting commemorative coin, minted in 2004. The reverse shows an embossed face of the artist.[28]
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Media related toAlbert Edelfelt at Wikimedia Commons
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